The Concept of Nationality in the Works of Count Uvarov and The

CEU eTD Collection Second Reader: ProfessorSecond Reader: Alfred Rieber Supervisor: Professor MillerAlexei Searching for Concept anImperialNationality Ideology: the in of the Works of Uvarov Count Journal of for andthe Ministry In partial In partial Public Enlightenment, 1833-1849Public fulfilment Central European University European Central Budapest, Hungary History Department Dmitry Mordvinov of the requirements for the degree of forthe degree ofthe requirements Master of Arts Submitted to 2011 By

CEU eTD Collection instructions may not be made without the written permission of the permission withoutwritten ofthe be made such maythe instructions not Author. with accordance in made copies Further made. copies such any of part a form must Library. the European lodged Central in the librarian. befrom obtained may Details page This the by and given Author instructions the with accordance in only made be may part, or full in Copyright in the text of this thesis rests with the the with rests thesis Author. either this process, of any text by the Copies in Copyright Statement of CopyrightStatement of i

CEU eTD Collection f ntoaiy hd udroe a poes o oiiiain t ws te mi unchanged main the the until survive to was it enabled that it amorphousness, its namely, nationality, solidification, of characteristic of process a undergone had nationality of idea the of traits certain while that asserts author The lands. imperial various in Russification possibilit the and Europe Russia's 1840s. towards from attitude to ranging concept, 1830s the the of in implications the Journal explores the author of the Furthermore, issues the in stage initial the from undergone writings ofitsand the author, Count Uvarov, has concept the developmentsthat traces the and publication, periodical governmental himself. the Minister the historicise and concept interpret and Empire Russian late the in ideology Nationality, Official of doctrine the of part crucial the formed concept This 1849. to 1833 from Russia in Enlightenment Public for Minister the Uvarov, end of the RussianEmpire. end ofthe The author investigates the uses to which the concept of nationality was put in the in put was nationality of concept the which to uses the investigates author The The present study explores the concept of Nationality, which which Nationality, of concept the explores study present The The Journal of the Ministry for Public Enlightenment, Public for Ministry the of Journal The h uhr asse aiu prahs tkn to taken approaches various assesses author The . ies Abstract ii faRsinRussian a of Sonderweg hc which was created by Count by created was to the problems of problems the to served as the state the as served

CEU eTD Collection and friends, without whose support this work would never have friends, without supportthiswouldnever work whose and family my to indebtedness my express to wish I least, not but Last impossible. literally been have would archives the in research my support and help whose without Golod, Elena and perfected.be could work the which in ways suggested have and whole a as or parts in manuscript this read have who Faculty CEU all to gratitude my express to wish also I problem. researched the of dimensions important various discover me made commentary Rieber, informed Alfred whose secondreader, to alsoindebted greatly my Iam its itscompletion. inception to from Professor study this guided improvement for suggestions whose Miller, Alexei Professor supervisor, My deepest thanks should go to my dear friends in St. Petersburg, Evgeny Manzhurin Petersburg,Evgeny St. in friends dear my to go should thanks deepest My my of direction and help the without impossible been have would work present The Acknowledgements iii materialised .

CEU eTD Collection ...... Chapter 5. Chapter Journal in the 1840s ofNationality Concept The Force ofReforms the as inDriving 4.Uvarov 1843.Nationality Chapter 3. Chapter Journal1830s in the ofNationality Concept The 2. Chapter Journal Afor the Rationale a People: to the Government the from Discourse Direct 1. Chapter Theoretical the Question ofNationality to Approaches Selected in Image his Ideologist: and Historiography Contemporary the hisIntentions Recovering to Approaches Uvarov Administrator, the Uvarov Introduction. Bibliography Conclusions Uvarov'sfrom 6.Instead Power Fall ofanChapter Epilogue: A the debate to influence anattempt unsuccessful view ofnationality: rejected nationality the reflective Philosophy: and national political Law: musingsonthe language Russian Linguistics: ofthe the nations role History: the theory in literature: Nationality Ideology Weltanschauungen Official nationalism Begriffsgeschichte history andschool Cambridge ofintellectual its context Enlightenmentin Ministry forPublic Journal ofthe The ...... TableContents of ...... iv ...... 124 107 119 115 58 57 46 37 34 30 21 20 16 97 80 76 74 73 65 1

CEU eTD Collection the Ministry for Public Enlightenment. Enlightenment. Public for Ministry the the importantly, the most him, to close publications from or Uvarov, in Count idea, the contribution a offer of author the to from directly stem that sources using undertakes concept, intriguing this of understanding work present The nationality. of concept know” not do I asks, who him to it explain to wish I if famous is, it what know I me, asks one no “if – that time of nature the that about words uttered Augustine seems It since. ever interpretation and debate scholarly of subject has and remained then defined clearly not was nationality of concept the time, own its A for Uvarov. novelty Count Enlightenment Official Public of for Minister doctrine the the by as introduced known was Nationality, Autocracy, be “Orthodoxy, to of came formula later famous which the formula, The of Nationality.” element key the fact, of matter a Introduction. fUao,“blte ftehatnvrrsntdwt h blte fmn 1 mind of abilities the with resonated never heart the of “abilities Uvarov, of his for price the paying person the twice, in that claimed post famously Soloviev Sergei government historian Russian Famous convictions. his quit to had who one the was he of air an often yet and overt, sometimes is hidden, sometimes – scholarship in sincerity his toward There incredulity understandable. readily not thoughts motivating his convictions obscure, and beliefs deep his questionable, are character of achievements traits His personal his Russia. enormous, Nicholaevan in characters misunderstood perhaps, and, formula's introduction. who ideologue the stoodbehind imperial Augustine, Confessions (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998),Augustine, XI, ConfessionsUniversity (Oxford:Oxford Press, 14. A I ae i in mage pproachesto Count Sergei Uvarov is, without any doubt, one of the most interesting, important interesting, most the of one doubt, any without is, Uvarov Sergei Count nationality of concept the with deals research present The Uvarov the the Uvarov S R lce elected ecovering his ecovering A dministrator, Uvarov the the Uvarov dministrator, C Let us proceed by firstly looking at the figure of the of figure the at looking firstly by proceed us Let neprr ontemporary I 1 ntentions 1 – can be readily applied for the for applied readily be can – H soigah and istoriography (narodnost'), I deologist: his deologist: [ which was, as was, which ... ] when you when Journal of Journal

CEU eTD Collection and (perceived) teachers he acquired there – ranging from Goethe to Stein to Madame de Madame to Stein to Goethe from ranging – there acquired he teachers (perceived) and friends acquaintances, of sense the in both person: the Uvarov formed extent large very a to in posts Russianembassies both at at various Vienna Paris. and in wasexperiencethat This an ladder. diplomatic to climbthe started Uvarov abbot French certain a from education home day) althoughthe of norm fast, (a received Having bumpy. relatively was career administrative and academic His associated. deeply became own his name whose with tsar the I, Nicholas that year same the 1855, in died and ofUvarov's character.complexity withstand not will statement German.” or French in only writing and life whole his in book Russian single a read having not Nationality and liberal, a being Autocracy fashion, Protestant the in even Christ in believing not godless, a being Orthodoxy Nationality: and […] Autocracy Orthodoxy, with up “came Uvarov that asserted he still, uncompromisingly more and famously more and vainglory,” and pride his by mirrored was conversation brilliant his him, to talked 3 2 histhat evident became soon it organising but disputations), on and keen was meetings he life a Stael. bove all, Uvarov bove f psil, fr ohr] (tPtrbr: Poee, 1914), Prometei, (St.Petersburg: others] they nothing had numbers, significant in Union Soviet the to transported were who war, civil Spanish the for 1997), Mir, 96. Russkiy (Moscow: conservatives] [Russian konservatory Rossiiskiie in Uvarov,” Semenovich entrusted sudden a with of all “were revolution, French the of atrocities the from fleeing why were possible, to who as “fugitives,” perplexed later was Uvarov teacher, first his towards feelings warm preserved having Although http://az.lib.ru/s/solowxew_sergej_mihajlowich/text_0410.shtml, (accessed April 7,2011). if and children, my for notes [My drugikh dlia i mozhno, esli a moikh, detei dlia zapiski Soloviev, Sergei Moi teaching in the Soviet Union evident in the second the in of Soviet in the 20 half teaching Unionevident language Spanish knew.in they boom thing The only the often was which Spanish, teach to except do could Curiously (and perhaps ironically), the pattern would re-appear in the twentieth century: the children of children the century: twentieth the in re-appear would pattern the ironically), perhaps (and Curiously nteemsin vrvUvarov missions these On He was for some time involved with the Arzamas literary circle (and for the rest of his of rest the the with for (and involved time some circle for literary Arzamas was He 1786 in born was Uvarov Sergei material. factual the at looking from proceed us Let h prnig o h hl ih scey i usa” Qoe n in Quoted Russia.” in society high whole the of upbringing the had alwaysremained had analytical scrutiny, it definitely serves to indicate the extent of extent the indicate to serves definitely it scrutiny, analytical drunk deeply from the wellspring of European culture; European of wellspring the from deeply drunk a truly European Renaissance man. truly Renaissance European a 2 The years years The th century is explained bythis explained fact. is century from from 1806 to 1810 saw Uvarov saw 1810 to 1806 asm Secek, “Sergei Shevchenko, Maksim 2

