DOES HUMAN-MEDIATED DISPERSAL OF EXPLAIN THE LOSS OF FISH PRODUCTION OF THE -KUL IN THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC?

Adjunct Professor Heimo Mikkola University of Eastern Finland MAP

Map of the Kyrgyz Republic ( web_kyrgyz_republic_topographic_map.jpg) LAKE ISSYK-KUL IS LIKE A SEA WINTER AT THE LAKE SUMMER PHOTO

INLAND CAPTURE

• INLAND CAPTURE FISHERIES HARVEST FISH THAT ARE OF LOWER VALUE THAN MANY MARINE FISH • HOWEVER IT IS VITAL COMPONENT IN THE LIVELIHOODS AND SECURITY OF PEOPLE • THEREFORE THE MAIN FOCUS OF SHOULD BE PEOPLE, NOT FISH PER SE • IN THIS PRESENTATION I WOULD LIKE TO POINT SOME FISHERIES MANAGEMENT MISTAKES WHICH ARE TYPICAL IN ALL OVER THE WORLD NOT ONLY IN LAKE ISSYK-KUL • The second largest high-altitude and fifth deepest lake in the world. • Issyk-Kul Lake has twelve indigenous fish species and two very distinct subspecies, only living in this lake. • Over the years 19 new fish species have been introduced into the lake by purpose or accidentally. LIST OF ISSYK-KUL FISH SPECIES ISSYK-KUL FISH SPECIES ISSYK-KUL FISH SPECIES

• Scientific name/ Common name/ Indigenous = e/ Introduced = + /Not known if indigenous = o / Not known if the introduction failed = +? • Onchorhynchus mykiss Rainbow + • ischchan Sevan Trout + • lavaretus Common Whitefish + • Valaam Whitefish + • Coregonus autumnalis Baikal + ISSYK-KUL FISH SPECIES CONT. • Leuciscus schmidti Schmidt’s Dace e • Leuciscus bergi Issyk-Kul Dace e • Phoxinus issykkulensis Issyk-Kul Minnov e • Tinca tinca Tench + • Gobio gobio latus Issyk-Kul Gudgeon e • pseudoaksaiensis issykkuli Issyk-Kul Marinka e • Diptychus maculatus Scaly Osman e ISSYK-KUL FISH SPECIES CONT. • dybowskii Naked Osman e • Alburnoides taeniatus Striped Bystranka + • Abramis brama orientalis Oriental Bream + • Cyprinus carpio Common o • Ctenopharyngodon idella + • Hypophtalmichtys molitrix + • Carassius auratus auratus + • Pseudoraspora parva Stone Moroko + ISSYK-KUL FISH SPECIES CONT.

Capoeta capoeta capoeta Transcaucasian Barb +? Triplophysa stoliczkai Tibetan Stone Loach e Triplophysa stoliczkai elegans Tyanschan Loach e Grey Loach e Triplophysa strauchii strauchii Spotted Thicklip Loach e Triplophysa labiata Plain Thicklip Loach + Triplophysa ulacholicus,including T.u. dorsaloides Issyk-Kul Naked Loach e ISSYK-KUL FISH SPECIES CONT.

• Sander lucioperca Pike-perch + • Micropercops cinctus Eleotris or Odontobutid + • Glyptosternum reticulatum Turkestan e • Aspius aspius Asp +? • Vendace (Ryapushka) +? • Coregonus Peled +? • TOTAL 33 species or endemic subspecies FISH EATERS VS. PREY FISH SPECIES • IN THIS OLIGOTROPHIC AND LOW PRODUCTION LAKE (SOME 2 kg/ha) ALIEN DID NOT HAVE ENOUGH ENDEMIC PREY FISH SPECIES TO EAT • VERY SOON THEY DEPLETED THEIR PREY SPECIES • MORATORIUM WAS THOUGHT TO HELP BUT IT ONLY CAUSED A MORAL PROBLEM BY MAKING ILLEGAL FISH CATCH FROM ISSYK-KUL LAKE FISH SPECIES RELATIONSHIPS FISH CATCH DYNAMICS FISH EATERS VS. PREY FISH SPECIES

1600,0 1400,0 1200,0

1000,0 total 800,0 peacefull 600,0 predators 400,0 200,0 0,0

1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991

BIOMANIPULATION FURTHER ISSYK-KUL PROBLEMS

• FISHERMEN SAW NO REASON TO RESPECT ANY FISHING REGULATIONS AS THE ACTIVITY WAS ILLEGAL ANYHOW • TOO SMALL MESH SIZE, CHEAP CHINESE NETS, AND FISHING ON THE BREEDING GROUNDS DEPLETED REMAINING PREY FISH SPECIES • PREDATORY FISH STARTED TO BE CANNIBALISTIC LOWERING THE PRODUCTION EVEN FURTHER • BETWEEN 2005 AND 2010 FISH RESOURCES COLAPSED ALMOST COMPLETELY ROOT CAUSES FOR THE FISHERIES DEGRADATION • Impact assessment of 14 possible root causes for the fisheries degradation in the Lake Issyk-Kul is made. Identified reasons include natural and anthropogenic reasons ranging from climate change to disintegration of the Soviet Union. • BUT IT IS CLEAR THAT SEVAN TROUT AND PIKE- PERCH INTRODUCTIONS CAN BE BLAMED FOR THE REDUCTION IN CATCH. SEVAN TROUT

ISSYK-KUL MARINKA NAKED OSMAN IMPACT EVALUATION IMPACT EVALUATION • STRONG NEGATIVE IMPACT • INTRODUCTION OF ALIEN FISH SPECIES • OVER FISHING • CAGE CULTURE OF RAINBOW • MORATORIUM IMPACT EVALUATION CONT. • STRONG NEGATIVE IMPACT CONT. FAILURE • • MINING ACTIVITIES IMPACT EVALUATION CONT. • SOME NEGATIVE IMPACTS • DISINTEGRATION OF THE SOVIET UNION 1991 • TOURISM • WATER LEVEL • WATER POLLUTION • CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT EVALUATION CONT.

• NOT VISIBLE IMPACT • ILLEGAL FISHING • RADIOACTIVE LEAKAGE • MILITARY ACTIVITIES RECOMMENDATIONS • SIMILAR MISTAKES WITH HUMAN-MEDIATED DISPERSAL OF FISH SPECIES HAVE BEEN MADE EVERYWHRE IN THE WORLD NOT ONLY IN KYRGYZSTAN • HOWEVER, IN THE FUTURE INTRODUCTION OF ANY NEW FISH SPECIES INTO THE LAKE SHOULD BE STRICTLY BANNED AND CONTROLLED • DUE TO THE LOW PRODUCTION THE LAKE SHOULD BE RESERVED IN THE FUTURE ONLY FOR ARTISANAL AND RECOMMENDATIONS CONT. • WATER SANITATION AND WASTE DISPOSAL NEED A SPECIAL ATTENTION DUE THE PLANNED TOURIST INFLUX • ANY NEW DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVES SHOULD BE CONSULTATIVE AND PARTICIPATORY • LUCKILY UNDP/GEF AND FAO/FINLAND PROJECTS STARTED TO ADVOCATE BIODIVERSITY FRIENDLY FISHERIES MANAGEMENT • CO-MANAGEMENT SHOULD BE BETTER THAN NO- MANAGEMENT THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION! FISHERIES IN

