DOES HUMAN-MEDIATED DISPERSAL OF FISH SPECIES EXPLAIN THE LOSS OF FISH PRODUCTION OF THE LAKE ISSYK-KUL IN THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC? Adjunct Professor Heimo Mikkola University of Eastern Finland MAP Map of the Kyrgyz Republic ( web_kyrgyz_republic_topographic_map.jpg) LAKE ISSYK-KUL IS LIKE A SEA WINTER AT THE LAKE SUMMER PHOTO INLAND CAPTURE FISHERIES • INLAND CAPTURE FISHERIES HARVEST FISH THAT ARE OF LOWER VALUE THAN MANY MARINE FISH • HOWEVER IT IS VITAL COMPONENT IN THE LIVELIHOODS AND FOOD SECURITY OF PEOPLE • THEREFORE THE MAIN FOCUS OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT SHOULD BE PEOPLE, NOT FISH PER SE • IN THIS PRESENTATION I WOULD LIKE TO POINT SOME FISHERIES MANAGEMENT MISTAKES WHICH ARE TYPICAL IN ALL OVER THE WORLD NOT ONLY IN KYRGYZSTAN LAKE ISSYK-KUL • The second largest high-altitude and fifth deepest lake in the world. • Issyk-Kul Lake has twelve indigenous fish species and two very distinct subspecies, only living in this lake. • Over the years 19 new fish species have been introduced into the lake by purpose or accidentally. LIST OF ISSYK-KUL FISH SPECIES ISSYK-KUL FISH SPECIES ISSYK-KUL FISH SPECIES • Scientific name/ Common name/ Indigenous = e/ Introduced = + /Not known if indigenous = o / Not known if the introduction failed = +? • Onchorhynchus mykiss Rainbow Trout + • Salmo ischchan Sevan Trout + • Coregonus lavaretus Common Whitefish + • Coregonus widegreni Valaam Whitefish + • Coregonus autumnalis Baikal Omul + ISSYK-KUL FISH SPECIES CONT. • Leuciscus schmidti Schmidt’s Dace e • Leuciscus bergi Issyk-Kul Dace e • Phoxinus issykkulensis Issyk-Kul Minnov e • Tinca tinca Tench + • Gobio gobio latus Issyk-Kul Gudgeon e • Schizothorax pseudoaksaiensis issykkuli Issyk-Kul Marinka e • Diptychus maculatus Scaly Osman e ISSYK-KUL FISH SPECIES CONT. • Gymnodiptychus dybowskii Naked Osman e • Alburnoides taeniatus Striped Bystranka + • Abramis brama orientalis Oriental Bream + • Cyprinus carpio Common Carp o • Ctenopharyngodon idella Grass Carp + • Hypophtalmichtys molitrix Silver Carp + • Carassius auratus auratus Goldfish + • Pseudoraspora parva Stone Moroko + ISSYK-KUL FISH SPECIES CONT. Capoeta capoeta capoeta Transcaucasian Barb +? Triplophysa stoliczkai Tibetan Stone Loach e Triplophysa stoliczkai elegans Tyanschan Loach e Triplophysa dorsalis Grey Loach e Triplophysa strauchii strauchii Spotted Thicklip Loach e Triplophysa labiata Plain Thicklip Loach + Triplophysa ulacholicus,including T.u. dorsaloides Issyk-Kul Naked Loach e ISSYK-KUL FISH SPECIES CONT. • Sander lucioperca Pike-perch + • Micropercops cinctus Eleotris or Odontobutid + • Glyptosternum reticulatum Turkestan Catfish e • Aspius aspius Asp +? • Coregonus albula Vendace (Ryapushka) +? • Coregonus peled Peled +? • TOTAL 33 species or endemic subspecies FISH EATERS VS. PREY FISH SPECIES • IN THIS OLIGOTROPHIC AND LOW PRODUCTION LAKE (SOME 2 kg/ha) ALIEN PREDATORY FISH DID NOT HAVE ENOUGH ENDEMIC PREY FISH SPECIES TO EAT • VERY SOON THEY DEPLETED THEIR PREY SPECIES • MORATORIUM WAS THOUGHT TO HELP BUT IT ONLY CAUSED A MORAL PROBLEM BY MAKING FISHING ILLEGAL FISH CATCH FROM ISSYK-KUL LAKE FISH SPECIES RELATIONSHIPS FISH CATCH DYNAMICS FISH EATERS VS. PREY FISH SPECIES 1600,0 1400,0 1200,0 1000,0 total 800,0 peacefull 600,0 predators 400,0 200,0 0,0 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 BIOMANIPULATION FURTHER ISSYK-KUL PROBLEMS • FISHERMEN