DOCSLIB.ORG

Trout and Char of Central and Southern Europe and Northern Africa

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Trout and Char of Central and Southern Europe and Northern Africa 12 Trout and Char of Central and Southern Europe and Northern Africa Javier Lobón-Cerviá, Manu Esteve, Patrick Berrebi, Antonino Duchi, Massimo Lorenzoni, Kyle A. Young Introduction !e area of central and southern Europe, the Mediterranean, and North Africa spans a wide range of climates from dry deserts to wet forests and temperate maritime to high alpine. !e geologic diversity, glacial history, and long human history of the region have interacted with broad climatic gradients to shape the historical and cur- rent phylogeography of the region’s native trout and char. !e current distributions and abundances of native species are determined in large part by their fundamental niches (i.e., clean, cold water with high dissolved oxygen). Brown Trout Salmo trutta are relatively common and widespread in the northern and mountainous areas of the region but occur in isolated headwater populations in the warmer southern areas of the region. !ese southern areas provided glacial refugia for salmonids and today har- bor much of the region’s phylogenetic diversity. Despite relatively narrow ecologi- cal requirements in terms of water quality, native and invasive trout and char occur throughout the region’s rivers, lakes, estuaries, and coastal waters. Despite having only a single widely recognized native trout species, the region’s range of environments has produced a remarkable diversity of life histories ranging from dwarf, stunted, short and long-lived, small- and large-sized, stream-resident, lake-resident, fluvial potamo- dromous, adfluvial potamodromous, and anadromous (see Chapter 7). Only one trout and one char are native to the region, Brown Trout and Alpine Char Salvelinus umbla. !ere are four currently recognized Brown Trout relatives from the Italian peninsula and Mediterranean islands—Salmo fibreni, S. carpio, S. cettii, and S. marmoratus—and a taxonomically complex and poorly studied group of Brown Trout relatives in Morocco and Algeria. !ree nonnative species from North America (sensu International Union for Conservation of Nature [IUCN]) have been introduced and established naturalized populations: Rainbow Trout On- corhynchus mykiss, Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis, and Lake Trout S. namaycush. !is chapter summarizes the information available on the distribution, status, and management of these trout and char. 1 2 12 Native Trout and Char Brown Trout Brown Trout is native throughout the region and is the most important species in terms of distribution, abundance, genetic and phenotypic diversity, and scientific, public, and economic interest. Brown Trout is one of the world’s most studied spe- cies and is used as a model system by population, behavioral, and evolutionary ecolo- gists and geneticists. Beyond the thousands of peer-reviewed journal articles, the vast literature on Brown Trout includes dozens of books, monographs, and symposia volumes. Newton (2013) and Lobón-Cerviá and Sanz (2017) provide contemporary summaries of Brown Trout biology and management. Phylogeography.—A dizzy array of colors and morphology typifies Brown Trout across its native range (see www.cartapiscicola.es or www.sibic.org/en/spanish-fish- chart/). Such variability in morphology, color, and life history has led to the nam- ing of more than 40 species! However, contemporary genetic data suggest that the single species Salmo trutta was modified by glaciation processes and colonization histories into multiple genetic lineages. Several lineages and sublineages in Italy, the Mediterranean islands, and North Africa have been elevated to species level. Fur- thermore, species designations are likely warranted for other sublineages in north- ern Europe (see Chapter 10), the Balkans, the Turkish peninsula, and northeastern Asia. Bernatchez et al. (1992) recognized five main genetic lineages for European Brown Trout: Atlantic trout (AT), Danubian trout (DA), Marble Trout of north Adriatic rivers (MA), Adriatic trout (AD), and Mediterranean trout (ME). Subse- quent studies (Bernatchez 2001; Cortey and García-Marín 2002) highlighted sev- eral genetically distinct sublineages with some of these main lineages. !ese include the Duero lineage (DU) from the Iberian Peninsula (Suarez et al. 2001), the Dades lineage (DAD) in North Africa (Snoj et al. 2011), and the Tigris sublineage (TI; Bardakci et al. 