Based on WORLD BANK Report CAPTURE FISHERIES TOTAL RETAIL SALES CONSUMPTION OF FISH TRADE IN FISH OFFICIAL FISH CATCHES QUOTAS CATCHES PROCESSED FISH VOLUME PIKE-PERCH PRICES FISHERIES SERVICE COSTS SUDAK & BREAM CATCHES IN B/Z RESERVOIR SHULBIN RESERVOIR CATCHES Heimo Mikkola  IN FARMING IS ALREADY MORE IMPORTANT THAN  MORE THAN 15 MILLION MEALS OF SALMON PER DAY IS PRODUCED IN NORWAY  HOWEVER, PRODUCES MORE THAN ONE THIRD OF THE GLOBAL FISH SUPPLY  ACCOUNTS FOR 70 % OF ITS REPORTED DOMESTIC FISH PRODUCTION  CHINA’S AQUACULTURE OUTPUT REACHED 40 MILLION METRIC TONS IN 2012  IN 2012, CHINA PRODUCED OVER 90% OF THE WORLD’S CARP, 50% OF GLOBAL PENAEID SHRIMP, AND 40% OF GLOBAL  AVERAGE FEED CONVERSATION RATIO (FCR) IS 1.7 FOR CARP, 1.6 FOR TILAPIA, AND 1.2 FOR PENAEID SHRIMP  CHINA IS THE WORLD’S LARGEST IMPORTER OF FISH-MEAL  THE WORLD PRODUCES ABOUT 5 MILLION TONNES OF FISH-MEAL A YEAR –– THIS FIGURE HAS BEEN CONSTANT FOR FOUR DECADES AND IS LIMITED BY THE SIZE OF EARTH’S FISHERIES  DEMAND OF FISH-MEAL, HOWEVER, IS GROWING AT 6-8% A YEAR, PUTTING PRESSURE ON PRICES  RESEARCH NEEDS TO FIND ALTERNATIVE INGREDIENTS FOR AQUACULTURE FEED  SOME FISH HAVE MOVED FROM FISH-MEAL TO SOYA-BASED SUBSTITUTES  CHINA HAS NOTED THAT BETWEEN 30 AND 70 % OF THE VOLUME OF PROCESSED FISH END UP AS WASTES  AND THEY HAVE STARTED TO RE-USE FISH- PROCESSING WASTES WHICH ARE HIGH IN , MINERALS, AND ENERGY (LATER WE SEE SOME POSSIBLE SAFETY PROBLEMS)  USE OF FISH-PROCESSING WASTES IN AQUAFEEDS PRESENTS FOOD SAFETY RISK RELATED TO BIOACCUMULATION OF CONTAMINANTS, CROSS-SPECIES TRANSMISSION OF PATHOGENS, AND, POSSIBLY PRIONS.  TO AVOID DISEASE TRANSMISSION, THE EUROPEAN UNION FORBIDS THE USE OF FARMED FISH BY-PRODUCTS IN FINFISH FEEDS BUT ALLOWS THEM TO BE USED IN DIETS OR VICE VERSA  First you have to find out which plants are grown near your aquaculture: crops like millet, oats, corn, sorghum, sesame, groundnut, sugar beet, melons, and wide variety of vegetables and fruits serve as ingredients  Are there any slaughter houses near your : dried bone meal, or dried blood meal as well as dried meat meal are useful feed elements  It is also likely that there is commercial manufacture of compound feed or even fish feeds  I understand that Kazakhstan has at least 100 feed factories where the machinery exists for making pelleted feed for fish  So there is only necessary to bring the right ingredients and instructions to the factory  Although fresh animal by-products such as liver and blood are available in limited quantities and could be used by a small-scale trout (< 5 tonnes fish/year) within an in-house produced moist diet, a dry diet formulation and feeding regime is recommended for your own farm.  Three dietary formulations are recommended for use within three distinct feed lines, namely starter, fingerling and production diets.  Although oilseeds (ie. soybean meal, rapeseed meal) and animal by-product meals (ie. meat and bone meal, blood meal) can and have been successfully used at high dietary inclusion levels within practical salmonid rations, their nutritional success is dependent upon the individual manufacturing process used to produce them.  50 tonnes of Rainbow trout (250 g each fish)  For that production you need 2.5 -3.5 tonnes of starter feed  16-22 tonnes of fingerling feed  And 56-75 tonnes of production feed  This calculation is based on 1.5-2.0 feed conversion ration  The survival from egg (700,000 individuals) to 5 g fish is 50%  Survival from 5 g to 50 g fish is 71.4%  And survival from 50 g to 250 g fish is 80%  Since the manufactured diets are composed of perishable nutrients it is essential that the feed storage period on the farm prior to feeding be kept to a minimum and that adequate storage facilities are provided. Dry feed lines should be stored under clean dry ventilated conditions within a room with a concrete floor and walls (avoiding high humidity and direct sunlight), and used within two months of manufacture.  Bags containing manufactured diets should be stored on wooden pallets and in such a manner so as to facilitate good air circulation between individual sacks, and should never be allowed to rest directly against the concrete floor or walls.  The success of a dry diet feeding regime is dependent not only on the formulation and manufacturing process used to produce the diet, but also on the method of presentation of the feed to the fish.  Although the majority of large commercial trout in Europe normally use a fixed dietary feeding regime to administer their feed to the fish, hand feeding to satiation is recommended for your fish farm.  . Fry should be fed at least 8–10 times per day, fingerlings 4–6 times per day, and larger fish 2–3 times per day, 7 days per week.  The main advantage of hand feeding is that it is the fish that dictates how much it wants to eat (and not the automatic feeder), and by so doing allows the farmer to keep a regular check on fish feeding behaviour and health, and water quality.  It is recommended that you will purchase a small-scale fish feed manufacturing plant.  In China these will cost not more than 20.000 USD Ingredients Starter Fingerling Production Fishmeal 50 40 34 Feather 4 4 4 meal Meat & 10 12 12 bone meal Soybean 9 9 10 meal Blood meal 7 8 8 Rapeseed - 3 6 meal 4.2 3.95 8.7 bran/Corn meal Brewers 5 10 10 grains 8.6 8.4 6.2  Starter: 0–5g fish; Fingerling 5–50g fish; Production 50–250g fish. Starter feeds should be prepared as 0.5 and 1mm crumbles, fingerling feeds as 1.5mm–3mm crumbles and 3mm pellets, and production feeds as 5–8mm pellets.  Granules or crumbles should be prepared by crushing or crumbling 3 or 4mm pellets between rollers and then screening out the desired particle size. After sieving the finished feed should contain not more than 10% oversized or undersized granules. Fishmeal2 Level Crude protein More than 68 % Crude lipid Less than 10 % Ash Less than 13 % Salt Less than 3 % -N Less than 0.2 % Moisture Less than 10 % Antioxidant (sprayed liquid form) 200 ppm Steam processed, ground finer than 0.25mm Fish oil Peroxide value Less than 5 meq/kg Anisidine value Less than 10 Total pesticides Less than 0.4 ppm Polychlorinatedbiphenyls (PCBs) Less than 0.6 ppm Nitrogen Less than 1 % Moisture Less than 1 % Antioxidant (liquid) 500 ppm Feed ingredient Range Mean Max.Level Alfalfa meal 1 – 5 3 5 Blood meal 2 2 – 10 7.5 10 Corn grain, meal 2 – 15 8 20 Corn gluten meal 4 – 20 10 15 Corn distillers dried 3 – 8 7 10 solubles Dicalcium 1 – 2 1.5 3 Hydrolysed feather 3 – 7 5.5 7 meal 3 Fishmeal 5 – 65 36 No limit Groundnut meal, 5 – 20 10 15 solvent extracted 4 Liver meal 5 – 65 25 50 Meat and bone meal, 5 – 30 10 20 solvent extracted 5 by-product 4 – 7 5 15 meal 5 Rapeseed meal, solvent 10 – 30 15 20 extracted 6 Rice bran, solvent 5 – 15 10 15 extracted Soybean meal, solvent 6 – 30 16 25 extracted Soybean meal, full fat 10 – 73 42 35 Wheat grain, meal 4 – 33 15 20 Wheat bran 2 – 25 10 15 Wheat gluten meal 5 – 10 7 15 Wheat middlings 2 – 38 16 25 , dried brewers 2 – 19 5 15 Feed size (mm) 1 Fish size (g) 0.5 crumble 0 – 0.5 1.0 crumble 0.5 – 1 1.5 crumble 1 – 5 2.0 crumble 5 – 10 3.0 crumble 10 – 20 3.0 pellet (diameter) 20 – 100 5.0 pellet 100 – 200 6.5 pellet 200 – 1000 8.0 pellet 1000 +  Thanks for your attention

«Processes in biotechnological production of food products»

6М073500-Food safety

Status, perspective and future aquaculture development in Kazakhstan and Central Asia based on scientific research, practical training and applied Biotechnology. (International Master LevelCourses in the Modern Aquaculture)

To be cited as: Mikkola, H., Makhatov, B. M. & Buralhiev, B. 2014.Status, perspective and future aquaculture development in Kazakhstan and Central Asia based on scientific research, practical training and applied Biotechnology. (International Master Level Courses in the Modern Aquaculture). 78 p. National Agrarian University of Almaty, Kazakhstan. MOTTO  “We must plant the sea and herd its using the sea as farmers instead of hunters.  That is what civilization is all about – farming replacing .”  Saying of Jacques Yves Cousteau (late scientist, marine conservationist and deep sea diver) This short manual lists the themes which can be presented as lectures orpractical exercises or both. All topics can be expanded also to a series of lectures. The idea should be that the students can select between some topics depending on their interest and the subject of their thesis. This should be a living document which will be improved and corrected continuously as need be. Especially the practical exercises ought to be developed annually as now listed ones are just examples of the 2013 semester when this programme was experimented at the first time. Nothing is final in the nature related science or its teaching!! Comments and corrections are solicited both from scientific colleagues and from any level of students: In English to: Adjunct Professor Mikkola Heimo, University of Eastern Finland, Department of Biology, Kuopio Campus, P.O.B 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland E: mail: [email protected] or in Russian to: Professor Makhatov, B.M., National Agrarian University, Almaty, Kazakhstan E: mail: [email protected]