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CEU eTD Collection f te ms motn iitr o hv ruh h ot t h dctoa system educational the to most the brought have to ministers important most the of ofthe ministers Empire. longest serving 1833. in minister and 1832 for a hundred. than number more like the and recognition of certificates diplomas, his abilities; scholarly outstanding his on remarked many issue; the on luminary European of kind a became Uvarov Classics. studying h scholar: a as lastly not himself work. saw True, always Uvarov St. of supervisor the was He 1818. Petersburg districtfrom 1822. 1810until educational in president its became he and time), over varied name (its Science of Academy St.Petersburg Imperial of member honorary a made was he 1811 as early administrative. As and scholarly rather literary,but be to meant not was career 5 4 together.glued words by meant was exactly what clear immediately not was it that evident more and more Pypin, N. by A. Nationality” “Official (or,Russian polity most prominentbanner). atits inleast any case, The later formula, “Orthodoxy, Autocracy,imperial late of Nationality,”principle governing the be would which of formula tripartite famous the created above, mentioned was as He, official. imperial an as important more even was he yet and curricula), and system school of field the in (especially Public Enlightenment (the term of the day for contemporary ministries of education) in education) of ministries contemporary for day the of term (the Enlightenment Public Context of Nationalism Politics,” in The Romanov empire and nationalism: essays in the methodology of methodology the in essays nationalism: and empire Romanov The in Politics,” Nationalism of Context See 1875. In Ibid., 98. historical research, English ed., rev. and enl. (Budapest; New York: Central European University Press, University European Central York: New (Budapest; 139. 2008), enl. and rev. ed., English research, historical Count Uvarov Uvarov Count However, this of purposes the for interest minor of is career scientific personal his However, Alexei Miller, “‘Official nationality’? A Reassesment of Count Sergei Uvarov’s Triad in the in Triad Uvarov’s Sergei Count of Reassesment A nationality’? “‘Official Miller, Alexei W what matters more is his administrative path. He became deputy minister deputy became He path. administrative his is more matters what hile the meaning of concepts of Orthodoxy and of Orthodoxy of concepts meaning the hile less or more was Autocracy started with significant reforms right away.one as right regarded reforms justly significant is with He started 4 elf left He

h otta nyonly that post the 5 proved to be a conundrum: as time passed, it became it passed, time as conundrum: a be to proved 3 nin 89 1849, aving spent some eight years eight some spent aving thus becoming one of the of one becoming thus label l ed

CEU eTD Collection language collection dedicated to Russian conservatives from the late eighteenth to early to eighteenth late the from conservatives Russian to dedicated collection language Russian- to a contribution mentioned already Shevchenko'sMaksim his program: andUvarov problem, Minister. scholars yet strictly to be need not tsar, between the system ofrelationship and hissubjects. hisEmpire twoapproach These of creation the for responsible man a empire, the of ideologist an as him view who new the to Empire Russian the in science and education elevated reformer a statesman, apt an as Uvarov understand to possible is it Firstly, overlap. misunderstandings. glance first the from clear 7 6 peoples”.) civilised so-called the all of cry common the is this - games) and (bread circenses et “panem writing as Uvarov quotes (he peoples European the in finesse of that argues Shevchenko diaries Uvarov's on case his Building administrator. an of twentieth century, nry Zrn Zvtni ria [h ard tid, n Kri vgaoo ol: ltrtr i literatura orla: dvuglavogo Kormia in two- the triad],” [Feeding veka XIX treti sacred pervoi - XVIII [The treti poslednei v traida Rossii v ideologiia gosudarstvennaiia “Zavetaniia Zorin, Andrey Vestnik I],” Nicholas of politics internal studying Ser.Moskovskogo Universiteta. 8.Istoriia 4(2002): 89-104. and nationality’ official of theory I ‘the Nikolaiia of politiki concept [The vnutrennei izuchenie i narodnosti’ ofitsial’noi ‘teoriia “Poniatie Shevchenko, Maksim centuries] (Moscow: 2001), 337-374. NLO, centuries] XIX the of third first the - XVIII the of third last the in Russia in ideology state and literature eagle: headed ( although Uvarov's argumentation for their usage is more complicated than it seems it than complicated more is usage their for argumentation Uvarov's although Shevchenko mainly sees Uvarov as a statesman, and his narrative is a a is narrative his and statesman, a as Uvarov sees mainly Shevchenko perform, us Let Uvarov Count about think to possible is It a a comparison of two – sometimes converging,diverging – sometimes sometimes of two – comparison ttmshv have times at 6 and and ofUvarov's Zorin'sinterpretation Andrey formula. ) separated , the concept of nationality is a riddle indeed, and a one prone to prone one a and indeed, riddle a is nationality of concept the , the Minister Minister the the on literature scholarly of analysis preliminary of manner a in chose (obviously enough, they were present in a single single in a present were they enough, (obviously n to put more or less emphasis on this or that side of the of side that or this on emphasis less or more put to was relatively soon disillusioned by the perceived lack perceived the by disillusioned soon relatively was 4 in two ways, which are distinct and yet and distinct are which ways, two in from heights. h 8611 period, 1806-1810 the It is also possible to possible also is It 7

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CEU eTD Collection district of Imperial capital was in almost every sense the most important in the whole Empire. in sense the most important inevery capitalthe almost was district ofImperial Petersburgof St.district. superintendent educational husband), loyal and faithful a was apparently he although was, he than older (significantly minister the of daughter the married Uvarov 1811 In Enlightenment. Public of Minister time the at and superior Viennese Uvarov's of brother Razumovsky,Count Alexei by noticed and Goethe by welcomed was project The kind. every of project a was This his with 1810 as early as started prominence administrative Russian.” in and better Russian the “know to had still they spirit, in European be should generations soil, Russian the for policies his explain later would which peoples, European of development cultural the in break perceived a implied Romanticism of reception early arguesUvarov's that 11 10 9 8 tsars.” stern and kind nobles, able Fatherland, their for dying soldiers justice, of value the affair judges who theirand responsibilities, know know formscitizenswho rights […]history state a is history of teaching education public large: “in at society and citizens by mastered be reforms these education. Eastern of teaching there of levels many of curricula the reformed day), this established to thrives (which literatures and languages having University, Petersburg St. into Institute Cynthia Whittaker, The origins of modern Russian education : an intellectual biography of Count Sergei Count of biography intellectual an : education Russian modern of origins The Whittaker, Cynthia “ “SergeiShevchenko, Uvarov,” Semenovich 97. Quoted in “SergeiQuoted Shevchenko, Uvarov,” Semenovich 99. Uvarov, Ill.: Press, 1786-1855 NorthernIllinois1984), (DeKalb 24. University Luchshe Russkoie znalo po-Russki. i In this capacity he reformed (and largely created anew) the old Main Pedagogical Main old the anew) created largely (and reformed he capacity this In for claim Uvarov's approach. this of favour in said be to much is there Indeed, 9

It is clear that he already already he that clear is It . For instance, he insisted on the importance of history as a formative subject to subject formative a as history of importance the on insisted he instance, For . 8

f an institution that should should that institution an risac,Uao' nitneta lhuhteeuaino of education the although that insistence Uvarov's instance, or ” Quoted Ibid., 107. in ” possessed a kind of synoptic ideological vision vision ideological synoptic of kind a possessed 5 have have 10 This was was This n, and, be

en en unsurprisingly, soon became the became soon unsurprisingly, Projet Asiatique. Académie d'une dealing with Oriental Studies of Studies Oriental with dealing a real test for testreal a specifically specifically Uvarov , since the since , in doing in devised new 11

CEU eTD Collection al fo oe n Fac, a el a h oih rblin fetvl eaig the negating effectively rebellion, Polish the as well as France, in power from fall at play, saw 1830s Early Bourbon's oftheshattered. the right kingswas again divine and once o situation, the saw took hisside. allegedly futureNicholas emperor the be beneficial: out to claim, turned later would Uvarov as opposition, 1821. This July in resignation Uvarov's to led conflict imminent An member. prominent its as Magnitsky infamous and head its at mystic, Christian turned freethinker a once Golitsyn, Alexander with Enlightenment, Public and Affairs Religious of Ministry dual the of rise the and Alexander theosophic the to way gave Alexander tsar turn. conservative a by followed one liberal the as himself) imprisoned later have would he Grech, witty to according which, for one the Institute; Pedagogical Main the of solemn of1818in the meeting tohisfamous I(thespeech which pertains period Alexander family.” numerous European was in youngest son a “the Russia him, to according concert: European the of part integrated an Russia see to wanted He 14 13 my Here's her. 12 educate to meanwhile the in is and “It youth Empire: [Russia's] prolong Russian to the important in harmful as regarded he that developments European the startthe ofNicholas' reign. ominous marked that uprising Decembrist the mention to not course, of is, This politic. body imperial the into elites and territory Polish the of incorporation frictionless and liberal of possibilities o ti nepeain t hs t e awy ae ny wt ato: Uao' iw, a el a the as well as views, Uvarov's caution: with only taken always be to has it interpretation, this to 158-176. 1978): (April 2 no. or,37, Review Essay,” Russian Interpretive ideas Uvarov's of her exposition in takes clear Whittaker Cynthia most approach the the is as (this ideology taken indeed, often too all is explicit, very being lecture, This 100. inQuoted Ibid., Uvarov’s “Sergei statement Shevchenko, quoted in Semenovich Uvarov,” 102. second work,during his whichto in hechangeddrastically tenure. had circumstances Uvarov's aim – and most probably a sincere one – was to avert or at least least at or avert to was – one sincere a probably most and – aim Uvarov's profoundly. Uvarov changed 1825-1830 the of events tumultuous However,the under tenure first Uvarov's so, justifiably and seeing, on keen is Shevchenko nce again the intellectually perverted heirs of the French revolution were revolution French the of heirs perverted intellectually the again nce 6 12 )While there is certainly some validity some certainly is there )While “The Ideology of Sergei Uvarov: An Uvarov: Sergei of Ideology “The 13

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CEU eTD Collection preserving its essence. In his own words, “How do we create a system of public education in education public of system a create we do “How words, own his In essence. its preserving sources available the of scarcity the of because lastly not historians, for task daunting a been always from Nicholas has formula to famous the interpreting achievement: important directly an is This 1833. 19, report November Uvarov's circulation: mainstream the into document ofa statesman.” and commitment “exceptional decisiveness reforms: initiative, also but vanity, exceptional Uvarov's only not him of in awakened ambitiousness cause moving a as Shevchenko for serves often too all vainglory) of level the on (bordering ambitiousness proverbial Uvarov's and explanations, system educational of reformer the die and will peacefully.” fulfilled my obligations than have I will her, awaits say theories what from away years fifty Russia put can I If […] system political 19 18 17 16 15 Russia.” for [feature] Uvarov,to important according and basic most the is “Orthodoxy refer and specifically Orthodoxy mention not does Uvarov that fact the to attention much paying Without triad. Orthodoxy, the Autocracy,of Nationality exposition elaborate more somewhat a is document death?” imminent with us threaten properly, of care taken not approach to if which, but live, we longer no can we which without ideas, European Enlightenment, European are How spirit? European to foreign not and ways our with accordance 1832 and the “Ten jubilee report 1832 and of years ofEnlightenment, the Ministry Public 1833-1843.” of district educational Moscow the of report revision his Uvarov: by penned texts two on rely many too All Ibid., 98. 105. inQuoted Ibid., Ibid. in “SergeiQuoted Shevchenko, Uvarov,” Semenovich 106. n ti ouet Uao xlis hs vso f mdriig te Epr while Empire the modernising of vision his explains Uvarov document this In more one introduces Shevchenko Maksim formula, tripartite the with Dealing administrator, the Uvarov foremost, and first depicts, Uvarov of portrait Shevchenko's that address the directly address problem that s ny t te ble f te acsos” Secek lis that, claims, Shevchenko ancestors,” the of belief “the to only 16 nte meil scale. imperial the on . 17