SAW NO REASON TO RESPECT ANY FISHING REGULATIONS AS THE ACTIVITY WAS ILLEGAL ANYHOW • TOO SMALL MESH SIZE, CHEAP CHINESE NETS, AND FISHING ON THE BREEDING GROUNDS DEPLETED REMAINING PREY FISH SPECIES • PREDATORY FISH STARTED TO BE CANNIBALISTIC LOWERING THE PRODUCTION EVEN FURTHER • BETWEEN 2005 AND 2010 FISH RESOURCES COLAPSED ALMOST COMPLETELY ROOT CAUSES FOR THE FISHERIES DEGRADATION • Impact assessment of 14 possible root causes for the fisheries degradation in the Lake Issyk-Kul is made. Identified reasons include natural and anthropogenic reasons ranging from climate change to disintegration of the Soviet Union. • BUT IT IS CLEAR THAT SEVAN TROUT AND PIKE- PERCH INTRODUCTIONS CAN BE BLAMED FOR THE REDUCTION IN CATCH. SEVAN TROUT RAINBOW TROUT ISSYK-KUL MARINKA NAKED OSMAN IMPACT EVALUATION IMPACT EVALUATION • STRONG NEGATIVE IMPACT • INTRODUCTION OF ALIEN FISH SPECIES • OVER FISHING • CAGE CULTURE OF RAINBOW TROUTS • MORATORIUM IMPACT EVALUATION CONT. • STRONG NEGATIVE IMPACT CONT. HATCHERY FAILURE • IRRIGATION • MINING ACTIVITIES IMPACT EVALUATION CONT. • SOME NEGATIVE IMPACTS • DISINTEGRATION OF THE SOVIET UNION 1991 • TOURISM • WATER LEVEL • WATER POLLUTION • CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT EVALUATION CONT. • NOT VISIBLE IMPACT • ILLEGAL FISHING • RADIOACTIVE LEAKAGE • MILITARY ACTIVITIES RECOMMENDATIONS • SIMILAR MISTAKES WITH HUMAN-MEDIATED DISPERSAL OF FISH SPECIES HAVE BEEN MADE EVERYWHRE IN THE WORLD NOT ONLY IN KYRGYZSTAN • HOWEVER, IN THE FUTURE INTRODUCTION OF ANY NEW FISH SPECIES INTO THE LAKE SHOULD BE STRICTLY BANNED AND CONTROLLED • DUE TO THE LOW PRODUCTION THE LAKE SHOULD BE RESERVED IN THE FUTURE ONLY FOR ARTISANAL AND RECREATIONAL FISHING RECOMMENDATIONS CONT. • WATER SANITATION AND WASTE DISPOSAL NEED A SPECIAL ATTENTION DUE THE PLANNED TOURIST INFLUX • ANY NEW DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVES SHOULD BE CONSULTATIVE AND PARTICIPATORY • LUCKILY UNDP/GEF AND FAO/FINLAND PROJECTS STARTED TO ADVOCATE BIODIVERSITY FRIENDLY FISHERIES MANAGEMENT • CO-MANAGEMENT SHOULD BE BETTER THAN NO- MANAGEMENT THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION! FISHERIES IN KAZAKHSTAN Based on WORLD BANK Report CAPTURE FISHERIES TOTAL RETAIL SALES CONSUMPTION OF FISH TRADE IN FISH OFFICIAL FISH CATCHES STURGEON QUOTAS LAKE BALKHASH CATCHES PROCESSED FISH VOLUME PIKE-PERCH PRICES FISHERIES SERVICE COSTS SUDAK & BREAM CATCHES IN B/Z RESERVOIR SHULBIN RESERVOIR CATCHES Heimo Mikkola IN NORWAY SALMON FARMING IS ALREADY MORE IMPORTANT THAN LIVESTOCK MORE THAN 15 MILLION MEALS OF SALMON PER DAY IS PRODUCED IN NORWAY HOWEVER, CHINA PRODUCES MORE THAN ONE THIRD OF THE GLOBAL FISH SUPPLY AQUACULTURE ACCOUNTS FOR 70 % OF ITS REPORTED DOMESTIC FISH PRODUCTION CHINA’S AQUACULTURE OUTPUT REACHED 40 MILLION METRIC TONS IN 2012 IN 2012, CHINA PRODUCED OVER 90% OF THE WORLD’S CARP, 50% OF GLOBAL PENAEID SHRIMP, AND 40% OF GLOBAL TILAPIA AVERAGE FEED CONVERSATION RATIO (FCR) IS 1.7 FOR CARP, 1.6 FOR TILAPIA, AND 1.2 FOR PENAEID SHRIMP CHINA IS THE WORLD’S LARGEST IMPORTER OF FISH-MEAL THE WORLD PRODUCES ABOUT 5 MILLION TONNES OF FISH-MEAL A YEAR –– THIS FIGURE HAS BEEN CONSTANT FOR FOUR DECADES AND IS LIMITED BY THE SIZE OF EARTH’S FISHERIES DEMAND OF FISH-MEAL, HOWEVER, IS GROWING AT 6-8% A YEAR, PUTTING PRESSURE ON PRICES RESEARCH NEEDS TO FIND ALTERNATIVE INGREDIENTS FOR AQUACULTURE FEED SOME FISH FARMERS HAVE MOVED FROM FISH-MEAL TO SOYA-BASED