Table of Content Abbreviations Acknowledgements Introduction Text description of the lectures, practical exercises and optional courses 1. Aquaculture definitions and bilingual vocabulary 2. Detailed presentation of the best aquaculture information sources 3. Status of Aquaculture in Kazakhstan 4. Recreational fishing and aquaculture in Kazakhstan 5. Modern Status and Perspectives of Aquaculture Development in 6. Status of Aquaculture in other Central Asian Countries 7. Different aquaculture methods - systems -Recirculation systems 8. Farming methods of different species, including feed: a. Trout farming b. Whitefish farming c. farming d. Tilapia farming e. Catfish farming f. Salmon farming g. Sturgeon farming h. farming i. farming j. Pike-Perch farming k. Herbivorous fish farming l. Crayfish farming m. Shrimp farming n. Shellfish farming o. Multispecies farming 9. Fish parasitology 10. Fish and crayfish toxicology 11. How to develop Rainbow Trout feeds using the locally available ingredients? 12. How to avoid wastewater and fish health problems? 13. How to use UV radiation of the hatching water to prevent fungal infestation of the fish eggs? 14. Biotechnology possibilities in Aquaculture 15. Why people in Kazakhstan should eat more fish – because fish diet benefits the human health in many ways? 16. How to make a good research plan? 17. Scientific writing 18. How to get impact points from your papers? 19. How to write a fish farming manual? 20. EIA in Aquaculture 21. A special crayfish farming course 22. Practical Aquaculture Related Exercises 23. References 24. Audiovisual materials 25. Annexes Annex 1. Natural and sustainable aquaculture definitions and bilingual glossary (Russian translations will follow) Annex 2. EIA course in Kazakhstan (Aquaculture oriented) Annex 3.Intensive course in the freshwater crayfish, mainlyAstacidea, and aquaculture development Annex 4. Concept for the compilation of a fish farming manual for Kazakhstan Annex 5. Concept for creating a Ph.D teaching programme in Aquaculture for Central Asia in the National Agrarian University, Almaty, Kazakhstan 26. Figures Figure 1. (Cyprinus carpio) can easily grow up to 15 kg like this specimen. Photo: Galimzhan Iskakov Figure 2. Farmed European whitefish from Finland. Photo: Tournay Bernadette. Figure 3. Farmed Sturgeon juveniles. Photo: Brummett Randy Figure 3. This size Pike-Perch female could be a good start for a Pike-perch ( Sander lucioperca) farming. Photo: Galimzhan Iskakov. Acknowledgements We want to express our most sincere thanks to Mrs. Nazarmatov Burul for all the English-Russian translations of this teaching programme from its beginning in 2013. We are also grateful for Professor Bogeruk K. Andrey to be able to use his excellent presentation of Russian aquaculture. One of the promising 2014 Master students, Galimzhan Iskakov, kindly allowed us to use his good Pike-Perch and Common Carp photos in this document. And last but not least Ms Tournay Bernadette and Dr Brummett Randy gave us a nice Whitefish and Sturgeon pictures.

Abbreviations

CoE = Center of Excellence DHA= docosahexaenoic € = Euro EIA = Environmental Impact Assessment EPA = eicosapentaenoic acid FAN = FAO Aquaculture Newsletter FAO = Food and Organization of the United Nations GM = Genetically Modified ha = hectare KazNAU = National Agrarian University of the Republic of Kazakhstan Mt = Metric tons m-3 = cubic meter NGO = Non-Governmental Organization NIM = National Implementation Modality pH = pH value (0-14) Ph.D. = Doctor of Philosophy PP = PowerPoint PR = Public Relations PUFA = long-chain polyunsaturated fatty RKTL = Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute SOFA = The State of Food and Agriculture; FAO’s major annual flagship publication UEF = University of Eastern Finland UN = United Nations UNDP = United Nations Development Programme US$ = United States Dollar USSR = Union of Soviet Socialist Republics UV = Ultra Violet WHO = World Health Organization of the United Nations YVAKO = The Environmental Impact Assessment Centre Project

INTRODUCTION The Republic of Kazakhstan has extensive water resources, with good potential for fish production. Under the former planned economy, fisheries development was not considered a priority as the main use of water resources was for irrigation or as sources of hydropower. Nevertheless, two big industrial state enterprises for fish capture and processing were operating - one for the and another for the Aral Sea. Also, there were numerous local facilities handling the catch of local fishermen. For the purpose of fingerlings production 14 big state farms were built. More than 95 percent of the state fish farms were privatized as part of the economic changes that followed the breakup of the former USSR. Their production fell from 8 800 Mt in 1991 to 500 Mt in 2000 (FAO 2004). Salmonid culture (mostly rainbow trout mykiss and Salmo trutta) in artificial ponds is limited because of water quality problems and high prices for imported fish feed, resulting in high fish prices. At 3.5 kg, the average annual per capita consumption of fish in Kazakhstan is low, when WHO recommendation is for people to consume at least 12 kg of annually. Most fish is consumed fresh, frozen or salted. The canned products available in the market are mainly imported. With the sharp decline in food consumption in recent years, related to increasing poverty, the domestic demand for cheap fish has significantly increased. Canned, frozen and salted oceanic fish products are imported, mostly from Russia (FAO 2004). Since 2000, imports of fish exceeded the domestic production not only in quantity but also in prices which for imported fish were 2–3 times higher than prices for domestic fish products. Thus, in urban markets, fresh carp and pike-perch (zander) cost about US$ 1–2/kg, bream about US$ 0.3–0.8/kg, salted common about US$ 2-3/kg, and smoked Atlantic about US$ 4–5/kg. Nevertheless, it satisfies to some effect the demand in large and medium-sized settlements (FAO 2004). The traditional farming of fish is expected to diversify and possibly expand by commercial cultivation of more valuable fish species (especially and trout, and more so Whitefish and Pike-perch (Zander) with better market prospects. For the fisheries sector, sustainability is expected to be reached through improvements in administration governance and economic incentives (e.g. moderate taxation and micro-credit for fish farms). Commercial aquaculture in lakes and existing natural ponds has good prospects. The state could offer support and promote pilot projects for newcomers through national and international funding (FAO 2004). As marine fisheries decrease, concerns over the sustainability of marine capture of fish rises. Aquaculture could play an important role in increasing fish consumption without serious negative environmental consequences. Fish farming must be conducted in a sustainable way, taking into account not only direct environmental impacts but also indirect ones related to fish feed, product processing and transport, etc. The fish farming methods must ensure a consistent supply, good quality as well as good traceability and documentation of fish. Fish farming can also contribute to livelihood expansion as fish can often be grown in rural areas characterized by low employment rates, providing income and raising living standards. At its best, farmed fish have high quality, and are sustainable and healthy products that may be brought to the market throughout the year, regularly and at a competitive price. In Finland the farmed fish brought to the supermarkets also the natural lake fish catch and now the fish can be the cheapest meat you buy in the country. Last but not least some pertinent questions: Why to develop aquaculture? If we can farm the land why can’t we farm the sea and inland waters? People should eat more ! Due to the rising demand for fish and shellfish, aquaculture is predicted to have increasingly important role in providing a protein source for future generations. Research has been a strong driver for aquaculture development over the last 20 years and should continue to do so in the future. Sustainable complement to traditional fishery Aquaculture production is safer food and often better quality than wild harvested fish Aquaculture production generally more affordable than fish caught in the wild Aquaculture food is traceable right to the egg and to the parent fish Aquaculture protects biodiversity – restocking depleted fisheries and variety of species! At the end of this document there is a proposal to produce a very much needed aquaculture manual for the Kazakhstan and other Central Asian aqua culturists (See Annex 4.). Similarly Annex 5. serves an Concept Idea for creating a Ph.D teaching programme in Aquaculture for Central Asia as a Center of Excellency in the National Agrarian University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.

Text description of the lectures, practical exercises and courses 1. Aquaculture definitions and bilingual vocabulary

Aquaculture definition as an example:

“Aquaculture is farming of aquatic organisms, including fish, molluscs, , and aquatic plants. Farming implies some form of intervention in the rearing process to enhance production, such as regular stocking, feeding, protection from predators, etc.”

This bilingual vocabulary and some basic definitions are necessary for the students to learn in advance in order to follow the English lectures (See Annex 1).

2. Detailed presentation of the best aquaculture information sources

It is not necessary to know or to remember everything but one should know where he/she can find the required information. That is why we will start these lessons with the most important info sources one should learn to use if and when need be.

Internet is an excellent information source but you should always keep in mind that the internet has only that information what somebody has put into it. So often the most important info is missing, especially the old info. Some languages are underrepresented like the Russian scientific papers and books are. Internet can also give totally wrong or misleading info! Internet is full of services the use of which you have to pay for – so be careful before ordering such services which most likely are not even so relevant for you. And be careful how you put your own photos or unpublished data in the net because these easily become a public domain.

FAO has published a number of useful booklets like: - Aquaculture project formulation - Handbook on Small-scale Farming - Geographical information system to plan for aquaculture - Fish production in irrigation canals etc. However, FAO has no monopoly in aquaculture literature. ELSEVIER is a large publishing house continuously printing new books on aquaculture. Environmental Sanitation Information Center/Asian Institute of Technology has a good manual on fish culture. The World aquaculture Society is publishing an excellent magazine: World Aquaculture Magazine https://www.was.org European Aquaculture Society is publishing its own magazine https://www.easonline.org

Marine Conservation Society (MCS) in the UK has developed its own PRINCIPLES AND CRITERIA FOR SUSTAINABLE FISH FARMING. That can be accessed at:www.mcsuk.org These are just a few examples of the existing INFO SOURCES Power Point presentation containing 69 Slides.The main aim of these lectures is to teach the students how to use and/or NOT to use the internet.