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CEU eTD Collection this fragility this that idea the stresses hand, other the on and, state Russian the of fragility very the emphasises one hand onthe theUvarov statement: in inherent important contradiction in ignores an itself, society; however, of Russian basis the as true being of autocracy this, importance overarching and present be Education.” should Public truth in This developed […] fully it feel they Russians; of by number felt is countless the truth This on shake. state as whole the autocracy makes base on the touching stands hand a cornerstone; colossus Russian “the comment: a without statement Russia.” of existence political of core. inner their Autocracy, not Uvarov,condition but to main development, according the “is of time same the at and stability of precondition a was it feature: important most the perhaps, having and system, belief the of tradition keeping of fact mere the but important, was that system belief particular the not was it latter: the defended have would Uvarov Lutheranism, instance, for been, had it if Orthodoxy, be to happened conditions Russian in ancestors” the of belief “the although exaggeration: an be to seems 23 22 21 20 concept. this for are description a least at or definition a complicated really how shows it telling: is silence this and element, this precisely.” meaning of its boundaries set wasambiguous. ofnationality rather concept left “the that Apparently, strove to never Uvarov asofeducation. guiding principle Russian citizens)and employed a (which he called a colossus—it seems he barely resisted adding ‘with feet of clay’)?” Miller, “‘Official Miller, clay’)?” of feet ‘with adding Empire resisted the barely of state he ‘fragile’ seems unstable, the colossus—it change a to called order in he all (which of first do to need he did view, of point Uvarov’s from what, answer: to difficult more is question “Another point. similar a made has Miller Alexei inQuoted Ibid. inQuoted Ibid. Shevchenko, “SergeiShevchenko, Uvarov,” Semenovich 106. nationality’? A Count Reassesment Sergei of Uvarov’s Triad theNationalism Context in 142. of Politics,” Shevchenko grasps the essential problem with the concept of nationality when he says he when nationality of concept the with problem essential the grasps Shevchenko 22 should be frankly admitted (as it is already understood by a vast amount of amount vast a by understood already is it (as admitted frankly be should 21 20 Apparently, Shevchenko holds this quote to imply the imply to quote this holds Shevchenko Apparently, Shevchenko leaves otherwise a very telling Uvarov's telling very a otherwise leaves Shevchenko Shevchenko argues that the way to approach approach to way the that argues Shevchenko 23 Shevchenko does not have much more to say about say to more much have not does Shevchenko 8 one in first place. Nor was it, was Nor place. first in it lies it

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CEU eTD Collection not stand up to the task of editing the journal: alienating important writers, he could not even not could he writers, important alienating journal: the editing of task the to up stand not However,afterwards. enterprise did whole the Pogodin defended and tsar the to issue first the presented proudly he needed: Empire the journalism of kind the of example another provide 1856. in editor became only Nikitenko was Nikitenko, inception Alexander the from the regarding mistake factual a makes Shevchenko that said establish put, hisown re-established) (better create he did only Not seriously. than more task this took he and minister, as tenure his during aims long-term Uvarov's of one was Russia in journalism quality creating Indeed, journalism. with connection in particular in and science, and education foster to performed an such that claiming isnot that hisintention. book,something an elaborate wouldbecome exposition all, at measures practical describes never himself Uvarov source main Shevchenko's in However, approach. viable a be to seems which practice, of field the 30 29 28 27 26 25 the in enemies 24 many earned had He significant. less and less grew power his decade in hiscareer. an importantand was milestone tenure Uvarov's during happened that enterprise journal problematic more a mind to brings sharply. plummeted circulation the and base, reading steady a secure See Richard Tempest, “Madman or Criminal: Government Attitudes to Petr Chaadaev in 1836,” Slavic 1836,” in Chaadaev Petr to Attitudes Government Criminal: or “Madman Tempest, Richard See “SergeiShevchenko, Uvarov,” Semenovich 117. The Collection “SergeiShevchenko, Uvarov,” Semenovich 116. simply the Hereafter Ibid., 107. that eventually led to Uvarov's resignation, Uvarov's ledis to eventually that 2010). 16, March (accessed 281-287, 1984): (Summer 2 no. 43, Review Journal, The forties forties The Count the that activities the in found be to is nationality of practice the to clue One Moskvitianin, Moskvitianin, 1661, issue 89,part 1,p.40( bundle signalled Journal. 1, item(1833), 245,p.2-3 RGIA a literary journal edited by Mikhail Pogodin. Pogodin. Mikhail by edited journal literary a the new troubled period for Uvarov, and towards the end of the of end the towards Uvarov,and for period troubled new the ofPublicEnlightenment, TheMinistry of Journal 1856 ) . also discussed in brief in thechapterstudy.also last of discussedin brief this in ) 28 vrv ws hpn ht that hoping was Uvarov 26 9 while in fact it was K was it fact in while . Journal

This affair, as well as other events other as well affair,as This : he claims that the editor the that claims he : ( onstantin Serbinovitch. onstantin As an aside, it has to be to has it aside, an As 29 The The okiinnMoskvitianin 25 Telegraf Telegraf he also 24 affair helped would 30 27

CEU eTD Collection but in vain. When he was finally struck by paralysis, he resigned. While retired (although he (although retired While resigned. he paralysis, by struck finally was he When vain. in but complications, ensuing to accommodate to tried later and censors his and actions his defend was ministry censure ofthe founddeficient. the and formed, was commission investigative An materials. dangerous contained time, the that reported the saw 1849 year the play: at Butashevich-Petrashevsky.the of of Orlov, circle head the the was of “uncovering” process same the that seemed it Indeed, Russian the Empire. in unrest of fears old the back brought countries European the in happening out. broke Methodius” and Cyril St. of “Society so-called his made I Nicholas even ofthe shakier. emperor position the eyes in and Paskevitch by heard was and followed and that district, remark educational Warsaw imprudent the of affairs the into intrude to used who general the then – Paskevitch marshal field with argument an and government, 33 32 31 without silence, in almost – slowly functions which principle, my] [was this government; the intellectual from only come of power the and country of the power solidarity the mutual inunite which will emancipation, can emancipation civil the that conviction intellectual the through and moral the of development the through political the of development for struggle to was adhered constantly I which to principle “the that wrote he there instance, For ideas. his on be) to tend inevitably memoirs the all as biased, most the perhaps, (although, source important another as viewed be can which memoirs, wrote Uvarov posts), other some kept See Dennis Papazian, “N. I. Kostomarov and the Cyril-Methodian Ideology,” Russian Review 29, no. 1 no. 29, Review Russian Ideology,” Cyril-Methodian the and Kostomarov I. “N. Papazian, Dennis See “SergeiShevchenko, Uvarov,” Semenovich 119-120. Shevchenko, “SergeiShevchenko, Uvarov,” Semenovich 123. 1970): 59-73, (accessedMarch16,2010).(January l hscmie a ietbo oUao,adaa and Uvarov, to blow direct a was combined this All the of affair the 1847, late the In Uvarov. for fatal be to proved period 1847-49 The Sovremennik Sovremennik and and Otechestvennye Zapiski, Zapiski, Otechestvennye 33

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the leading Russian publications of publications Russian leading the 32

very The revolutions that were that revolutions The strong one. He tried to tried He one. strong Polish governor Polish ThirdSection, an

CEU eTD Collection needed an ideological basis that would underscore new policies. Uvarov, in Zorin's view, Zorin's in Uvarov, policies. new underscore would that basis ideological an needed clearly andoperating, was polity the way in the something change to need the sensedtsar The monarchy. the to challenges internal the to attentively more look monarch the made uprising Holy the Alliance of thrust interventionist the monarchy: the for re-orientation ideological substantial a of need the for case convincing construction,” ideological active of ideologue. imperial an primarily as Uvarov views contrast, reformer,of way conservative by a and Zorin, Andrey minister imperial an foremost achievement.” important chairpersonal the an and some ofyourcontemporaries then results, other any had not had ministry the of ruling my “if that 1950 from dating letter a in time, the of professors popular most the of one Granovsky, told he Thus, protection. his extended he whom towards people the in pride took Uvarov Nationality.) Autocracy, Orthodoxy, (meaning concur” convictions innermost my which with slogan, the also And knowing. masses the 37 36 35 34 at collections archival Uvarov's main the at located draft, French original however,the 1933; publicly made Enlightenment,” Public Shevchenko. Maksim by available for Ministry the ruling for guidance as used be could that principles general some “On entitled I, Nicholas to report Count's is – ascertained provided that. precisely Sergey Uvarov, “Doklady ministra narodnogo prosveshcheniia S.S. Uvarova imperatoru Nikolaiiu I [The I Nikolaiiu imperatoru Uvarova S.S. prosveshcheniia narodnogo ministra “Doklady Uvarov, Sergey the 339. NLO, third centuries] the(Moscow: 2001), XIX - of third last the the first of XVIII in Russia in ideology state and literature eagle: two-headed the [Feeding veka XIX treti pervoi treti - poslednei XVIII v Rossii v ideologiia gosudarstvennaiia i literatura orla: dvuglavogo Kormia Zorin, Andrey inQuoted Ibid. 130. inQuoted Ibid., ed. Maksim Shevchenko, vol. 1 (Moscow: Ellis Maksim 1(Moscow: Lak, vol. ed. 1995). Shevchenko, vremen, Reka in I],” Nicholas emperor the to Uvarov S. S. Enlightenment Public of Minister the of reports Zorin's main source on peculiarities of Uvarov's ideology – as fas as those can be can those as fas as – ideology Uvarov's of peculiarities on source main Zorin's and first being latter the of terms in mainly Uvarov analyses Shevchenko While 37 36 The report was submitted to Nicholas I on November 19, November on I Nicholas to submitted was report The and he seems to be right in doing so. Zorin presents a presents Zorin so. doing in right be to seems he and was apparently all but extinguished, and the Polish the and extinguished, but all apparently was 11 From the same memoirs it is evident that evident is it memoirs same the From Zorin calls Uvarov's policies “ policies Uvarov's calls Zorin I would consider consider would I 35 a new phase new giving you giving 34