2006) from the Euphrates River (Turkey). Two sublineages, Salmo obtusirostris and S. ohridanus, have been recently reclassified into the genus Salmo as distinct species (Phillips et al. 2000; Sušnik et al. 2006; Snoj et al. 2009). Six of these lineages occur in the region covered by this chapter: 1. !e AT lineage occurs in rivers from Norway to the Iberian Peninsula and Sicily (Schöffmann et al. 2007; Cortey et al. 2009; Fruciano et al. 2014). Several mor- phological species have been described within the AT lineage (gillaroo Salmo sto- machicus Günther 1866; sonaghen S. nigripinnis Günther 1866, and S. ferox Jar- dine 1835). Sicilian trout were described as S. cettii Rafinesque 1810 but later on assigned to the AT lineage (Schöffmann et al. 2007; Fruciano et al. 2014). !e AT lineage has been widely stocked outside its native range but is considered native to the upper Danube (Schenekar et al. 2014) and is probably native in some north Italian rivers draining to the Mediterranean (Meraner et al. 2007). / 3 2. !e DU lineage is native to the Duero and Miño rivers in the Iberian Peninsula (Vera et al. 2010). 3. !e ME lineage has a native range in the Mediterranean rivers of the Iberian Peninsula (Cortey et al. 2004), southern France and Corsica (Berrebi et al. 2000; Berrebi 2015), and Italy and Greece (Giuffra et al. 1994; Bernatchez 2001). 4. !e MA lineage is native to rivers of the northern Adriatic basin (Bernatchez et al. 1992; Giuffra et al. 1994; Snoj et al. 2000). !e recent revision by Pustovrh et al. (2014) assigns the species to this MA lineage. 5. !e AD lineage is distributed along the Mediterranean rivers from the southern Iberian Peninsula to Turkey, including Corsica (Cortey et al. 2004; Snoj et al. 2011; Berrebi 2015). Several morphological species endemic to the Italian penin- sula (Salmo carpio Linnaeus 1758; S. cenerinus Kottelat 1997, S. cetti Rafinesque 1810, and S. fibreni Zerunian & Gandolfi 1989 [Gratton et al. 2014]) and the Balkans and Turkish Peninsula (S. dentex Heckel 1851, Flathead Trout S. platyc- ephalus Behnke 1969, S. macrostigma Duméril 1858, S. lourocensis Delling 2011, Ohrid Trout S. letnica Karaman 1924, S. peristericus Karaman 1938, and S. pela- gonicus Karaman 1938) are members of the AD lineage (Sušnik et al. 2004, 2007; Lo Brutto et al. 2010; Snoj et al. 2011). 6. !e DA lineage is native to the Danube basin and Vistula River flowing to the At- lantic (Kohout et al. 2012). Several morphological species (Sevan Trout Salmo ischchan Kessler 1877, Tigris Trout S. tigridis Turan et al. 2011, Black Sea Salmon S. labrax Pallas 1814, Caspian Salmon S. trutta caspius Kessler 1887, and Amu- Darya Trout S. t. oxianus Kessler 1874) are members of the DA lineage. Within and among these lineages, Brown Trout exhibit several life-history forms. !ese forms, generally known as resident, anadromous, and lacustrine-adfluvial, have recently being reviewed according to Varley and Gresswell (1988) and Northcote (1997) as follows. Fluvial populations are where reproductive, feeding, and refuge mi- grations occur in the rivers and streams of the home range. Fluvial-adfluvial popu- lations migrate from main stems into tributaries to spawn, but progeny may move downstream for growth and refuge. Lake-dwelling populations may spawn in inlets (lacustrine-adfluvial migration pattern), outlets (allacustrine migration pattern), and the lake itself (nonmigratory lacustrine spawners). Nevertheless, life-history expressions is a complex topic of much ongoing inves- tigation because it is a heritable but plastic trait and many fish express alternative life histories in partial sympatry and interbreed. For example, within a river draining into the Atlantic Ocean, the ratio of anadromous to resident trout typically decreases with distance from the sea and anadromy is more common among females assumedly be- cause fitness of females depends more on body size than males. Similarly, in a single river, resident forms may predominate in headwaters and adfluvials in the main-stem rivers draining into lower elevation lakes. We recognize this life-history diversity and distinguish among forms throughout the text. 4 12 Distribution.