SUBSTITUTES CHINA HAS NOTED THAT BETWEEN 30 AND 70 % OF THE VOLUME OF PROCESSED FISH BIOMASS END UP AS WASTES AND THEY HAVE STARTED TO RE-USE FISH- PROCESSING WASTES WHICH ARE HIGH IN PROTEIN, MINERALS, AND ENERGY (LATER WE SEE SOME POSSIBLE SAFETY PROBLEMS) USE OF FISH-PROCESSING WASTES IN AQUAFEEDS PRESENTS FOOD SAFETY RISK RELATED TO BIOACCUMULATION OF CONTAMINANTS, CROSS-SPECIES TRANSMISSION OF PATHOGENS, AND, POSSIBLY PRIONS. TO AVOID DISEASE TRANSMISSION, THE EUROPEAN UNION FORBIDS THE USE OF FARMED FISH BY-PRODUCTS IN FINFISH FEEDS BUT ALLOWS THEM TO BE USED IN CRUSTACEAN DIETS OR VICE VERSA First you have to find out which plants are grown near your aquaculture: crops like millet, oats, corn, sorghum, sesame, groundnut, sugar beet, melons, and wide variety of vegetables and fruits serve as ingredients Are there any slaughter houses near your farm: dried bone meal, or dried blood meal as well as dried meat meal are useful feed elements It is also likely that there is commercial manufacture of compound animal feed or even fish feeds I understand that Kazakhstan has at least 100 feed factories where the machinery exists for making pelleted feed for fish So there is only necessary to bring the right ingredients and instructions to the factory Although fresh animal by-products such as liver and blood are available in limited quantities and could be used by a small-scale trout farmer (< 5 tonnes fish/year) within an in-house produced moist diet, a dry diet formulation and feeding regime is recommended for your own farm. Three dietary formulations are recommended for use within three distinct feed lines, namely starter, fingerling and production diets. Although oilseeds (ie. soybean meal, rapeseed meal) and animal by-product meals (ie. meat and bone meal, blood meal) can and have been successfully used at high dietary inclusion levels within practical salmonid rations, their nutritional success is dependent upon the individual manufacturing process used to produce them. 50 tonnes of Rainbow trout (250 g each fish) For that production you need 2.5 -3.5 tonnes of starter feed 16-22 tonnes of fingerling feed And 56-75 tonnes of production feed This calculation is based on 1.5-2.0 feed conversion ration The survival from egg (700,000 individuals) to 5 g fish is 50% Survival from 5 g to 50 g fish is 71.4% And survival from 50 g to 250 g fish is 80% Since the manufactured diets are composed of perishable nutrients it is essential that the feed storage period on the farm prior to feeding be kept to a minimum and that adequate storage facilities are provided. Dry feed lines should be stored under clean dry ventilated conditions within a room with a concrete floor and walls (avoiding high humidity and direct sunlight), and used within two months of manufacture. Bags containing manufactured diets should be stored on wooden pallets and in such a manner so as to facilitate good air circulation between individual sacks, and should never be allowed to rest directly against the concrete floor or walls. The success of a dry diet feeding regime is dependent not only on the formulation and manufacturing process used to produce the diet, but also on the method of presentation of the feed to the fish. Although the majority of large commercial trout farms in Europe normally use a fixed dietary feeding regime to administer their feed to the fish, hand feeding to satiation is recommended for your fish farm.