CEU eTD Collection e epesd hs ves o h atr f rpeettv oenet government. representative of matters the on views his expressed he treatise, influential Ministry the entered first Uvarov the of issues first the in appear significantly would works translated (Guizot's views ideological 1837), to 1832 from education of minister a as serving also (and 1848 until 1830 from France in figure construct ideological an overarching pointing was Uvarov part) considerable a played he which (in rule previous the describing so in that clear “administrative as I under Alexander monarchy the of proceedings ideological the discarded Uvarov document. 1932, OPI isdated GIM, byMarch 43 42 41 40 39 38 development. nation's a guiding in institutions educational of role the on emphasis its of because least not ideas, own Uvarov's with resonate University Press, 1993), 138; Aurelian Craiutu, Liberalism under siege : the political thought of the French the of thought political the : siege under Liberalism Craiutu, Fund, Aurelian 138; 1993), Liberty Press, University (Indianapolis: Europe in government representative of 2002). François origins as reprinted the found of be can history It 1861. The in Guizot, appeared translation English first the and 1851, in French 1820s, early the in given course, lecture his in found be can thinking Guizot's of stage this of exposition detailed Amore stance. political one's 347. dvuglavogo orla, Zorin, Kormia to according will at Yale 327. University Press, 2006), changed “socialist.” was of a had scores instance, for part to , attributed Clemenceau and “republican” times countless the reworked was Interestingly, which head,” people. of want of proof is thirty at one be to heart; of want of proof is twenty at republican a be to “not quote famous the of originator the also And Ibid., 344-345. 343. dvuglavogo orla, Zorin, Kormia C otiars (ahm M. eigo ok, 20) 8-1; Cr rsly rnh hsoin and historians French Crossley, Ceri 185-217; 2003), Books, : Thierry, Lexington 1993), the Routledge, Saint-Simonians, 71-105. Quinet, Michelet Guizot, (London: romanticism Md.: (Lanham doctrinaires Journal ollection 17, ollection The only person mentioned in the document is François Guizot, a major political major a Guizot, François is document the in mentioned person only The the from evident large is as on the planning scale, big and thinking was indeed Uvarov e See 41 n hs mninn s cuil crucial is mentioning this and ). Guizot would start his journal journal his start would Guizot ). Cambridge (Cambridge: 1 vol. biography, intellectual an : Comte Auguste Pickering, Mary in Histoire des origines du gouvernement représentatif, Histoire gouvernement du origines 1821-1822. des bundle a radically different direction, and, what is more important, he was hinting at hinting was he important, more is what and, direction, different radically a Saint-Simon Du gouvernement representatif et de l'etat actuel de la France la de actuel l'etat de et representatif gouvernement Du 1, item 98, 16-22, OPI GIM. 98,16-22, ism,” pointing to utopian grandeur of plans. of Alexander's grandeur utopian to pointing ism,”

38 for and it contains the first mentioning ofthe firsttriad. mentioning it the contains and ion Public Enlightenment. Public ̦ ̆ , not a one-time policy., not a one-time Fred Shapiro, ed., The Yale book of quotations (New Haven: (New quotations of Yalebook The ed., Shapiro, Fred

12 Annales 43 o nesadn vrvs itnin and intentions Uvarov's understanding for The ideological affinities between the two the between affinities ideological The

de l' de éducation 42 In 1816 Guizot published an published Guizot 1816 In The lectures were published in published were lectures The in 1811, the year when year the 1811, in hs wr work This , in which in , 39

would 40

It is It

CEU eTD Collection Against a universalising universalising a Against himself. Uvarov from comes likely which criticism, editorial earn consistently literature and to unworthyorharmful Russia. aspectsculture ofEuropean towith become associated would which memorandum, his in “civilisation” the criticised heavily he side: condemnable a sympathetic. than of concept German to semblances more bear out, of formula ambiguous term, Guizot's his introductorylectureto Guizot's contain the of issue first the civilisation; human of development the concerning views Europe course lecture his publish would Guizot 1828 In 1821. in stance a liberal to too dueposts their dismissed from were both consequences: had career also 45 44 cherished deeply asserts, Zorin as Uvarov, domination. French) rather, (or, European sided way a was It one. another to superior be to order in proper soil European to autochthonous be to culture a for necessary not was it see: to easy were corollaries The one. European the to culture Indian of superiority a claim to were, it as was, work the of charge his published romantics, German influential most the of one universality.Uvarov,Schlegel, on Friedrich influence A particular tois linked Uvarov's triad. romanticism German the that connection this through is it and cultures, national different of Ibid., 350-352. 349-350. dvuglavogo orla, Zorin, Kormia , and two years later later years two and , What is also instructive is that Guizot's remarks on the universality of French culture French of universality the on remarks Guizot's that is instructive also is What main The instructive. is terminology Guizot's of treatment Uvarov's However, iiiain civilisation, 44 In what was for Guizot a single dev single a Guizot for was what In grazhdanskoe obrazovanie, obrazovanie, grazhdanskoe francophonie francophonie 45

is translated both as a “civilisation” ( “civilisation” a as both translated is Histoire de la civilisation en France, France, en civilisation la de Histoire The Germans led the charge against the francophone claim to claim francophone the against charge the led Germans The brdeSrceudWihi e nirIndier der Weisheit und Sprache die Über Uvarov pits a “German” view of Europe as composed as Europe of view “German” a pits Uvarov Histoire Europe de laen civilisation 13 Bildung, Bildung, which would, as Zigmunt Bauman pointed Bauman Zigmunt as would, which elopment, Uvarov found a worthy and worthy a found Uvarov elopment, towards which Uvarov was more was Uvarov which towards Histoire de la civilisation en civilisation la de Histoire tsivilizatsiia in which he put forth his forth put he which in out Journal Journal . ) and with an with and ) from the one- the from in 1808. The 1808. in would

CEU eTD Collection problem. of knowledge widespread the lacked Russia that was problem The nation-building. of projects his with Russia to look only could Uvarov the of adherents the made 1830s, of revolutions the in culminating Europe, in developments political the However, Austria. of principle the for longing nationalist, German an such in alone not was he earlier, assessment.) shown been has it (as idea the towards feelings premature a contagion;” from European us from save would and which decrepitude politics, national of source new “a be would and Asia about notions correct spread help would languages the Eastern promoting oversaw that later later and Karamzin) to sent Petersburg. was St. in studies Eastern copy of development (a itself book the and book the about word the spread he start: the from him to overtones political possessed which idea, the 49 48 47 46 ofthe construction official new of the whole doctrine.” constructed is ideology carrier but the becomes pirouette rhetorical risky circle, a and laws, different qualitatively to vicious according a figure this calls and logic Orthodoxy Formal through autocracy. nationality defines now Uvarov nationality, and Orthodoxy through defined autocracy “having logic: of laws the from exempt was ideology Uvarov's Quoted in Zorin, Kormia353. in dvuglavogo orla, Quoted Zorin, Cf. underestimated. be cannot Romanticism Riasanovsky, emergenceThe of (New romanticism Russian York: University Oxford Press, 1995), 69-103. for importance Schlegel's 352-353. Ibid., Ibid., 366. Ibid., 359. While Maxim Shevchenko pointed out that Uvarov, in essence, rephrased the old the rephrased essence, in Uvarov, that out pointed Shevchenko Maxim While especially and ideology, that idea the on so, justifiably quite and insists, Zorin a almost as Uvarov shows asserts, Zorin as Stein, with correspondence Uvarov's 48 ancien regime ancien 14 47 turn even more conservative; in this situation this in conservative; more even turn clgl wud epes hs sympathetic his express would Schlegel ainltt Nationalität; 46 ainlttNationalität Uvarov would tell Speransky nine years nine Speransky tell would Uvarov 49

however, this was a solvable a was this however, to triumph in Germany and Germany in triumph to Nicholas

CEU eTD Collection aigbe agtbtenterc fmdriigtethe modernising of rock the between caught been Having institutions. these abolish, completely to not if undermine, to meant was proper nationality nationality,of blocks building as autocracy and the while Orthodoxy defined Uvarov them. to essentially with operate meanings paradoxical and to contradictory ascribe to forced forced was ideas, and been concepts European having he, that fact the to due was nationality different. to way was salvation same, the dangers werealwaysthe Orthodoxy, found. of be source to the is where nationality literature, and and Autocracy history Russia's study to encouraged be should youth the that conviction the to 1810s in ideas European dangerous offthe ward will Orient the studying that insistence his from underwent: these official new ideasabstract the of shouldarise. doctrine basis the on and play, into came ideas abstract battle into soldiers lead to meant was mentioning whose people and realities concrete of Instead essential. ideologically was Fatherland,” the for King, the for Faith, the “For call battle 52 51 50 by administrative) and ideologically-motivated both (including intentions Uvarov's recover to possible be to seems it proposed: be can them combining the dialectically method that following seems it approaches, two these of light In ideologist. the Uvarov on concentrate to is Zorin, Andrey by employed one, other the and administrator, the Uvarov emphasise inherent its making so, do could it than went by. decades as moresalient and more contradictions time more perhaps for ideology state the as served which formula, famous the monarchy,created the Uvarov of quo status the preserving Shevchenko, “SergeiShevchenko, Uvarov,” Semenovich 105. Ibid., 374. 372. dvuglavogo orla, Zorin, Kormia It has been shown that one possible approach, taken by Maksim Shevchenko, is to is Shevchenko, Maksim by taken approach, possible one that shown been has It official Uvarov's of drama intellectual inherent the that stating by concludes Zorin Uvarov that evolution conceptual the depicts vividly and convincingly Zorin 15 50

Zorin asserts that the re-framing the that asserts Zorin empire and the hard place of place hard the and empire 51 The 52