—!e naturally complex distribution of Brown Trout lineages and life-history forms in central and southern Europe has been modified through habitat fragmentation and stocking of nonnative lineages. For example, in the Czech Repub- lic, more than 500 km from the nearest estuary, anadromous forms occurred until the damming of the Elbe and Oder rivers in the early 20th century, but now only resident trout occur in the headwaters of the Elbe, Danube, and Oder (Kohout et al. 2012). Although there is evidence that the distributions of lineages naturally overlap in some basins (Bernatchez 2001; Lerceteau-Köhler et al. 2013), the range of the AT lineage, in particular, has expanded dramatically through stocking. In Germany, resident trout are common in high altitude streams, adfluvial individ- uals occur in subalpine lakes and large reservoirs, and anadromous forms predominate in the North Sea drainages of Schleswig-Holstein, Lower Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and North Rhine-Westphalia. Historically, anadromous forms were present up to the Bohemian tributaries of the Elbe and Upper Rhine. Six rivers currently have sea trout: the Eider, Elbe, Weser, Ems, Meuse, and Rhine. !e Kiel Canal, built in 1890, allowed historically isolated anadromous populations from the Baltic and North Sea basins to hybridize (Petereit et al. 2015). In neighboring Netherlands, anadromous trout were likely present historically, but now, only resident forms remain in coldwater refugia of severely degraded and fragmented channel networks. In Switzerland, the presence of five genetic lineages, complex topography, and long history of stocking exemplify how natural and anthropogenic factors interact to affect the distribution of Brown Trout lineages and life-history forms.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Baseline Assessment of the Lake Ohrid Region - Albania
    TOWARDS STRENGTHENED GOVERNANCE OF THE SHARED TRANSBOUNDARY NATURAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE OF THE LAKE OHRID REGION Baseline Assessment of the Lake Ohrid region - Albania IUCN – ICOMOS joint draft report January 2016 Contents ........................................................................................................................................................................... i A. Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................... 1 B. The study area ........................................................................................................................................... 5 B.1 The physical environment ............................................................................................................. 5 B.2 The biotic environment ................................................................................................................. 7 B.3 Cultural Settings ............................................................................................................................ 0 C. Heritage values and resources/ attributes ................................................................................................ 6 C.1 Natural heritage values and resources ......................................................................................... 6 C.2 Cultural heritage values and resources....................................................................................... 12 D.
    [Show full text]
  • The Arctic Char (Salvelinus Alpinus) “Complex” in North America Revisited
    The Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) “complex” in North America revisited Eric B. Taylor Hydrobiologia The International Journal of Aquatic Sciences ISSN 0018-8158 Hydrobiologia DOI 10.1007/s10750-015-2613-6 1 23 Author's personal copy Hydrobiologia DOI 10.1007/s10750-015-2613-6 CHARR II Review Paper The Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) ‘‘complex’’ in North America revisited Eric B. Taylor Received: 1 July 2015 / Revised: 16 November 2015 / Accepted: 5 December 2015 Ó Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 Abstract The Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) law. This research has significantly revised what species ‘‘complex’’ has fascinated biologists for constitutes the S. alpinus species ‘‘complex’’, provided decades particularly with respect to how many species insights into the ecology and genetics of co-existence, there are and their geographic distributions. I review and promoted conservation assessment that better recent research on the species complex, focussing on represents biodiversity within Salvelinus. A geograph- biodiversity within northwestern North America, ically and genetically comprehensive analysis of which indicates (i) what was once considered a single relationships among putative taxa of Pan-Pacific taxon consists of three taxa: S. alpinus (Arctic char), S. Salvelinus is still required to better quantify the malma (Dolly Varden), and S. confluentus (bull trout), number of taxa and their origins. (ii) morphological and genetic data indicate that S. alpinus and S. malma, and S. malma and S. confluentus Keywords Dolly Varden Á Arctic char Á Bull trout Á exist as distinct biological species in sympatry, (iii) Geographic distribution Á Taxonomy Á Conservation sympatric forms of S. alpinus exist in Alaska as in other areas of the Holarctic, (iv) Dolly Varden comprises two well-differentiated subspecies, S.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comment on “Morphologic and Genetic Characterization of Corsican and Sardinian Trout with Comments on Salmo Taxonomy” by Delling Et Al