3. Status of Aquaculture in Kazakhstan

Power Point presentation on this topic contains 28 slides. Some examples of the content: Aquaculture production normally goes up when the catch of the capture fisheries goes down. This can be seen also in the long term statistics of Kazakhstan. Overall aquaculture production in Kazakhstan was estimated at 386 Mt in 2007, which is less than 1% of the total fisheries production. Aquaculture production has continued to decline over the 1989-2007 periods. Common Carp production went down from 800 Mt in 2005 to 80 Mt in 2006. Silver Carp production decreased from 424 Mt in 2006 to 262 Mt in 2007. It has been proven that the Rate of Economic Return is higher in aquaculture than that in the Ocean or Lake Fishing and in the . However, these economic advantages have not been fully documented in the Government supported research. See also Timirkhanov et al. 2010. 4. Recreational fishing and Aquaculture in Kazakhstan

Two different Power Point presentations exist on this topic: Artisanal and recreational fisheries 23 PP slides and Recreational Fishery in Kazakhstan 20PP slides. Content examples: Very closely linked as aquaculture ponds and aquaculture produced fish and fingerlings are used to support recreational fisheries Without aquaculture there would be no wild trout or salmon in our lakes. In Russia the term Recreational aquaculture is commonly used and it covers also fish rearing – more than 1.5 million people are occupied with it. More than 500.000 people have backyard (homestead) recreational fish farms in Russia.

See also Van Anrooy et al. 2008.

5. Modern Status and Perspectives of Aquaculture Development in Russia This lecture is based on Professor Andrey K. Bogeruk’s excellent Power Point presentation (21 slides). Two of the slides shown below:

6. Status of Aquaculture in other Central Asian Countries

Power point presentation of 15 slides exists. Content examples:

In most Central and South Asian countries the importance of fish culture has been recognized but its development has been hampered by a lack of experienced fish farmers. A major hindrance is the absence of practical training and higher educational material related to local conditions. See also Sutton et al. 2005.

7. Different aquaculture methods A PowerPoint presentation exists with 15 slides. -Raceway systems have been presented in the context of shrimp farming in South-East Asia -Recirculation systems will be included in the new presentations. -Rice cum fish, fish cum pigs, duck and chicken will be added. 8. Farming methods of different species, including feed: a. Trout farming Rainbow trout (Onchorynchus mykiss), although native to North West America has been introduced to regions throughout the world. Fish farms usually concentrate on different aspects of the life cycle. produce ova from brood stock and sell on to fingerling producers who grow fingerlings and fry from the eggs. Fingerling producers supply re-stockers and table fish producers. Table producers in turn provide fish to fish processors, while re-stockers will supply capture or recreational fisheries. Some farms may undertake several of these business activities and in addition may have a shop, a smoker / processing unit, or a recreational fishery (where anglers can fish in artificially stocked ponds or lakes) that is often open to the public. Kazakhstan has such facilities in very nice mountain areas where they also cook the fish you will catch for you to eat in beautiful surroundings. The main facility needed is a clean river for adequate water supply, in an accessible spot. Trout are cold blooded and are greatly affected by water temperature. The warmer the water, the fewer the fish that can be stocked there and the greater the water flow needs to be; this is because the solubility of in water decreases with temperature. Ideally, oxygen level, should be 7mg/l or greater. The flow of the water source will in part determine your stocking level. While artificial aeration can be used to increase oxygen levels a sufficient water flow is still needed to remove waste produced by the fish. The total volume of water available on any one site will be a limiting factor in the expansion of a trout farming business. A farm on a river will consist of ponds, tanks or raceways with the water supplied by gravity. Often a location with a weir is utilized. Cage farming is an alternative method involving the siting of net cages in deep freshwater lakes. The unfrozen sea watersmay provide the best location for this method of farming in Kazakhstan. In the land based river side farms the screens are installed at the inlet channel, to keep out debris and migratory fish. Water should be treated before being discharged back into the river and further screens installed at the outlet. All effluents should be strictly monitored with regular testing. Although trout can be bred to different sizes, they generally reach their harvesting size at 300-400g in approximately seven and a half months, building muscle by swimming against the current of the water as it passes through the farm. Once harvested, the trout will be processed for use. Larger farms often have processing facilities on site, which contain machinery designed to gut, fillet, smoke and pack the fish, depending on what is required. The trout may then be sold direct to customers at farm shops, or sent to wholesale markets, caterers or retailers. b. Whitefish farming Until the 1990s consumer demand for farmed fish in Finland was satisfied by the country’s rainbow trout farms but subsequently globalisation of the which increased salmonid imports resulted in rainbow trout prices falling and reduced profitability for Finland’s trout farmers. As rainbow trout lost its luxury image consumers’ interest in other fish species increased despite their higher market price. In 2004 the price of farmed European whitefish in Finland was almost double that of farmed rainbow trout. To help trout farmers develop new species the Institute carried out feasibility studies to evaluate the market and cultivation potential of different native species to select the best potential candidates for further study and eventual commercial production. From these analysis European whitefish ( L.) was considered to have the best potential for diversification since it has several advantages over other species RKTL looked at which included pike perch, perch and . These advantages included the fact that seed material was readily available as European whitefish brook stock was already in cultivation and that larvae could be grown successfully using commercial dry feeds developed for marine species. In addition European whitefish grow well in the temperature conditions common in Finland’s lakes and brackish water courses. Lake’s in Kazakhstan have very similar conditions to those in Finland. Found in the wild in fresh and brackish water in most European countries European whitefish, a member of the salmonid family, was already a known and valued species in Finland where 1,200 Mt were caught annually by professional fishermen. Its white flesh is a good alternative to red fleshed salmon and the initiation of farming is not as difficult as for other new species since the production methods used for rainbow trout are partially suitable for European whitefish. In addition, brood stocks of several whitefish strains have been farmed for several decades for restocking purpose lakes and the Baltic Sea and these stocks provide eggs for use in fish farming for commercial food fish production. While whitefish farming for restocking was usually done semi-intensively in ponds with annual production between 22-25 million juveniles, commercial food fish farming is based on . During their first year European whitefish are reared in indoor plastic tanks in fresh water with a flow-through system and under natural temperature conditions. Following the juvenile phase net cages and earth tanks are used, again under natural temperatures. The production cycle, from larvae to market size, which is around 600g, takes 18-28 months. The reason for the long production cycle in Finland is the naturally low temperatures during winter which is a five to six month period. During that time water temperatures are usually around 1-3°C and growth is extremely slow. However the production period can be reduced to an 18 month cycle if heated water is used during the egg incubation stage to accelerate hatching as well as during the juvenile phase. Although the farming technology used for rainbow trout can be partially transferred to European whitefish production there exist certain differences in rearing methods especially during the egg and larvae stage and to some extent in the feeding, nutrition and handling of the growing fish. Diversification project, which began in the mid-1990s, aims to develop a profitable production procedure for the cultivation of whitefish by improving its growth rate, welfare and flesh quality as well as reducing feed costs. During the past 10 years research has focused on solving biological production problems concerned mainly with feeding, nutrition, growth and welfare with research carried out mostly in laboratory scale. After RKTL became familiar with the rearing biology of this species the work developing net cage rearing techniques for brackish water environment began. This five year long project was carried out in cooperation with private enterprises to ensure direct transfer of rearing technology to the end users. One target of the initial research stages was to develop an optimal growing diet for European whitefish and the Finnish fish feed company Raisio Feed Ltd has used the results obtained to produce species-specific feed. More recently RKTL was working on a selective breeding programme for European whitefish together with genetics and economic researchers with the aim of measuring heritability and the economic importance of different production and quality traits in order to produce an optimal family-based breeding programme. There was also a three year research programme to improve whitefish flesh quality which also started in 2006. So far the transfer of technology to the industry has resulted in commercial production reaching around 430 Mt in 2004 which was expected to double in 2005, produced by around 20 farmers who are farming European whitefish alongside rainbow trout. Today farmed European whitefish is supplied to the Finnish fish market all year round. With growing production farmers are now interested in exporting it to European markets and therefore farmed European whitefish products were on show at the European Seafood Show at Brussels already in2006. See also Mikkola et al. 1979, Mikkola 2008, and Shemeikka et al. 1978 and 1979. c. Nelma farming Nelma ( leucichthys leucichthys) is a promising new alternative for the coldwater aquaculture in countries like Kazakhstan and Finland. It originates from Caspian Sea tributaries and grows fast even in the cold water. d. Tilapia farming Tilapia is a common name for almost 100 tilapiine cichlids but large-scale commercial culture of tilapia is limited almost exclusively to the culture of three species: Oreochromis niloticus, O. aureus, and O. mossambica. Of the three tilapia species with recognized aquaculture potential, the , O. niloticus, is by far the most commonly cultured species in tilapia farming. The use of hybrids of 2-4 species of tilapia is also quite popular in certain countries. Grow out strategies for tilapia range from the simple to the very complex. Relatively simple tilapia farming strategies are characterized by little control over water quality and food supply and by low fish farm yields. As greater control over water quality and fish nutrition is imposed and levels are increased, the fish yield per unit area increases. Across this wide range of fish farming methods, there is a progression from low to high management intensity. In traditional pond culture of tilapia, proper environmental conditions are maintained by balancing the inputs of feed with the natural assimilative capacity of the pond environment. The pond’s natural biological productivity (, higher plants, zooplankton and ) serves as both a food source and a biological filter that helps convert fish waste by-products through natural biological processes. Increasing fish stocking densities places increasing demands on the fish production system. Additional energy inputs in the form of labor, water exchange, aeration and higher quality fish feeds are all required to sustain fish culture conditions in the intensive system. As pond production intensifies and fish feeding rates increase, supplemental aeration and some water exchange are required to maintain good water quality. For fish stocking densities above 1.5-kg per square meter, aeration is usually required. Eventually, there is an end point where the incremental returns on investment are not worth the incrementally higher rated of production relative to the higher costs and higher risks. In other words, increasing the intensity of the fish culture system does not necessarily reflect an increase in profitability. All tilapia production systems must provide a suitable environment to promote the growth of the aquatic crop. This is true regardless of whether tilapia is grown in ponds, in cages, or in tanks or raceways. Critical environmental parameters that must be properly managed include dissolved oxygen, ammonia, , and . Other important parameters to control within the fish production system include , pH, and . To produce tilapia in a cost effective manner, aquatic production systems must be capable of maintaining all of these water quality variables in a safe range for the entire grow-out period. Proper feeding of a nutritionally balanced fish feed is critical to success for any tilapia farming operation. To produce excellent growth rates, tilapia are typically fed moderate to high protein pelleted diets at rates ranging from 1.0% to 30% of their body weight per day depending upon their age and size. Numerous options for holding brood fish, fry, fingerlings, juveniles, sub-adult and adult are available to the prospective farmer. The basic options include ponds, tanks or raceways, and cages. Ponds are used in extensive, semi-intensive and intensive tilapia production. Pond culture is by far the most common method being employed on a global scale because it is one of the cheapest methods and also is one of the best. Ponds are much cheaper to construct and allow tilapia production specialists to stimulate natural productivity more readily. One potential major drawback of pond culture is the greater risk of uncontrolled reproduction, which will occur if the tilapias have not been properly sex-reversed prior to stocking in the grow-out ponds. Tanks or raceways involve considerably greater expense to construct, but offer greater control. They are typically used in intensive grow out of tilapias, or in the tilapia hatchery. If it's done right, cage culture of tilapia can be the least cost method of growing larger tilapia, but tilapia cage culture is limited by availability of high quality sites and can be subjected to potentially devastating environmental extremes if not properly accounted for in the site selection and operational plans.