CEU eTD Collection purely journalistic context, at least in brief. brief. in least at context, journalistic purely The Enlightenment ofthePublic Journal in Ministryfor its context the Uvarov ideolog and – Empire the for fit saw he what creating and reforming – administrator the of publishing and editing the govern to were that rules and instructions oversaw) least at (or left he and children, cherished Education Public of Ministry the the of archives the in found be can documents Such meanings. and intentions his distilling for clear less thus are and persuasion and cunning his of best the required therefore, superior, his I, Nicholas and, to addressed normally were and actions and positions his defend much. first him: by an authored directly be and necessarily not need ideologue They an as both himself exposed time. same the at underpinnings ideological their and administrator,practices mere describing he where documents the at looking self-reflection. self-reflection. polit of forms other of absence complete a almost for were, and matters burning discuss to venues provided journals The century. nineteenth the in Empire Russian the of life cultural and political social, the in importance highest of part ofit. populace, over held publications that sway the grasp to important is It I. Nicholas of Empire Russian the in played press periodical the that role the is S While the culture of thick journals originated in Russia in the eighteenth century century eighteenth the in Russia in originated journals thick of culture the While phenomenon a constituted journals “thick” called, be to came they as or, literary The the of contents the examining before Yet, ist econdly, the texts he he econdly, texts the , who provided this or that explanation of his actions and opinions. ofhisactions and thisexplanation orthat provided , who did did create by himself were the ones directly intended to extol or extol to intended directly ones the were himself by create Journal. Journal. n St.Petersburg. in In these documents we can see both Uvarov the Uvarov both see can we documents these In Of particular interest to the investigated problem investigated the to interest particular Of 16 i cal cal Journal, Journal, action, the most daring form of societal of form daring most the action,

or or h The at least, the noble and the educated the and noble the least, at it is important to situate it in its in it situate to important is it Journal ly , Uvarov did not author that author not did Uvarov , a n f Uvarov's of one was Journal of Journal (and

CEU eTD Collection pupils' essays” (Viazemsky) to a statement of Belinsky w Belinsky of (Viazemsky) statement essays” pupils' a to of archives “school from way the as Todd Mills William by summarised aptly the are to 1840s 1800s the from culture journal the of developments The reader-oriented. thus and also era associations student ranging output literary of production of forms of multitude a with combined romanticism, to sentimentalism part). his Journal Wars”played “the Uvarov researcher Count a which by (in dubbed was 1835 to 1825 – journals the in discussion lay still it provided, is,that it a escaped importance of matter no however, production; publications these of century. journal thick the dubbed be could century) seventeenth the from even dates journalism Russian 56 55 54 53 published Karamzin trade. newspaper least at or journal pounds.” issue each and novels, and plays whole publish they journals the in and literature entire our up swallowed now William Mills Todd, “Periodicals in literary life of the early nineteenth century,” in Literary Journals in Journals Literary in century,” nineteenth early the of life literary in “Periodicals Todd, Mills William University Cambridge UK: (Cambridge Martinsen A. 64-87.Press, 1998), Deborah ed. in Russia, 1825-1834,” Imperial of Wars in Journal Journals the Literary and Telegraph Moscow Polevoi’s “N.A. Rzadkiewicz, Culver Carol 11. 1998), Press, University Cambridge UK: (Cambridge Deborah Martinsen ed. A. Literary Russia, Imperial in in Journals century,” eighteenth the in letters of profession the and journals of creation “The Marker, Gary Ibid., 38. ed. Russia, Deborah Imperial Cambridge 37. University (Cambridge Press,A. Martinsen 1998), UK: It seemed all the familiar names of the first half of the nineteenth century were in the in were century nineteenth the of half first the of names familiar the all seemed It from period the that fact the from judged be might life journal the of intensity The saw a radical change in the journal production, which became commercially viable commercially became which production, journal the in change radical a saw 56 54

The same time frame saw a rapid succession of literary genres from classicism to classicism from genres literary of succession rapid a saw frame time same The from patronage to salons to rising professionals of the trade. trade. the of professionals rising to salons to patronage numbered numbered consisted mostly of politics: the journals were centred around literary around centred were journals the politics: of mostly consisted with four hundred in the beginning of the nineteenth century. nineteenth the of beginning the in hundred four in the borders of borders in the [...] It would be erroneous to think that subject matter subject that think to erroneous be would It the public doesn't want books, it wants journals, wants it books, want doesn't public the 17 the admissible. admissible. o The The rt h quoting in full: “the journal has journal “the full: in quoting Mess , 53 it was the ensuing one that one ensuing the was it e nger of Europe, Europe, of nger … […] Only salons and salons Only weighs forty weighs Pushkin 55

The

CEU eTD Collection knowledge about Nicholas's family and court to a broader reading public.” The influence of influence The public.” reading broader a to court and family Nicholas's about knowledge Invalid, Russkii Pchela, like publications the instance, For tsar. the saw who people the by experienced of feelings religious almost and umilienie people the and tsar the of unity organic of discourses Romantic same the the disseminating and with stories Empire imperial the the relating throughout publications spread countless was I Nicholas of myth national and dynastic subjects. its to messages certain Enlightenment unformed success. a certainly were years ten over span life a and short-lived. thousand were a A them of of readership many journals the for demand Telegraph Contemporary, The 59 58 57 pages of triteand thanvulgar the reader splendo new in out blossomed particular, in literature I,especially reign ofNicholas to assistance financial providing started government the that important so was words printed the Severnaya Pchela. Severnaya Nicholas Riasanovsky, Nicholas I and official nationality in Russia, 1825-1855 (Berkeley: University of University (Berkeley: 1825-1855 268. Russia, 1959), Press, California in nationality official and I Nicholas Riasanovsky, Nicholas to University Press, I, 1(Princeton: 1995), ofvol. Princeton 303. Nicholas the death Great the Peter From monarchy. Russian in ceremony and myth power: of Scenarios Wortman, Richard years. Ibid., 37,48. instance, For organ of the Third Section of the Imperial Chancellery, with all the relevant consequences concerning the concerning materials. consequences its and relevant style the all with Chancellery, Imperial the of Section Third the of organ Many researchers describe a notorious rise in literary and journalistic output of the of output journalistic and literary in rise notorious a describe researchers Many communicate to government the for vehicle important an was press periodic The n and and so on. Of course, because of the oversupply of titles and a small forming small a and titles of oversupply the of because course, Of on. so and utr f te tik junl ht te the that journals thick the of culture h esne fErp Europe of Messenger The came. came. vostorg 58 evg (ih Pskn Pushkin) (with Delvig The Reader's Library Reader's The tnens n xlain, culd wt umsin ht were that submission, with coupled exaltation), and (tenderness and the illustrated journal journal illustrated the and

The Northern Bee, Bee, Northern The during Richard Wortman's analysis conclusively shows how the how shows conclusively analysis Wortman's Richard its secondhalf. its “RussianAs culture, it, Riasanovskyhas could boast with 1200 subscribers and survived for twenty-eight for survived and subscribers 1200 with boast could The Northern Bee The NorthernBee , in many ways a pioneering enterprise, also also enterprise, pioneering a ways many in , published by Bulgarin and Grech, and Bulgarin by published 18 h ieay Gzte Gazette, Literary The 57

twspeieyit hsthis into precisely was It Russkiy Khudozhestvennyi Listok Listok Khudozhestvennyi Russkiy u ora f te Mnsr o Public for Ministry the of Journal r which offered infinitely more to the to more infinitely offered which r and The Reader's Library The Reader's oeo Polevoi

was almost an unofficial an almost was booming and yet and booming had h The a conservative a Severnaya .” “brought Moscow 59

CEU eTD Collection own Pogodin's Bee Grech's and Bulgarin's mentioned already the to peasants,” contribution literary published Obrazovannosti proto-nationalist far-Right the from publications, ranging eight encompasses Nationality Official of development intellectual tracing for periodicals of choice Riasanovsky's instance, For inclinations. varying of journals private se per 60 soia Rski Zunlsii XIIXX vkv [itr f Rsin Junls n te XVIII-XIX the in Journalism Russian of [History vekov ed., Zapadov, Aleksandr years. XVIII-XIX initial Zhurnalistiki its during Russkoi publication Istoriia this in participated also Grech inclination. Riasanovsky, and Nicholas official I in nationality 1825-1855, Russia, 274-275. 3rd ed. (Moscow: centuries], Vysshaya 1973), Shkola, 169-174. ), to more conservative and yet still “nationalist wing of Official Nationality” found in found Nationality” Official of wing “nationalist still yet and conservative more to ), The Journal of the Ministry of Public Enlightenment. of of the Public Ministry The Journal . The doctrine was discussed not only in the main governmental publication, but also in also but publication, governmental main the in only not discussed was doctrine . The Moreover, there exists a larger journalistic context context larger journalistic Moreover, a exists there Mosvitianin Mosvitianin (The Lighthouse of Contemporary Education and Enlightenment), which Enlightenment), and Education Contemporary of Lighthouse (The ( The Muscovite The s

yby n ecie ehia noaininnovation technical described and ), which was endorsed by Uvarov, to, finally,Uvarov, Uvarov's to, by endorsed was which ), 19 aa ormnoo Povsceia i Prosveshcheniya Sovremennogo Mayak 60 for for Severnaya Pchela Pchela Severnaya the ideas of Official Nationality of ideas the fof “simple Russian “simple ( The Northern The

CEU eTD Collection limited to) studies of discourse, as defined in the work of Teun van Dijk, van Teun of work the in defined as discourse, of studies to) limited related yet and with performed be can study this in undertaken as task a such course, Weltanschauungen, are contextualisation its field. a relevanttheoretical within means it placing inevitably and contextualised, be to has indeed, “Nationality,” data. and facts relevant by surrounded properly is it when understood be only can implications policy and significance meaning, its is, that context: historical its in placed be should “nationality” that implies task Enlightenment. ThisPublic for Minister the as tenure undergone Uvarov's during it has transformations what and is Nationality” Autocracy, “Orthodoxy, of triad Uvarov's 63 62 61 in are application possible their on remarks some depth, in explored be not will approaches limits the inform here described approaches major the ideas, of history of framework the within done is work expectations), reader's on emphasis special its (with analysis literary of theory Chapter1. A very concise exposition of Gramsci's views can be found in in found be can views Gramsci's of exposition concise very A Johns HopkinsUniversity Press, 1980). See Press, 2008). University Cambridge (Cambridge: approach sociocognitive a : context and Discourse 1998); Publications, of interrelationships his of See problems ideologies. to and scholarship his discourse of amount considerable a devoted has Dijk van Teun and the state,” in Cultural theory and popular culture : a reader, ed. John Storey, 3rd ed. (Harlow: Pearson, (Harlow: ed. 85-92. 2006), 3rd Storey, John ed. reader, a : culture popular and theory Cultural in state,” the and h abig-tl itr f ies ideas, of history Cambridge-style the Jane Tompkins, ed., Reader-response criticism from formalism to post-structuralism (Baltimore: The (Baltimore: post-structuralism to formalism from criticism Reader-response ed., Tompkins, Jane Many Many Count famous in “nationality” what understand to is study this of goal principal The theoretical approaches approaches theoretical , which, in turn is a selection from which, a turnhis is in selection sets of theoretical coordinates in mind. These might include (but not be not (but include might These mind. in coordinates theoretical of sets Theoretical (and limitations) limitations) (and theories of “official nationalism” “official of theories 62 and Gramsci's theory of organic intellectuals. organic of theory Gramsci's and Teun van Dijk, Ideology : a multidisciplinary approach (London: Sage (London: approach multidisciplinary a : Ideology Dijk, van Teun A of the employed methodology. Moreover, a Moreover, methodology. employed the of pproaches to the can be used for this task this for used be can