    Knowl. Manag. Aquat. Ecosyst. 2021, 422, 6 Knowledge & © G.P.J. Denys, Published by EDP Sciences 2021 Management of Aquatic https://doi.org/10.1051/kmae/2021006 Ecosystems Journal fully supported by Office www.kmae-journal.org français de la biodiversité OPINION PAPER A comment on “Morphologic and genetic characterization of Corsican and Sardinian trout with comments on Salmo taxonomy” by Delling et al. (2020): protected Tyrrhenian trouts must be named Gaël P.J. Denys1,2,* 1 Unité Mixte de Service Patrimoine Naturel – Centre d’expertise et de données (UMS 2006 OFB – CNRS – MNHN), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, 36 rue Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire CP 41, Paris 75005, France 2 Laboratoire de Biologie des organismes et écosystèmes aquatiques (UMR BOREA 8067), MNHN, CNRS, IRD, SU, UCN, UA, 57 rue Cuvier CP26, Paris 75005, France Received: 24 November 2020 / Accepted: 2 February 2021 Abstract – The introduction of the use of molecular data has caused debates on the taxonomy of Corsican and Sardinian trouts, also referred to as Tyrrhenian trouts (i.e. Salmo trutta, Salmo macrostigma, Salmo cettii). A recent study by Delling et al. (2020) (Morphologic and genetic characterization of Corsican and Sardinian trout with comments on Salmo taxonomy. Knowl Manage Aquat Ecosyst 421: 21) introduces important evidence regarding the taxonomy of these populations. However, their subsequent denomination as Salmo sp., that is, an undefined taxon, could have serious consequences on their future conservation management plans. Considering their threatened status, the Tyrrhenian trouts should be referred to as Salmo trutta until the ongoing taxonomic uncertainty can be unambiguously resolved. These populations must then be treated as an Evolutionary Significant Unit (ESU) or as an Operational Conservation Unit (OCU) for further conservation managements plans, as already done for other Mediterranean trout lineages.
    [Show full text]
  • Bonneville Cutthroat Trout (Oncorhynchus Clarki Utah) Bonneville Cutthroat Trout Is One of Three Cutthroat Trout Subspecies Native to Utah
    FISH Bonneville Cutthroat Trout (Oncorhynchus clarki utah) Bonneville cutthroat trout is one of three cutthroat trout subspecies native to Utah. Bonneville cutthroat trout historically occurred in the Pleistocene Lake Bonneville basin, which included portions of Idaho, Nevada, Utah, and Wyoming (Kershner 1995). The desiccation of Lake Bonneville into the smaller Great Salt Lake and fragmentation of other stream and lake habitats may have led to three slightly differentiated groups of Bonneville cutthroat trout. These groups are found in the Bonneville basin proper, the Bear River drainage, and the Snake Valley (Behnke 1992). There are five known populations of pure strain Bonneville cutthroat trout on the Fishlake National Forest inhabiting approximately 38 miles of stream habitat. There are several recently reintroduced populations, and several small potential remnant populations. Habitat for the Bonneville cutthroat trout is widely distributed and variable. It ranges from high elevation (3,500 m mean sea level) streams with coniferous and deciduous riparian trees to low elevation (1,000 m mean sea level) streams in sage-steppe grasslands containing herbaceous riparian zones. As such, Bonneville cutthroat trout have adapted to a broad spectrum of habitat conditions throughout their range (Kershner 1995). Sexual maturity is typically reached during the second year for males and the third year for females (May et al. 1978). Both the age at maturity and the annual timing of spawning vary geographically with elevation, temperature, and life history strategy. Lake resident trout may begin spawning at two years of age and usually continue throughout their lives, while adfluvial individuals may not spawn for several years.