e. Catfish farming f. Salmon farming g. Sturgeon farming (23 slides) h. Eel farming i. Cod farming During the last decades there have been several attempts to engage in cod farming in Norway, with varying success. In 2012, 10 033 Mt of farmed cod were produced in Norway. Farmed cod in Norway descends from wild local stocks. After a few generations of development, it is now feasible to control the quality of the brood stock. In cod farming, the eggs are collected from fish spawning in tanks. In the wild, the time of spawning is dependent on the length of the day. Hence spawning in cod farming can be timed using artificial light, thus ensuring a supply of eggs all year round. One of the biggest challenges in intensive cod farming is high mortality in the larvae and early fry stage. In contrast to salmon, which are fed pellets from an early stage, the cod larvae are dependent on live feed after the yolk sac phase. Throughout the different larva stages, cod need prey of increasing size. Today, most cod fry are produced indoors where environmental factors such as temperature, light and water chemistry can be controlled. The living prey of the cod larva is also produced indoors and is added to the water together with algae or algae concentrate. This so-called “green water” improves the survival of the larva. The growth of cod larvae can be substantial, with body weight increases of up to 15% in a day. After some time, the larvae are adapted to pellets. The pellets used in cod farming are considerably leaner than those used in salmon farming. After the larvae and early fry stage, the production of cod is very similar to the production of salmon. However, there are some differences . Farmed cod will usually at the age of two years and a weight of approximately two kilos. This is unfortunate, as the spawning to bad appetite and therefore slower growth. Furthermore, school behaviour is not so well developed in cod populations and the cod tend to swim along the net walls and bottom. When moved to sea, the chance of escapes is larger in cod farming as the cod seem more tempted by the outside world and tend to bite on the nets.

j. Pike-Perch farming (15 slides)

This freshwater fish is considered to have the highest potential for inland aquaculture diversification. Based on Finnish and other European projects reproductive control and bio-economic feasibility of pikeperch intensive rearing have been demonstrated. Pikeperch demand has been strengthened by the strong decline of wild catches from Russia, Estonia and Finland from 50.000 Mt in 1950 to 20.000 Mt currently. Over the last decade, 10 new farms have been built in Europe to produce an estimated 300-400 Mt pikeperch. Numerous more commercial operations have been designed and/or are under construction in Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Portugal and the Netherlands. Year-round production of pikeperch requires constant high temperatures (24-26°C), which is only feasible with relatively high growth rates (i.e.production of 1.2 kg fish in 15 -18 months from non-selected strains). Recirculation of the water also allows high densities of 80-100 kg m-3. Pikeperch flesh quality has a neutral taste, thus lending itself to different forms of preparation, and the filets are without bones --unlike carp, which competes on the same market segment. At present, pikeperch is sold either as whole fish at a weight of 600-3000 g or as filets of 100-800 g to markets in Europe (mainly Western, Eastern and Northern areas) and North-America, showing strong demand. The market value is high at 8-11 € kg-1 at farm gate, whole fish.

European fish farmers have listed threemajor bottlenecks for further expansion of pikeperch culture today including (a) high sensitivity to stressors, handling and husbandry practices that result in high and sudden mortalities, (b) low larval survival (typical 5-10%) and high incidence of deformities, (c) lack of knowledge of the genetic variability of the used brood stocks.

Identification of genetic relationships among different brood stocks, inbreeding phenomena and loss of heterozygosity is important in aquaculture, since it may result in subsequent reproductive and productive failure (reduced progeny survival, growth, food conversion efficiency and increased frequency of deformities). It is also important to know how the domesticated stocks differ from their wild counterparts (f.i. in Kazakhstan), which could potentially be a future source of fish to implement in effective breedingprograms. Overcoming the above bottlenecks is very important to reduce production costs and, therefore, expand the aquaculture production of this species in Kazakhstan and Central Asia. See also Marttinen & Menna 2007, Jokelainen et al. 2009 and Koskelainen & Airaksinen 2012.

k. Herbivorous fish farming l. Crayfish farming See Annex 3 and Lindqvist & Mikkola 1978, Mikkola 1978, 1996 and 2007. m. Shrimp farming See Borge-Aaserud et al. 1988 for technical and financial details. n. Shellfish farming Shellfish such as oysters, mussels and clams are filter feeders and take their food directly from the water in which they live. This means that they do not require supplementary food and, if anything, actually improve the qualityand clarity of the water. Shellfish farming can only provide the best quality products if practiced in pristineenvironments with the highest water quality. Environmental problems can arise on shellfish farms where the animals are held at overly high densities, leading todepletion of food in the water and build-up of faeces below the holding areas. Both effects will harm the outcomefor the farmer and hence shellfish farms are generally sited where water exchange is high and the stock is kept atdensities that are compatible with the level of water exchange. In many cases, stocking densities on farms are lowerthan those of clusters of shellfish (e.g. mussels) that occur on natural beds. Shellfish farms have been thought to disturb wildlife habitats by taking up space on a beach where wading birds feed.It has been shown, however, that wading birds and oyster farms can exist side by side. The fallen oyster or mussel canhave a positive impact on a bird’s feeding pattern. Other potential impacts include the importation of parasites, pests and diseases onto the shellfish farm which wouldthen spread to other areas. The microscopic oyster parasite Bonamia ostrea, for example, gradually spread throughEurope with the spread of . European farmers have responded by significantly reducing the density atwhich their oysters are farmed. Some people complain of “visual pollution” caused by large numbers of floating barrels or shellfish trestles inotherwise unspoilt areas. Low-profile and dark-coloured floats have recently been developed to minimise the visual impact.

o. Multispecies farming (f.i. Tilapia with Macrobrachium etc.) Power Point presentation will be prepared separately for each of these species. Some already exist, text and/or number of slides marked in those species.