20 Quaderni del carcere (Torino:Quaderni del carcere 2007). Einaudi, erfsecihe Begriffsgeschichte,

and, finally, history of transfers. Of transfers. of history finally, and, Antonio Gramsci, “Hegemony, intellectuals “Hegemony, Gramsci, Antonio Erwartungshorizont, Erwartungshorizont, Q uestionof : : for instance, of highest value highest of instance, for itr f ielg and ideology of history 63 completely completely

While the present the While 61 N reader-response ationality the horizon of horizon the lthough these lthough different

CEU eTD Collection to treat ideas as constants. as to ideas treat Lovejoy) by Arthur instance, for practised, as form the in (especially ideas on the and, past usage their to of concepts meanings current transfers of anachronistic hand, one the on criticise, to used was It criticism. source of method a simply content.” political or social having expressions central of analysis the to particular in itself directing and elements, political and social to relevant terminology of utilization the of does it as note taking criticism, source for “ out, points Koselleck Reinhart As with discussion theoretical Begriffsgeschichte in topic. scholarship existing onthe already employed were approaches these how at looks also chapter The purposes. present the for utility particular their assess to and addressed be can research my of topic the which with approaches theoretical various circumscribe to is chapter present the of aim the order.Thus, 67 66 65 64 –inthe concepts connects field This symbols. and meanings challenged and established of full sphere cultural existing the to refer must one action, political certain a promote to order in that means This action.” of field political no all, above and society, no is there concepts common “without that out points Koselleck world.” “outer the with texts, with concerned primarily seemingly University Press, 1976). University Press, See (New time York: Columbia 81. University Press, 2004), historical of semantics the on : past Futures History,”in Social and “Begriffsgeschichte Koselleck, Reinhart Ibid., 76. “BegriffsgeschichteKoselleck, and History,” Social 81. Arthur Lovejoy, The great chain of being: a study of the history of an idea (Cambridge Mass.: Harvard Mass.: (Cambridge idea an of history the of study a being: of chain Lovejoy,great Arthur The enat Kslek md ae fr cnetn connecting for case a made Koselleck Reinhart the start to logical be to seems it concept, a foremost, and first is, “nationality” As the present the and Cambridge school history ofintellectual Cambridge and 66

Begriffsgeschichte Begriffsgeschichte case, that of nationality – with political action. –with action. ofnationality political that case, 64 Begriffsgeschichte oee,isits However, 21 and Cambridge school of intellectual history intellectual of school Cambridge and usages, in fact, reach much further than further much reach fact, in usages, is […] initially a specialised method specialised a initially […] is erfsecihe Begriffsgeschichte,

other hand, history of history hand, other 65 for its proclivity its for hc is which 67 .

CEU eTD Collection autocracy” was radically different in the reigns, for instance, of Nicholas I and and I Al Nicholas of instance, for reigns, the in different radically was autocracy” formulated. was it before even Empire Romanov the of ethos the constituted essentially it that assume even would over-generalising, to given more monarchy. Some, the of fall the until inception its of moment the from Russia imperial of underpinning ideological the was Nationality” “Official present in helpful is This with. working are we concepts the of understanding time over changing Russia. was in the fought nineteenth-century of“nationality” implications Th future. the control to level, certain a on least at mean, would concept the of definition the control to struggle: for objects them makes and power their with concepts the provides that outreach future.” the into reach but affairs, of states given define to merely serve longer “no concepts how shows and fought is position” social or political of definition the for 71 70 69 68 us ex is a and novelty,” withchange, “persistence, itself perspective. diachronical viewed from a terms. Begriffsgeschichte and slogans same the essentially of themselves availed have might both although neapeo hsapoc sarcn okb by book recent esp. 15-34. Macmillan, 2007), Palgrave a is approach this of example An Ibid., 80. Ibid., 89. “BegriffsgeschichteKoselleck, and History,” Social 84. conditio sine quanon conditio plore other approaches to approaches plore other ae ay wies mr orcl hn nt wud asm ht te dcrn of doctrine the that assume would not than correctly more writers many case: Melvin Richter has done outstanding work in promoting the research programme of programme research the promoting in work outstanding done has Richter Melvin of method “the points: central his of one up sums thus Kosselleck Thus, Begriffsgeschichte s tertcl isgt hls epan wy te btl vr te maig and meanings the over battle the why explain helps insight theoretical is erfseciheBegriffsgeschichte 69 oee,i a eesl hw h h ntr”o of “nature” the the shown easily be can it However, helps us to trace and pinpoint the difference and change, for it concerns it for change, and difference the pinpoint and trace to us helps of sociohistorical questions.” of sociohistorical enlightens us on precisely how and when “the semantic struggle semantic “the when and how precisely on us enlightens Begriffsgeschichte rvds hsoin ih a fnaetly diachronical, fundamentally a with historians provides 22 Peter Waldron, Governing Tsarist Russia (New York: (New Russia Tsarist Governing Waldron, Peter . 71 ofthis dictum,let heed taking While 68 It is precisely this precisely is It Begriffsgeschichte the “ideology of “ideology the e xander III, xander 70

the

CEU eTD Collection nit o itrcl tetet o oiia huh, pyn pca teto o the to “ideologies.”) and Skinner with towithclaims work “discourses” attention special a Pocock (although contexts paying given in agents by used it thought, to attached meanings and vocabularies political of treatment historical on insist and school Cambridge the of concerns into here. so-called the between comparison of and history” intellectual of school “Cambridge points important provides Richter chapter this languages.” political of history the “Reconstructing book: the in reason some for dropped in published article and Skinner, “Pocock, entitled introduction. critical book, influential an in published and edited Begriffsgeschichte 76 75 74 73 various described Pocock work his 72 Throughout action. thus, and, meanings political of fields of conceptualisation the on constraints linguistic the out spell to Pocock enables to light brings that way the in activity This ways.” of variety a in connected be can it which with contexts of variety a in on carried and theory of element J.G.A. Pocock, Quentin Skinner, and Stefan Collini, “What is Intellectual History?,” History Today 35, no. 35, Today History History?,” Intellectual is “What Collini, Stefan and Skinner, Quentin Pocock, J.G.A. Richter, “Pocock, Skinner, and Begriffsgeschichte,” 124. Grundbegriffe,” History and Theory 1990): 38-70, (accessed 29,no.1(February April 1,2010). Richter,Skinner,Pocock, Melvin Political Languages: of Geschichtliche the History the “Reconstructing and (New introduction critical York: Press, 1995), 124-142. University Oxford a Oxford concepts: social and political York: of history The in Begriffsgeschichte,” Skinner, Richter, and “Pocock, Melvin (New introduction critical a : concepts social 1995). University Press, and political of history The Richter, Melvin 0 (coe , 18) 2 tp/wwhsoyoa.o/tfncliiwa-nelculhsoy (accessed http://www.historytoday.com/stefan-collini/what-intellectual-history, March 6,2011). 52, 1985): 1, (October 10 Pocock professes to analyse any kind of public utterance in general “involving an “involving general in utterance public of kind any analyse to professes Pocock the discrepancies, terminological some notwithstanding that, out points Richter in the English-speaking world. His numerous articles on the subject were subject the on articles numerous His world. English-speaking the in History and Theory. and History 72 Particularly important for the purposes of this work is his chapter his is work this of purposes the for important Particularly approach, Pocock assumes, enables historians to treat intellectual treat to historians enables assumes, Pocock approach, Begriffsgeschichte, the political and social changes it effectuated. it changes social and political the

Begriffsgeschichte Begriffsgeschichte The latter contains a telling part of the title that was that title the of part telling a contains latter The 23 The history of political and social concepts: a concepts: social and political of history The Begriffsgeschichte ” 73

which is an elaborated version of his of version elaborated an is which

are fundamentally the same: they same: the fundamentally are 75 , which are worth inquiring worth are which , 76 It also It 74 In

CEU eTD Collection oriented. He claims to base his methodology on J.L. Austin's theory of speech acts. speech of theory Austin's J.L. on methodology his base to claims He oriented. languages. political defined byPocock-style partly mediated conditioned and change developments, their tracing and concepts key certain isolating political By agency. political and of social particular descriptions and languages linguistically-oriented between connections the is provide can and lacks Pococks precisely what However, text. single a in found be can natural language political one than more of influences and traces often of and time, given a at available that and humanism civic of language jurisprudence.) the of conflict the by conditioned was view, Pocock's in Enlightenment, Scottish the instance, (for movements philosophical and political large guided and conditioned languages various between conflict and thought; political for constrains and shape speak, to so provided, languages These period. modern one), recent most the be to seem “discourses” which of names, different times at them gave he (although “languages” 79 78 77 authorial for of originality allow the assess thirdly, to and, forces outside as to much as least at weigh to intentions second, context; historical given a in intentions to author's him) recover following anyone presumably (and Skinner allows approach this agrees), (and contends Tully James As them. by ignoring modify or rejecting dialectically accepting, they which conventions, pre-existing to related are they void: a in exist not do Moreover,utterances achieved. be to meant was goals of set given a utterance a by conditioned is utterance utterances any view, Skinner's Richter, “Pocock, Skinner, and Begriffsgeschichte,” 127. Ibid., 130. Ibid., 128. Skinner's version of intellectual history is more philosophically and linguistically and philosophically more is history intellectual of version Skinner's 78 Writers, Pocock affirms, avail themselves of various political languages political various of themselves avail affirms, Pocock Writers, 77 which helped conceptualise important political works of the early the of works political important conceptualise helped which erfseciheBegriffsgeschichte certain communicative intention, which means that by a given a by that means which intention, communicative certain are to be understood from an intentionalist standpoint: every standpoint: intentionalist an from understood be to are 24 allows us to understand social and political and social understand to us allows Melvin Richter fully Richter Melvin Begriffsgeschichte first, 79 In