    [Show full text]
  • The Native Trouts of the Genus Salmo of Western North America
    CItiEt'SW XHPYTD: RSOTLAITYWUAS 4 Monograph of ha, TEMPI, AZ The Native Trouts of the Genus Salmo Of Western North America Robert J. Behnke "9! August 1979 z 141, ' 4,W \ " • ,1■\t 1,es. • . • • This_report was funded by USDA, Forest Service Fish and Wildlife Service , Bureau of Land Management FORE WARD This monograph was prepared by Dr. Robert J. Behnke under contract funded by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Bureau of Land Management, and the U.S. Forest Service. Region 2 of the Forest Service was assigned the lead in coordinating this effort for the Forest Service. Each agency assumed the responsibility for reproducing and distributing the monograph according to their needs. Appreciation is extended to the Bureau of Land Management, Denver Service Center, for assistance in publication. Mr. Richard Moore, Region 2, served as Forest Service Coordinator. Inquiries about this publication should be directed to the Regional Forester, 11177 West 8th Avenue, P.O. Box 25127, Lakewood, Colorado 80225. Rocky Mountain Region September, 1980 Inquiries about this publication should be directed to the Regional Forester, 11177 West 8th Avenue, P.O. Box 25127, Lakewood, Colorado 80225. it TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Preface ..................................................................................................................................................................... Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • History of Lahontan Cutthroat Trout in Spring Creek, Utah
    Spring Creek Population History of the Pyramid Lake Rediscovery (Again) Unfortunately, given its small size, the trout Lahontan Cutthroat population at Spring Creek has a very low In October 2009, a team from Weber State probability of survival. It lacks the numbers The Lahontan cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus University in conjunction with personnel and space necessary to maintain sufficient clarkii henshawi, is native to the Lahontan Basin from the DWR identified several specimens genetic diversity. It is believed that for a on the border between California and Nevada. believed to be of a pure or hybrid strain of mountain stream cutthroat population to For thousands of years it thrived and played the Pyramid Lake Lahontan cutthroat trout survive it must have a minimum of 3.3 km an important economic and cultural role in Spring Creek in Uintah, Utah. Using of habitat and an abundance in the area of among the Native American tribes of the electrofishers and dip nets, a 600 m stretch 0.3 fish per meter.3 Based on our region. The largest strain of this fish of the stream was sampled. A maximum observations, the Spring Creek population originated in Pyramid Lake, in western of 16 different individuals was collected in A Unique Environment has a maximum abundance of 0.1 fish/m Nevada and has reached recorded weights of two sampling trips. The fish appeared to Spring Creek’s unique vegetation and only 200 m of habitat. However, against up to 41 pounds, making it the largest “The Fish that Won’t Die” be restricted to a 200 m stretch.
    [Show full text]
  • Lake Trout Management Plan
    LAKE TROUT MANAGEMENT PLAN DEPARTMENT OF INLAND FISHERIES AND WILDLIFE DIVISION OF FISHERIES AND HATCHERIES PREPARED BY PAUL JOHNSON REGIONAL FISHERIES BIOLOGIST REGION E MARCH 2001 LAKE TROUT LIFE HISTORY Description The lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) lacks the distinctive coloration of its close relative, the eastern brook trout. Lake trout are usually either dark green or grayish brown in color, with white or pale yellow bean-shaped spots. In clear waters lake trout are often so silvery that the white spots are difficult to see. In stained waters they are very dark, almost black. Generally, a narrow border of white is present along the anterior margins of the pectoral, pelvic, and anal fins. This is most pronounced during spawning; however, at no time is this border as accentuated as it is on the fins of the brook trout. Lake trout fins are not orange or orange-red, like those of the brook trout. Distribution Lake trout are distributed throughout Canada. In the United States their natural range was restricted to northern New England, the Great Lakes, New York, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Idaho, and Alaska. In Maine they were originally found in about 100 lakes throughout the State. However, lake trout have been successfully reared in hatcheries. Consequently, their range has been extended considerably in the United States. In Maine they have been introduced into waters from Aroostook County in the north, to York County in the south. Throughout their native range lake trout are known by a wide variety of common names. In Maine they are called togue, whereas in other parts of the country and Canada they are referred to as mackinaw, salmon trout, lakers, grey trout, namaycush, Great Falls char, or mountain trout.