9. Fish parasitology

Fish Parasitology is an important field in aquatic science. Because of its close linkage to other fields such as human health, fisheries, fish ecology and environmental monitoring, fish parasitology should be seen in the context of other aquaculture disciplines. Fish parasites play a major role in marine and inland water biodiversity, infecting hosts at all different trophic levels. The growth of aquaculture, concerns about the effects of pollution on fish health, and the possible use of parasites as biological indicator organisms has led to a steady increase in interest in this topic. Fish and fisheries products are important sources of protein and contribute a great deal to available food resources worldwide. Over-fishing and environmental degradation are already threatening most of the larger , and a further increase in fisheries production seems to be dependent on the cultivation of aquatic organisms within semi-extensive and intensive aquaculture. An intensive culture leads to an increasing risk of infection by disease causing agents, such as fungi, , bacteria and parasites. Parasites are an integral part of every ecosystem, representing a major factor in global biodiversity. Host- parasite checklists suggest that on average, there are at least 3-4 metazoan parasites per studied marine fish species within a specific environment. This has led to a conservative estimate, by Klimpel, Palm, Seehagen & Rosenthal (2001), of 20,250 to 43,200 marine metazoan fish parasites, calculated on the basis of the 13.500 currently known fish species that inhabit brackish or marine waters. Fish parasites clearly constitute a major part of the living animal species within the world’s oceans. Parasites are common in farmed fish, too Parasites are not unique to wild fish, but in the wild they obviously go untreated. Parasites fall into two main groups – ectoparasites, which affect the skin and external organs, and endoparasites, which invade the body and attack the musculature and internal organs. Ectoparasites include several types of sea lice, crablike creatures that eat the skin and flesh of the fish. If left untreated, they will cause considerable suffering to the fish and open wounds on the skin of the fish that may become sites for disease. Endoparasites include worms that enter the body of the fish through the mouth, infest the gut and can then burrow into the flesh of the fish. As well as reducing the fish’s ability to regulate the amount of salt in its body by perforating the gut membrane, they also reduce the sale ability of the flesh, since fish infested with nematode parasites are not saleable for human consumption. As on land-based farms, when animals are held at higher densities parasites can infect a stock relatively rapidly. Because unhealthy fish mean substantial loss to the farmer, however, it is uncommon in modern fish farms to find harmful burdens of parasites. Outbreaks are controlled by modern farming practices and the use of medicines that authorities have deemed safe to the fish, to consumers and to the environment. This (These) lecture(s) will concentrate only on inland water and aquaculture parasites. 10. Fish and crayfish toxicology Pollution of the environment and its protection have become increasingly to the forefront of humanity. Aquatic ecosystems are exposed to permanent flow of pollutants of natural and anthropogenic origin. These substances can in certain cases result in negative changes in water quality. Water and organisms living in it constitute one of the essential components of the ecosystem. Fish and crayfish are a very important part of the aquatic ecosystem and simultaneously are also important economic organisms for human consumption. Over the last 50 years, there has been significant development of the field of aquatic toxicology. The subject of aquatic toxicology is research and estimation of the effect of xenobiotic on aquatic ecosystem and organisms living there. The main focus of this (these) lecture(s) will be on the new and existing discoveries that determine a wide variety of pollutants in water and their effects on aquatic organisms. The lecture is mainly focused only on fish and crayfish but it will be possible to focus also on other aquatic organisms (mollusks, shellfish, aquatic invertebrates, etc.). The lecture will summarize the most recent developments and ideas in the aquatic toxicology, with a special emphasis given to the new technical of pollutant monitoring and observational mechanisms of toxicity of water pollutant obtained within the last years. If a series of lectures is given then the potential topics should include at least:  Mechanisms of toxicity  Toxicity test (in situ and in laboratory)  Biomonitoring  Chemical monitoring  Biomarkers (of effects, exposure, or susceptibility)  Environmental risk assessment  Reproduction toxicity  Pesticide toxicology  Pharmaceutical safety  Heavy metals  Hazard evaluation  Toxicity assessments

11. How to develop Rainbow Trout feeds using the locally available ingredients?

This lecture of 22 slides is largely based on FAO Field Document 8 (Tacon, 1990) and European Aquaculture Society report (Consensus 2008). One example content of the Rainbow Trout feed could be like this:

Ingredients Starter Fingerling Production

Fishmeal 50 40 34

Feather meal 4 4 4

Meat & bone meal 10 12 12

Soybean meal 9 9 10

Blood meal 7 8 8

Rapeseed meal - 3 6

Wheat bran/Corn 4.2 3.95 8.7 meal Brewers grains 5 10 10

Fish oil 8.6 8.4 6.2

Additives 2.2 1.65 1.1

The main ingredients of feed The main ingredients of feeds for farmed carnivorous fish species are and fish oil, at levels of about 25 percent and 30 percent, respectively. These two ingredients supply essential amino acids and fatty acids required by the fish for normal growth. More recently, small quantities of fish meal and fish oil (3-5 percent and 1-3 percent, respectively) have been included in feeds for omnivorous and herbivorous fish. Manufactured fish feeds account for 35 percent of the fish meal and 55 percent of the fish oil produced annually. Most of the rest is used in manufactured feeds for terrestrial farm animals and poultry. Carnivorous fish convert these manufactured feeds to edible flesh with maximum efficiency. Farmed salmon convert approximately 1.2 kg of feed into 1 kg of fish. Poultry convert between 3 and 5 kg of feed into 1 kg of flesh. Pigs convert approximately 8 kg of feed into 1 kg of flesh. Figure 7:mparative protein efficiency of fish, compared to land animals in converting 100 Kg of feed into ‘meat’. 100 KG FEED protein, carbohydrates and fats GIVES SOYA, CORN, FISHMEAL AND OILS 1,2 Kg mutton (sheep) 13 Kg (pig) 20 Kg chicken 65 Kg salmon MEASURED AS EDIBLE MEAT

12. How to avoid wastewater and fish health problems?

This lecture will be prepared by using mainly aquaculture related wastewater systems developed in Denmark and Finland. See also SustainAqua 2009. Health Infectious diseases are encountered in all food production. Fish and shellfish may be more under threat from disease than land animals or plants because germs survive longer and can spread more effectively in water. The rapid identification and treatment of bacterial and viral infection is therefore crucial in aquaculture. While best management practice remains the preferred option for producers, the use of therapeutic agents may sometimes be necessary. National and international regulations have been implemented to approve veterinary medicines that do not compromise food safety. An example of this is the so-called ‘withdrawal period’, defined as the minimum time to elapse between termination of the treatment and harvest of the animal. Withdrawal periods are specific for each drug and each utilisation of that drug, for example to treat bacterial disease. It is important to note that the use of veterinary medicines such as antibiotics has greatly decreased in many types of aquaculture. For example, in Norway the use of antibiotics in salmon and trout farming has been negligible for the last 10 years due to the use of better vaccines. In 2004, Norway produced 23 times more salmon and trout than in 1985; in the same period, the use of antibiotics dropped by a factor of 25.

13. How to use UV irradiation of the hatching water to prevent fungal infestation of the fish eggs?

This lecture will be based mainly on recent UEF research, like: Heikkinen, J., Mustonen, S.M., Eskelinen, P., Sundberg, L-R. & A. Von Wright 2013. Prevention of fungal infestation of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) eggs using UV irradiation of the hatching water. 55:9-15.

14. Biotechnology possibilities in Aquaculture

These lectures will give the students the basic knowledge in cytogenetics and gene technology.

Biotechnology opens a lot of new possibilities in aquaculture. With the gene transfers we can easily improve the growth and disease and cold climate tolerance of the farmed species. Unfortunately genetically modified organisms and food have got so bad name, and mainly due to the ignorance of the people talking and making decisions on it. We have been selecting our farm crops and animals since the beginning of human history and agriculture, and through these selections we have been able to improve our production levels and disease resistance to name a few improvements. Genetical modification is exactly the same proceedio but only with much faster results.

International organization like FAO sees genetically modified organisms more positively than European Union or many countries. Especially in aquaculture genetically improved variations are popular. However the Federation of European Aquaculture Producers has a clear policy of not using any GM organisms in aquaculture.

15. Why people in Kazakhstan should eat more fish – because fish diet benefits the human health in many ways? Existing lecture on this topic is copied below but will be further developed for the future teaching.

16. How to make a good research plan?

The main aim of this lecture is to demonstrate that well planned research is already half done.

17. Scientific writing

Good scientific principles will be given to the students. To respect previous studies even if own data would show different results. There is always some explanation and all of us have and will make mistakes. It is extremely important when writing the foreign language that you say what to want say and not only what you can say due the language problems.

18. How to get impact points from your papers?

Publishing your research results has a paramount importance especially if you aim to have an academic career. The world is full of different type of publications but better reader coverage your paper will only get in the impact point publications.

19. How to write a fish farming manual?

See Annex 4.

20. EIA in Aquaculture

An example of two weeks training in aquaculture oriented environmental impact assessment as an optional course is given in Annex 2.

21. A special crayfish farming course

Another example of two weeks training in all issues related to crayfish farming as an optional course in given in Annex 3.

22. Practical Aquaculture Related Exercises

22.1 Exercise To view video and CD-rom materials: Including Issyk-Kul Fisheries Video Clips, and Ton Hatchery & Two private fish farm video shots from Kyrgyzstan

22.2 Exercise

a. To view FAO publications and reports on Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture b. To view FAO Field Project Reports on Aquaculture c. To view FAO Statistical Databases

22.3 Exercise a. To view FAO time series for SOFA b. To view FAO Publication titles in print

22.4 Exercise a. To view FAO World Fisheries and Aquaculture Atlas b. To view FAN FAO Aquaculture Newsletter CD-Rom

22.5 Exercise a. To view FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries and Aquaculture b. To view FAO Simple Methods for Aquaculture

22.6 Exercise a. To view Fish Processing Photos from Infopesca b. To view 2011 Fish&Fishing photos from ERÄ, Finland

22.7 Exercise How to calculate the feed ration in fish farming?

22.8 Exercise Feeding and farming of Sturgeons.

22.9 Exercise Importance of the starter feed in the commercial Pike-Perch aquaculture.

22.10 Exercise Some environmental factors affecting the survival of Vendace and Whitefish eggs – Example of the in- situ lake and aquarium experiments.