CEU eTD Collection “there can only be histories of their uses in argument.” in uses their of histories be only can “there for done, be ever can concepts of history authentic no that concluded once Skinner standpoint in or weapons as fashion tools; as one Heideggerian Witgensteinian in understood be to are Skinner for Concepts fixed any that notion “the idea: an of history a writing upon in so) linguistic conventions. shifting commonlyheld the do to failed (or succeeded work given a or author given a extent what to precisely of methodology the by precise further. forthewouldcome in of“ideology”that mind discussion keep this is important to it linguistic practices; into translatable and principles ideas toterm anyofcommonlyheld sets existing the with breaking of convention). degree a as understood (originality contribution given a 85 84 83 82 81 80 stalemate. perceived provides aout way toofthis concepts approach that moreover, seems, It bathwater. that narratives explanation, and ahistorical agency neglect fundamentally attacking while that seems It so. Hardly here? Quentin Skinner, “Reply to My Critics,” in Meaning and context : Quentin Skinner and his critics, ed. James ed. critics, his and Skinner Quentin : context and Meaning in 1 Critics,” My to Skinner, “Reply Quentin no. 8, Theory and History his Pocock,See in Skinner, contribution Collini,History?”. Intellectual and is “What Ideas,” of History the in 1,1969):March6,2011). 35,(accessed (January Understanding and “Meaning Skinner, Quentin Richter, “Pocock, Skinner, and Begriffsgeschichte,” 131-132. of Journal British Politics,” of Analysis 1,1983): 492,(accessedMarch6,2011).Political 13,no.4(October Science Skinner’s Quentin Sword: Mighty a Is Pen “The Tully, H. James Richter, “Pocock, Skinner, and Begriffsgeschichte,” 135. Tully N.J.:Princeton 283. University (Princeton Press, 1988), onig ot hw mtooois o of methodologies how out Pointing methodology,research his developing In criticises Skinner Lovejoy's insistence Arthur more made and enriched be can programme research Skinner's that contends Richter this applies Skinner him. for neutral are which “ideologies,” about talks also Skinner 80 83 but they cannot be in the centre of our attention. From this From attention. our of centre the in be cannot they but Begriffsgeschichte, Begriffsgeschichte, 85 Skinner is ready to throw out the proverbial baby with the with baby proverbial the out throw to ready is Skinner erfseciheBegriffsgeschichte 25 erfseciheBegriffsgeschichte 81 which will allow to measure more or less or more measure to allow will which 84 Do we have to take him at his word his at him take to have we Do

ih is issec n on insistence its with ' idea' has persisted is spurious.” is persisted has idea' a nom Pcc and Pocock inform can diachronic 82

CEU eTD Collection men': a call for a history of political and social concepts in English.” in concepts social and political of history a for call a men': wise of sufferance the “'By called tellingly is book his in chapter last the written; be should of research agenda contradicts the way no in which contexts, given in them to ascribed meanings the elucidate to strove and idioms contexts. political given in of available functions of analysis enlightening an provided techniques, different using Skinner, and Pocock other. each to closer least at or together them bringing prevent would that approaches Anglophone and German the in substantial nothing is There fashion. prove helpful. concepts; contested of meanings contested upon disagreements the overlook times at both and repertoires,” conceptual their in and continuities “changes treat inclined into fact practice are their notwithstanding, both in Skinner's 89 88 87 86 intentionalism “weak” calls he what considerations, logical and philosophical various to due upheld be cannot school Cambridge the of tenets – “strong” – some although that, contends is ideas of history school Cambridge the of critique major whose Bevir, Mark historian intellectual and philosopher byRichter. approaches fromadvocated the English wouldbenefit of flavour German unmistakeable an has nationality of concept Richter, The history of political and social concepts : a critical 143. introduction, a : Richter, concepts The and of history social political Ibid., 137-138. Ibid., 136. Mark Bevir, The logic of the history of ideas (Cambridge U.K.; New York: Cambridge University Press, University Cambridge York: New 1999). U.K.; (Cambridge ideas of history the of logic The Bevir, Mark An interesting and new take on intellectual history and history of ideas comes from comes ideas of history and history intellectual on take new and interesting An history how on debates the in partisan a is Richter Melvin that say to remains It complimentary a in understood best are approaches the asserts, Richter bottom, At prahs ihe set ht hi mt)hoeia assumptions (meta)theoretical their that, asserts Richter approaches, nildentitled 87 They both refuted ahistorical treatment of historical artefacts historical of treatment ahistorical refuted both They 86 in both instances the approach of of approach the instances both in Begriffsgeschichte The logic of the history of ideas. of history the of logic The 26

. aoaiä,Natonalität, Begriffsgeschichte Begriffsgeschichte 89

88 In this work Bevir work this In

Even though the though Even its history in history its would

CEU eTD Collection ladenness of historical practice: historians addressing texts have at least some prior idea or idea prior some least at have texts addressing historians practice: theory- historical of the ladenness for goes same the Moreover, us. to unavailable are ideas and knowledge our admit to have at overwhelming). the times twoare affinitiesthe between that fact the neglect to is not (this analysis differentof literary that from no be would writing history of practice the otherwise for solution, a for out cries proposition text. the of boundaries all-encompassing the transgress cannot they since world, outer the of intentions and objects facts, to out reach never can historians text. the outside nothing coinage, famous Derrida's in is, there historians which isworthexploring. field, to the contribution describes hispositive concisely volume the recent after writing historical in directions the new history: Practicing to contributed he piece short a In justified. and employed be still can 93 92 91 90 agreement inter-subjective through significance acquire that objects food), as (such objects physical of classes general with world the populate we life, everyday our of practices through that argued be can It restating. worth is it but one, philosophical complicated somewhat a is ofhistorical data. perception ofany form unmarred and pristine a of speak to impossible is it reason that for and text, this about theory erd' ot ifunil – ad ms opiae et text, in complicated found Originally most matter. that and for (Paris: ÉdtionsMinuit,Grammatologie 1967), de 227. – language other influential any or most – Derrida's English into rendered properly be hardly “ after writing historical in directions turn, ed. Spiegel(New Gabrielle the linguistic York:new Routledge,2005), 163-173. : history Practicing in Intentionalist,” an be to “How Bevir, Mark Ibid., 164-165. Bevir, an Intentionalist,”164. be to “How I ' a ehr-et”hors-texte” de pas a n'y l How, then, are we able to invoke objects and intentions outside texts? Bevir's answer Bevir's texts? outside intentions and objects invoke to able we are How,then, we that contends He compromise. a of kind a is situation this in proposes Bevir What which in situation the life to brought turn linguistic the that contends Bevir Mark realised that they are, so to speak, trapped within the texts (broadly understood), as understood), (broadly texts the within trapped speak, to so are, they that realised that “pure” experiences, reasons and intentions on which to securely ground securely to which on intentions and reasons experiences, “pure” in the original, which, for the unusualness of its grammatical structure, can structure, grammatical its of unusualness the for which, original, the in 93 27 f Gamtlg. Grammatology. Of

92 linguistic turn, linguistic Obviously enough, such a such enough, Obviously 91

This would imply that imply would This aqe erd, D la De Derrida, Jacques 90

Mark Bevir Mark

CEU eTD Collection to be found inherent in texts but, on the contrary, ascribed to texts by their authors and authors their by readers. texts to ascribed contrary, the on but, texts in inherent found be to reader.” or author whether so, did it whom for specify to able be should they such, and such meant text a claim historians “when that stating principle normative a is which individualism,” “procedural entails This individuals. specific of minds specific for meanings specific only are all, of first meanings, that implies one, “strong” the texts.” to meaning give that object of class general the are beliefs, notably states, “intentional that idea the - intentionalism” weak or individualism, evidence. sense available makes most ofthe be can actor given a to justified intentions and beliefs of set certain a of retrieving) impossible a of intention particular a say, of, absence or presence the not and general, in states intentional and objects the-text” “outside- of reality the proves only however, This, (hunger). states intentional and (money) 99 98 97 96 95 94 that set the as beliefs actual of set probable most the justifying by actor certain a of intentions texts. understood broadly of set large a from of nature holistic beliefs of the kinds two these between of discrepancies for evidence deduce account we exercise: historical take to have we here that contends Bevir prison? our do.” they what saying by convey to want they those are beliefs Expressed upon. act and hold individuals those are beliefs “actual Ibid. Ibid., 167. Ibid., 166. Ibid., 165-166. Ibid., 168-169. Ibid., 168. Bevir further makes an important distinction between expressed and actual beliefs: actual and expressed between distinction important an makes further Bevir “procedural calls he what of interpretation his describe to on goes Bevir Mark : historians can appeal to the fact that the proposed set of beliefs best explains or explains best beliefs of set proposed the that fact the to appeal can historians : esnperson n a gvn text. given a in 98 How do we distinguish between the two, if if two, the between distinguish we do How 95 99 28 Hence, historians deduce the actual beliefs and beliefs actual the deduce historians Hence, 94 oee, However, 96

97 Weak intentionalism, as opposed to opposed as Weakintentionalism, This means that meanings are not are meanings that means This srbn ascribing a poe to opposed (as the text is text the

CEU eTD Collection especially important in this regard, for, regard, as this in important especially Minister's understand to order in deploy to need we practices justificatory on emphasis heavier a towards and – writings actual Uvarov's on stance critical rather a towards us pushes and allows This I. Nicholas tsar superior, his to directly reporting was he that fact the and which definition, strict a about speak to nationality, not of subject the on explicit himself never was ofan historian. interpretativework creative constitutes concerned.” individual of set a of consists the of beliefs actual the meaning with accord in be not this might or might “which beliefs, expressed and past, the in itself, in text a to not and individual, reasoning. deductive perform we which of basis the on texts of array whole the of sense most the makes 100 inclination more expect to reasonable be to seems It itself). in choice telling, arbitrary,albeit the of pages the on appearance mere their that fact the mention the in materials the hand, other the tsar, the to directly on sent and Uvarov that reports the speaking, generally have, we hand one the On sources. to approach holistic the on based nationality and Uvarov of understanding meaning. in one, “general” forand never conflated to be accounted are which meanings, and understandings new brought writers and readers in change and time authors. different for things Ibid., 169. he never gave never he The distinction between actual and expressed beliefs is also also is beliefs expressed and actual between distinction The Uvarov that Given hand. at case our to pertinent obviously are considerations These certain a to ascribed is it that fact the is historical meaning a makes what short, In netos i rmtn ntoaiy” Poeua niiuls em o be to seems individualism Procedural “nationality.” promoting in intentions , he was also heavily constrained in his existing writing by his position his by writing existing his in constrained heavily also was he , 100 To distinguish between these meanings and ascribe them is what is them ascribe and meanings these between distinguish To I ts meaning was never steady, so to speak: the constant flux of flux constant the speak: to so steady, never was meaning ts ora Journal it will be shown be will it 29 which were subject to editing process (not to (not process editing to subject were which , nationality indeed meant different meant indeed nationality , Journal Journal helpful constituted a kind of kind a constituted when applied to applied when us the to