    [Show full text]
  • Stevens Point Northern Aquaculture Demonstration Facility
    University of Wisconsin- Stevens Point Northern Aquaculture Demonstration Facility • Greg Fischer • Facilities Operation Manager New Species for Wisconsin Aquaculture • Arctic Char?? WHY ARCTIC CHAR • Coldwater Species • Rapid growth – 1 kg(2.2 lbs) <17months • High quality flesh • Good market price with limited availability • High culture densities-120kg/m³(1.0lb/gal) • High fillet yield 50% + @market size 1-3 kg (2.2-6.6lbs) Comparsion between Arctic Char, Rainbow Trout, and Brook Trout in Weig ht Over Time from 20 g rams 900 800 700 600 AC -10 500 B K T-06 gms 400 R B T-08 300 200 100 0 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 Days of growth Days from 20 gms to 1.0 pd AC -10 R B T- 08 B K T-06 0 50 100 150 200 250 S eries2 Evaluation of photoperiod manipulation on Arctic Char growth, processing attributes, and sexual maturity in a coldwater recirculating system at UWSP-NADF Materials and Methods . The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare arctic charr production attributes reared under two different photoperiods (24 hr and natural) in an RAS system. Troutlodge Inc. provided Nauyuk Lake (Canada) strain arctic charr eggs. Cultured 17 months from egg to market size (1.0 kg) (2.0 lbs) . Reared 10 months in RAS system . Project was conducted inside main aquatic barn at NADF. Materials and Methods Egg and Fry Culture . Eyed eggs incubated in Heath Stack .Flow thru 8.0°C(48F) degassed & aerated ground water. Fry were transferred to shallow (406 mm x 1219 mm) flow-thru fiberglass tank inserts.
    [Show full text]
  • Onseriation of Bull Trout
    United States - De artment of Iariculture Demographic and Forest Service Intermountain Research Statlon Habit4 Reauirements General Technical Report INT-302 for ~onseriationof September 1993 Bull Trout Bruce E. Rieman John D. Mclntyre THE AUTHORS CONTENTS BRUCE E. RlEMAN is a research fishery biologist with Page the lntermountain Research Station, Forestry Sciences Introduction ................................................................... 1 Laboratory in Boise, ID. He received a master's degree Ecology ......................................................................... 1 in fisheries management and a Ph.D. degree in for- Biology and Life History ............................................ 2 estry, wildlife, and range sciences from the University Population Structure.................................................. 3 of Idaho. He has worked in fisheries management and Biotic Interactions ...................................................... 3 research for 17 years with the ldaho Department of Habitat Relationships ................................................ 4 Fish and Game and the Oregon Department of Fish Summary ...................................................................7 and Wildlife. He joined the Forest Service in 1992. His Implications of Habitat Disturbance .............................. 7 current work focuses on the biology, dynamics, and' Extinction Risks ......................................................... 9 conservation of salmonid populations in the Intermoun- Viability ...................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • NASCO Scientific Working Group
    N A S C O NORTH AMERICAN COMMISSION PROTOCOLS FOR THE INTRODUCTION AND TRANSFER OF SALMONIDS by NAC/NASCO Scientific Working Group on Salmonid Introductions and Transfers Edited by T. Rex Porter Canadian Co-chairman Department of Fisheries and Oceans P O Box 5667 St John's, NF A1C 5X1 NAC(92)24 i TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 1 PART I SUMMARY OF PROTOCOLS BY ZONE .............................................. 3 1 ZONING OF RIVER SYSTEMS ......................................................................... 5 2 DESCRIPTION OF ZONES ................................................................................. 5 3 PROTOCOLS ......................................................................................................... 