22.11 Exercise Group 1: Find out how Fisheries production has developed in Kazakhstan during the last 20 years? Group 2. Find out how Aquaculture production has developed in Kazakhstan during the last 20 years? 22.12 Exercise Prepare a small Power Point presentation from your own Master research (Thesis) – Topic, Research Concept, What, Where and When you have or will study, your own expectations on the results – fully met or not at all? If not, why not?

22.13Exercise Plan your own aquaculture operation: Group 1. As owners of a 5 ha water and lakeshore land at the Lake Balkash. Group 2. As owners of a 2 hawater and lakeshore land at the Lake Zaisan. Main components in this planning are: What species to select for your aqua farm? And why? What farming method to use: Floating cage culture, land based pond culture or Lake Ranching etc. Where to buy the equipment (nets, cages, pumps etc.) Where to buy the fingerlings? Where to buy the feed? Or can it be produced at the farm? What will be your production target per year? Where you intend to sell that production? What price you expect to achieve per kilogram? Will your farm be profitable in five years’ time? Or only later? If the farm will not be profitable – Why not? 22.14 Exercise To view and compare the Group 1 and Group 2 aquaculture plans.

AUDIOVISUAL MATERIALS CD-ROMS: 1. FAN FAO AQUACULTURE NEWSLETTER 2. FAO CODE OF CONDUCT FOR RESPONSIBLE FISHERIES 3. FAO FIELD PROJECT REPORTS ON AQUACULTURE 4. FAO PUBLICATIONS TITLES IN PRINT 5. FAO PUBLICATIONS AND REPORTS ON INLAND FISHERIES and AQUACULTURE 6. FAO TIME SERIES FOR SOFA 7. FAO SIMPLE METHODS FOR AQUACULTURE 8. FAOSTAT 9. FAO WORLD FISHERIES and AQUACULTURE ATLAS DVDs: FISH PHOTOS FROM FINLAND/ERÄ 2011 INFOPESCA FISH PROCESSING PHOTOS FROM URUGUAY ISSYK-KUL FISHERIES VIDEO CLIPS TON HATCHERY & PRIVATE TROUT FARMS (CAGE & LAND BASED)

Annex 1. Natural and sustainable aquaculture definitions and bilingual glossary(Russian translations will follow) acidicity alien fish species alcalinity anthropogenic antibiotics aquaculture definition - Aquaculture is farming of aquatic organisms, including fish, molluscs, crustaceans, and aquatic plants. Farming implies some form of intervention in the rearing process to enhance production, such as regular stocking, feeding, protection from predators, etc. aquaculture methods - aquarium fish rearing - brushparks - cage culture - fish cum pigs, ducks, chicken - homestead land - lake ranching - pond culture - raceway - rice cum fish - sea ranching aquarium trade aqueous artemia artisanal fishery aquatic invertebrates aquatic toxicology bacteria basicity biomarkers (of effects, exposure, or susceptibility) biomonitoring brackish waters chemical monitoring climate change co-management commercial fishery – In commercial fisheries, the fish resource that is extracted or caught will be marketed and sold, thus creating economic output in the process. conservation of biodiversity crayfish species - like Astacus , Astacidae - Australian Red Claw Crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus - Louisiana Swamp Crayfish Procambarus clarkii crumble/pellet sizes deformities diadromous dietary nutrient levels dietary formulation docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) ectoparasites eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) endoparasites environmental impact assessment environmental monitoring environmental risk assessment fed-aquaculture feed - formulation - manufacture - storage feeding methods - hand feeding - automatic fish consumption fish culture fish farms fish feed fish feed ingredients distinct feed lines -starter -fingerling -production fish markets fish mongers fish parasitology fish processing - canned - fresh - iced - frozen - salted fishery statistics fisheries management committee fisheries management plans It is important to notice the difference between the concepts of fishing and fisheries. Fishing refers to the activity itself, fisheries in turn includes all aspects of the industry, including trade, processing, management, research and administration. fishing methods - - baskets - beach seine - catch-and-release - fyke - long line - purse seine - pair trawl fishing rights fish species - - Cod - Eel - European Whitefish - Perch - Pike - Pike-Perch (Zander) - Brown Trout - Rainbow Trout - Russian Sturgeon - Salmon - Siberian Sturgeon - Sterlet - Tilapia - Vendace fish trade (marketing) - demand - distribution - pricing - transport - spoilage fish welfare freshwater prawns -Macrobrachium fungi - like Aphanomyces astaci global warming hazard evaluation health problems in aquaculture heavy metals heterozygosity ideal daily or weekly intake illegal fishing inland fisheries – for the sake of it I have collected three different definitions: according to FAO (1992) inland fisheries were “fisheries which are carried out in freshwater or estuaries and whose target species are those that spend all or part of their life-cycle therein.” Five years later inland fisheries were defined by FAO (1997) as “any activity conducted to extract fish or other aquatic organisms from inland waters.” Cowx (2007) defined inland fisheries as “fisheries where the target species life cycle is entirely or in part spent in freshwater, excluding marine species spending all or part of their life cycle in saline and estuarine reaches.” This definition seemingly contradicts the practice of inland fishing in many river fisheries, which de facto target such marine species as salmon and eel. It suggests the exclusion of diadromous species. iodine lean fish long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA) marine waters mechanisms of toxicity natural food aquaculture n-3 family fats oceanic fisheries oil-rich fish omega-3 poly unsaturated fatty acids parasite - like Oyster parasite Bonamia ostrea pasturable aquaculture pesticide toxicology pH value It is an international agreement in chemistry to measure the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution. Pure water has a pH value very close to 7; less than 7 is acidic and more than 7 is basic or alkaline. Values run from 0 to 14. pharmaceutical safety progeny survival recreational fishery recreational aquaculture reproduction toxicity seafood socio-economic benefits subsistence fishery sustainable aquaculture toxicity assessments toxicity test (in situ and in laboratory) unreported fishery viral infection vitamin A vitamin D water pollution wastewater withdrawal period is defined as the minimum time toelapse between termination of the treatment and harvest of the animal. Withdrawal periods are specific for each drug and each utilisation of that drug, for example to treat bacterial disease. xenobiotic

Annex 2.

EIA-course in Kazakhstan 2 weeks preliminary course when required Prof. Markku Kuitunen and prof. Heimo Mikkola FINLAND [email protected] / [email protected] www.jyu.fi/bio/ymp/oma.php

Topics 1 Day: What is EIA? - Lecture 2 hours - Group work 2 hours - Essee writing in a case 4 hours

2 Day: Screening and Scoping within EIA - Lecture 2 hours - Group work 2 hours - Exercise 4 hours 3 Day: Positive and Negative impact - Lecture 2 hours - Group work 2 hours -Exercise 4 hours

4 Day: Mitigation of the harmful impact - Lecture 2 hours - Group work 2 hours - Exercise 4 hours

5 Day: Participation and Social impact - Lecture 2 hours - Group work 2 hours - Exercise 4 hours

6 Day: Ecological and Landscape impact

- Lecture 2 hours - Group work 2 hours - Exercise 4 hours

7 Day: Methods and Tools in the impact assessment - Lecture 2 hours - Group work 2 hours - Exercise 4 hours

8.-9. Day: Excursion 11. Day preparation for the final seminar 12. Final seminar

In Jyväskylä, Finland 10th of September 2014

MK & HM

Annex 3. Intensive course in the freshwater crayfish, mainlyAstacidea, fishery and aquaculture development The recent increase in crayfish stocks in the Irthysh/Zaisan and in the / River, Dam and Lake System represent an interesting opportunity to fisheries and crayfish aquaculture development in Kazakhstan. Astacus crayfish species are also common in other water bodies (even in the Caspian Sea area) in which fisheries have up to now concentrated only on fish. There is high demand for crayfish in the world market, especially in Europe and in the USA. Very lucrative markets are in the Nordic Countries where the demand during crayfish season (in late summer to early autumn) is high and prices too. Moving crayfish species from US to Europe have led to a massive spread of crayfish plague (caused by Aphanomyces astaci ) which caused the collapse of this industry in Turkey as recently as 1984. The same crayfish plague attacked other European crayfish populations already in the second half of the 19th century, but there are still productive stocks left in the Nordic Countries. Kazakhstan has several sub-species of Astacus which have not (yet!) been attacked by the disease, and therefore crayfish fishery and farming have excellent potential for development and marketing. However, there are urgent needs to take all necessary management measures to prevent the introduction of the crayfish plague to Kazakhstan. Since late 1970s the University of Eastern Finland (including the former University of Kuopio in Finland) has been one of the leading research institutions in studies of the problems caused by the alien crayfish species. Vast amount of totally new knowledge exists on the nature and spread of the crayfish plague and other crayfish diseases. The methodologies of crayfish culture are now well developed in Finland. University teams have familiarized themselves fully with the crayfish aquaculture, including equipment and economy. So UEF could offer KazNAU a solid Master and possible Ph.D. level course in all relevant aspects of crayfish industry. Two professor level teachers from UEF have been identified who could travel to Kazakhstan to teach above mentioned aspects in KazNAU. Namely Adjunct Professor Japo Jussila who has made his Ph.D. in the impacts of intensive culture methods on crayfish physiology (year 1997). For the past 25 years he has worked on issues related to crayfish farming and wild crayfish stock management. Recently he has concentrated more on crayfish plague and European crayfish interactions. Second teacher would be Adjunct Professor Heimo Mikkola who has studied earlier the systematic of the world freshwater crayfish species. Later he has worked on ecological, social and commercial problems of the crayfish introductions in tropical and subtropical conditions. It is proposed to include this intensive two week course into teacher exchange programme between KazNAU and UEF when most suitable for the relevant students and possible Ph.D. candidates. To be crayfish aquaculturists could also be invited to attend this course.

Annex 4.Concept for the compilation of a fish farming manual for Kazakhstan Brief description The Republic of Kazakhstan has extensive water resources, with good potential for fish production. Despite this, country’s imports of fish exceed domestic production and the annual per capita consumption of fish is extremely low. There is a high potential for commercial cultivation of fish, especially of sturgeons, trout and possibly Whitefish and Pike-perch (Zander). Fish farming could potentially play an important role in improving livelihoods in rural areas. Within thisproposed KazNAU project, a manual on fish farming will be compiled for Kazakhstan. The manual will draw on international experience and would be used as a hands-on manual for all stakeholders, including government officials, fish farmers, micro creditors, NGOs etc. The manual would be a compilation of existing best practices and guidelines, and would pay particular concern to environmental sustainability as well as technological and economic feasibility. The manual would take into account the specific characteristics of the country. The project duration would be approximately 3 months. Follow-up activities (another 3 months) on the project could include training for different target groups, study visits to countries with a well-developed commercial aquaculture as well as pilot fish farming projects with micro-credit groups to be formed.

Strategy The overall objective of this proposed project is to strengthen the capacities of fish farming stakeholders in order to improve and expand aqua cultural production activities in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Capacity will be built through the compilation and distribution of a practical manual on fish farming. The manual will build on international experience and best practices yet take into account the specific country environmental, technological, administrational and economic realities. Expanded aquaculture production increases socio- economic welfare in rural areas suitable for fish farming and contributes to increased consumption of sustainably and locally produced fish products. Creating an enabling environment for establishment of new fish farms is crucial for aquaculture development in Kazakhstan. As a lot of research and work has already been carried out in the sphere of aquaculture, in particular by the FAO, Worldfish and USAid, the manual would not attempt to study or research the issue of aquaculture. Rather, it would be a compilation of best practices from all over the world. Drawing upon lessons learnt and taking the particularities of Kazakhstan into account, the manual would provide potential fish farmers, government officials, local authorities, bankers, insurance companies, and other stakeholders with information on aquaculture and its potential in Kazakhstan. Essentially, this would be a “How-To-Do” -guide for all concerned partners, containing country-specific information together with references to detailed guidelines. The manual will include details on sustainable production methods, best practices in the fish farm management, economic issues, major natural and technological requirements, fish farming environmental criteria, legal issues, marketing (pricing, distribution and transport) considerations, etc. Particular emphasis would be placed on how to make necessary business planning to achieve economic and environmental sustainability of fish farming. The manual will address particularly the micro-financing possibilities in aquaculture and pay attention to the inclusion of women in aquaculture practices. In number of countries the fish farming is entirely in the hands of women ( etc.). The modes and importance of the fish farmer associations and micro-finance groups will also be explained in the manual. A national consultant (preferably a KazNAU Master level student) would be hired for the compilation of the manual. In addition, a short-time project assistant or PR specialist (preferably again with the Kazakhstan nationality) could be hired for providing assistance with seminar arrangements and manual distribution. An initial seminar presenting the project and bringing together various stakeholders would be held at project start-up. The manual would be prepared by a national consultant with the input of an international consultant (preferably linked with the KazNAU). The manual would be shared with key stakeholders before finalization. A final seminar presenting the manual as well as key recommendations for its use and distribution would be held at the end of the project. Project follow-up activities could include targeted training courses at the University (KazNAU) for key stakeholders, with a further possibility of bringing stakeholders together. As the project largely builds on existing best practices and international recommendations, it is foreseen that the project would be replicable in other Central Asian countries (Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan), as well as the Caucasus (Georgia), Eastern Europe (Moldova, Belarus). With relevant modifications the manual could serve also in the neighboring countries, especially if translated into the local languages.

Management arrangements The project could best be implemented following established UNDP national implementation (NIM) procedures. The implementing partner of the project would be the National Agrarian University, Almaty, Kazakhstan. The project should be implemented in close coordination and collaboration with all relevant government institutions, regional authorities, industries, financial institutions, existing fish farmers and NGOs, as well as with other relevant projects in the region. This would guarantee country ownership and ensure that the manual is distributed through and used by existing and to be fish farmers and in government agencies and organs. If need be the UNDP Kazakhstan could be requested to support implementation by maintaining the project budget and project expenditures, contracting project personnel, undertaking procurement, etc. UNDP Kazakhstan could also monitor the project’s implementation and achievement of project outcomes and objectives and will ensure the proper use of donor funds. Financial transactions, reporting and project evaluation would be carried out in compliance with national regulations and established UNDP rules and procedures. The project concept has been shared some years back with the Embassy of Finland in Kazakhstan, which that time thought that maybe they could act as a potential donor for the project if need be. They had some small unmarked funds the Embassy could allocate for this kind of small projects. Finland is still seen as a good potential partner for the project, as the country has a long and solid experience in fish farming and has solved many of the biological and feed problems which used to be experienced in the farming of popular freshwater fish species such as Pike-perch (Zander) and Whitefish. Both of these species are now commonly farmed in Finland and are expected soon if not alreadyto replace the Rainbow trout as the number one fish in the farming. For most of the consumers the Pike-perch and Whitefishare tastier even though they fetch much higher consumer price.

Annex 5. Concept for creating a Ph.D. teaching programme inAquaculture for Central Asia as Center of Excellence in the NationalAgrarian University,Almaty, Kazakhstan

Scheme of the Aquaculture Master and later Ph.D. teaching programme common for the Central Asian countries. Private sector umbrella should support this common teaching and research programme (blue ball) in this red triangle cooperation between UEF, KazNAU and Kyrgyz NAU as an example of the neighbouring countries.

The National Agrarian University in Almaty Kazakhstan should start acting in Aquaculture teaching and research as Center of Excellence1 for the neighbouring Central Asian countries like Kyrgyzstan who are not able to offer even Master level degrees in Aquaculture. In order to attract funds from the Private Sector both for student fees and research costs the programme has to be in line with the practical research and staff training needs of the private sector2. Foreign students could come even from Finland, especially when the Ph.D level teaching will start because Finland has decided to stop fisheries and aquaculture teaching and research programme in the Kuopio Campus of the Eastern Finland University. Central Asian students should be able to find some study funds from the United Nations (UNDP and/or FAO) in their particular countries if the private sector is slow to assume such costs. Finland can help KazNAU in finding doctor level teachers, many of whom are now partly unemployed in Finland.

1 This is a Finnish term. The Academy of Finland's Centres of Excellence (CoE) are the flagships of Finnish research. They are at the very cutting edge of science in their fields, carving out new avenues for research, developing creative research environments and training new talented researchers for Finnish society and business and industry. A CoE is a research and training network that has a clearly defined set of research objectives and is run under a joint management. Funding is provided for a six-year term, which means that CoEs can work to long-term plans and even take risks. CoEs are jointly funded by the Academy of Finland, universities, research institutes, the private business sector and many other sources.

2 Close private sector-academia relations are fundamental to enabling an environment that is favorable for development. As asserted in the 2000 UN Millennium Declaration, a development-conducive environment is a precursor to improving the quality of education, increasing employment for young people and catalyzing private sector growth (Liwa 2010). In particular, KazNAU should promote innovation and technology transfer through private sector-academia shared infrastructure, private sector-informed curriculum development, private sector- informed supplementary academic accreditation, and research and development. KazNAU is likely to find the need for academia to adopt initiatives that are private sector driven for their own benefit but also geared towards social and economic development in the Central Asia region. One of the past obstacles has been the isolation of academia from the private sector which if carefully addressed will facilitate the development of a platform for academia – private sector cooperation. Central Asia outside of Kazakhstan still lacks quality education which can produce a skilled and innovative workforce which can develop globally competitive products. Private sector growth depends on productivity, a growing skills base and innovation thus the need to facilitate the development of a platform for academia – private sector cooperation also in aquaculture in the entire Central Asia region.