6 3.1 Protocols applicable to all three Zones ..................................................... 6 3.2 Protocols applicable to Zone I ................................................................... 7 3.2.1 General within Zone I ................................................................................... 7 3.2.2 Rehabilitation ................................................................................................ 7 3.2.3 Establishment or re-establishment of Atlantic salmon in a river or part of a watershed where there are no salmon ........................................ 7 3.2.4 Aquaculture ..................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Lake Superior Food Web MENT of C
    ATMOSPH ND ER A I C C I A N D A M E I C N O I S L T A R N A T O I I O T N A N U E .S C .D R E E PA M RT OM Lake Superior Food Web MENT OF C Sea Lamprey Walleye Burbot Lake Trout Chinook Salmon Brook Trout Rainbow Trout Lake Whitefish Bloater Yellow Perch Lake herring Rainbow Smelt Deepwater Sculpin Kiyi Ruffe Lake Sturgeon Mayfly nymphs Opossum Shrimp Raptorial waterflea Mollusks Amphipods Invasive waterflea Chironomids Zebra/Quagga mussels Native waterflea Calanoids Cyclopoids Diatoms Green algae Blue-green algae Flagellates Rotifers Foodweb based on “Impact of exotic invertebrate invaders on food web structure and function in the Great Lakes: NOAA, Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, 4840 S. State Road, Ann Arbor, MI A network analysis approach” by Mason, Krause, and Ulanowicz, 2002 - Modifications for Lake Superior, 2009. 734-741-2235 - www.glerl.noaa.gov Lake Superior Food Web Sea Lamprey Macroinvertebrates Sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus). An aggressive, non-native parasite that Chironomids/Oligochaetes. Larval insects and worms that live on the lake fastens onto its prey and rasps out a hole with its rough tongue. bottom. Feed on detritus. Species present are a good indicator of water quality. Piscivores (Fish Eaters) Amphipods (Diporeia). The most common species of amphipod found in fish diets that began declining in the late 1990’s. Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Pacific salmon species stocked as a trophy fish and to control alewife. Opossum shrimp (Mysis relicta). An omnivore that feeds on algae and small cladocerans.
    [Show full text]
  • Brook Trout Outcome Management Strategy
    Brook Trout Outcome Management Strategy Introduction Brook Trout symbolize healthy waters because they rely on clean, cold stream habitat and are sensitive to rising stream temperatures, thereby serving as an aquatic version of a “canary in a coal mine”. Brook Trout are also highly prized by recreational anglers and have been designated as the state fish in many eastern states. They are an essential part of the headwater stream ecosystem, an important part of the upper watershed’s natural heritage and a valuable recreational resource. Land trusts in West Virginia, New York and Virginia have found that the possibility of restoring Brook Trout to local streams can act as a motivator for private landowners to take conservation actions, whether it is installing a fence that will exclude livestock from a waterway or putting their land under a conservation easement. The decline of Brook Trout serves as a warning about the health of local waterways and the lands draining to them. More than a century of declining Brook Trout populations has led to lost economic revenue and recreational fishing opportunities in the Bay’s headwaters. Chesapeake Bay Management Strategy: Brook Trout March 16, 2015 - DRAFT I. Goal, Outcome and Baseline This management strategy identifies approaches for achieving the following goal and outcome: Vital Habitats Goal: Restore, enhance and protect a network of land and water habitats to support fish and wildlife, and to afford other public benefits, including water quality, recreational uses and scenic value across the watershed. Brook Trout Outcome: Restore and sustain naturally reproducing Brook Trout populations in Chesapeake Bay headwater streams, with an eight percent increase in occupied habitat by 2025.
    [Show full text]