CEU eTD Collection from Hugh Seton-Watson, who pioneered the term in 1977 in his famous work work famous his in 1977 in term the pioneered Seton-Watson,who Hugh from nationalism” “official of concept the borrows he doing, so In time. the of issue pressing and new the nationalism, address to tried they how trace to order in empires nineteenth-century of hand at case the to applied be can that thinking nationality-oriented of kind the precisely with concerned is and Imperialism” Nationalism of nationalism, on work seminal Official ofboth. containingas various proportions sources at look rather, must belief; we expressed purely or actual purely expressing of quality the fullness its in source certain a to ascribe to incorrect be would it Therefore, phenomena. pure isolated not continuum, a constitute they sources, real-life to applied when character; a However, second. the in beliefs actual the and sources of group first the in beliefs expressed towards 103 102 101 other to injustice does stream. the same in been caught empires, have European forall Seton-Watson doing so in out, points Anderson as However, II. Ausgleich the after Hungary of Magyarisation the are case his Seton-Watson builds which government.” on examples of legitimacy of basis the as loyalty dynastic of principle the which doctrine “a of that is phenomenon the to gives nationalism. of politics the nations and of origins the into an enquiry states: edition. (London: edition. Verso, 2006). nationalism (London: Methuen, 1977), 148. (London: Methuen,nationalism 1977), uh StnWto, Ntos ad sae n eqiy it h rgn f ntos ad te pltc of politics the and nations of origins the into enquiry an : states and Nations Seton-Watson, Hugh revised Nationalism, of Spread and Origin the on Reflections Communities: Imagined Anderson, Benedict Anderson, ImaginedAnderson, Communities,86. Another fruitful approach to our question is offered by Benedict Anderson in his in Anderson Benedict by offered is question our to approach fruitful Another n of 1867 and Russification of the Russian Empire under Alexander III and Nicholas and under III Empire Alexander Russian the of Russification and 1867 of ationalism caveat caveat . 101 One of the book the of One needs to be put here: th here: put be to needs Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread and Origin the on Reflections Communities: Imagined . In this chapter, Anderson engages in a bird-eye overview bird-eye a in engages chapter, Anderson this In . 's vivid chapters is entitled “Official Nationalism and Nationalism “Official entitled is chapters vivid 's

ese 30 distinction [ … ] overshadowed, or indeed replaced, indeed or overshadowed, s between beliefs beliefs between 103

The definition he definition The are normative in normative 102 Nations and Nations The main The

CEU eTD Collection s nesn cls i, dvlp ny a ecin reaction a as only develops it, calls Anderson as dynasties.” Europe's of 'naturalisations' “the brands aptly Anderson nationality own their recognising of process This sanction. divine of force the by them over presiding than them representing rather thus and others, among Russian Great a kind, same the of many of one now was tsar kingship: of element sacral the undermined however, This, Russians. Great were they language: imperial the of possession in group the national.” “particular- and “universal-imperial” roles: two play to started empire an in language certain and group ethnolinguistic one for preference for expression an was It “inherited.” or convenient simply neutral, longer no was language chosen the decision: this subverted revolution lexicographic European the but official, state the as language that or this choose dynasties the made needs spaces. multi-ethnic vast over presiding were others and Hanoverians 108 107 106 105 104 also is which point, in case non-European The nationalism.” “official of promoters office high of character general the mind in keep to enlightening methodologically be to seems educators these of comparison in difficulties and value actual the While India. in education English-style promoting included activities whose Macaulay, Babington Thomas with minister Russian the compares he landscape: European startingthe in 1820s. felt Europe from more moreacutely themselves and Ibid., 85. Ibid., 84-85. Ibid., 83. Ibid. Ibid., 86. Anderson reminds us that Uvarov was not a lone imperial educator figure in the in figure educator imperial lone a not was Uvarov that us reminds Anderson Habsburgs, Romanovs, of dynasties ruling the that reader the reminds Anderson 105 consequently consequently 107 This brought forth a reflexive “realisation,” or, rather, a self-identification with self-identification a rather, or, “realisation,” reflexive a forth brought This Thus, official nationalism, the “willed merger of nation and dynastic empire,” dynastic and nation of merger “willed the nationalism, official Thus, downplay ed the importance, importance, the 31 i n this fashion, Romanovs discovered that discovered Romanovs fashion, this n r o not are factual and symbolic, and factual to ainl mvmns wih made which movements national xlrdexplored in the present study present the in 104 108

The administrative The of others. Thus, a Thus, others. of

106 the , it ,

CEU eTD Collection regards to Russification, the issue of “nationality,” and especially in the way that it was it understood byUvarov,that a morereading. cautious requires way the in especially and “nationality,” of issue the Russification, to regards policy.” dynastic official became Russification that 94) (1881- III Alexander of reign the until not was It enticements. Uvarovian resisted Czarism half-century another “for that conclusion the to arrives he that premise – himself Uvarov for least at incorrect, – this of because is it and Russification, essentially meant nationality narod which undertones, political undesirable its of because precisely discourse political the from natsionalnost, “ was it “ as “nationality” renders Uvarov.He of treatment Sasana, Religion,Monarch). Kasat”“Chat, (Nation, head, its on formula Uvarovian stood nationalism, official Siamese VI, Rama was Anderson, by mentioned 113 112 111 110 109 of lack to Due group. ethno-linguistic certain a of domination imposing and nationalisms” concept of nation to Russia (beginning of XVIII - mid-XIX centuries],” in Imperium inter pares: rol pares: Novoe (Moscow: Miller inter Alexei and Vulpius, Ricarda Aust, Martin Imperium ed. (1700-1917), Empire in Russian the of centuries],” mid-XIX - XVIII history the in transfers of role of The pares: inter [Imperium (1700-1917) imperii Rossijskoj istorii v transferov (beginning Russia to nation of concept the of transfer tre acquisition: necessary, opportune [a entirely vekov) not XIX but seredina - XVIII (nachalo York:Knowledge, Politics, (New Modernity: Russian in ed. Russia,” David L.Hoffmann ed. Practices, and Yanni Imperial Kotsonis 2000), 41-67. (London: Macmillan Press, in 1st Modernity and absolutism, Narodnost' Masses: the Thai of decline and rise The Mead, Kullada 2004) esp. 126-154. RoutledgeCurzon, 2011); 6, March (accessed 80-96, 1988): 1, (March 1 no. 19, Studies Southeast Asian of Journal Thailand,” in Ideology State Official Modern of Origin “The Murashima, Eiji 1978); Hawaii, of Press University (Honolulu: nationalism Literaturnoe Obozrenie, 2010). Literaturnoe C See See Communities,87. Imagined Anderson, Anderson, Imagined Communities,87. Imagined Anderson, n te hi (im ae e see case, (Siam) Thai the On oined by Prince Vyazemski two decades earlier Vyazemskiearlier Prince decades by two oined i o possess. not did t hs t e sae lo ta Adro ae o dsicin bten “official between distinction no makes Anderson that also stated be to has It his of aspect crucial one in imprecise somewhat is Anderson that noted be to has It Alexei Miller, “Priobretenie neobkhodimoe, no ne vpolne udobnoe: transfer poniatia natsia v Rossiiu v natsia poniatia transfer udobnoe: vpolne ne no neobkhodimoe, “Priobretenie Miller, Alexei narodnost was introduced largely due to the desire to keep the term term the keep to largelydesire the introduced wasto due '. ” 111

h itk scuilfr sw hl e,see, shall we as for, crucial is mistake The 112 e i lo smlsi n udrtnig te frua o him, for formula: the understanding in simplistic also is He Walter Vella, Chaiyo! King Vajiravudh and the development of Thai of development the and Vajiravudh King Chaiyo! Vella, Walter aiauh h, wt h i f introducing of aim the with who, Vajiravudh, In 1819. See See 1819. In 32 natsionalnost” natsionalnost” 109 113 Nathaniel Knight, “Ethnicity, Nationality and“Ethnicity, Nationality Knight, Nathaniel While that is undoubtedly true with true undoubtedly is that While in Russian, in natsia, natsia, inventing the slogan the inventing aons,narodnost, 110 a nation, away nation, a while in fact in while and not and ʹ

CEU eTD Collection attempt. Berger and Miller rightly assert that national historical narratives were meant to meant were narratives historical national that assert rightly Miller and Berger attempt. an such precisely were nationalisms” “official theoretically, that, argued be can it Miller, environment.” competitive highly a in modernisation political and economic and nationalism of forces the accommodating time same the at while population and territory of maximum a over control keep to how was century nineteenth the in square to had empires that circle “the that contend empires” “nationalising term the within: from Berger. Stefan and Miller Alexei so. call?Hardly with Uvarov's all-imperial equated be empire of part a in promoted Magyarisation Can niche. separate a into empire the after Austro-Hungary seems, of state peculiar It a that however, examples. Siamese and Dual Japanese the Russian, with of together part 1875 Hungarian after Monarchy of Magyarisation the lumps Anderson distinction, a such 119 118 117 116 115 114 authors. and their textbooks history certain promoted and Uvarov, protected of sponsored, case who the for true territory.” “national imaged the into territories imperial various claim etoki 87adwssnldotfrtehgetpas nUao’ eoto 83.SeSee . 1843 of report Uvarov’s in praise highest the for out singled was and 1837 in textbook January 17,2011). (accessed 317-330, (2008): 3 no. 15, d’Histoire Europeenne Revue History: of Review European empires,” “‘Official nationality’? A Reassesment of Count Sergei Uvarov’s Triad in the Context of Nationalism of Context the in Triad Uvarov’s Sergei 145. Politics,” Count of Reassesment A nationality’? “‘Official Ustrialov is one of the most important such authors. He was awarded the prize for the best Russian history Russian best the for prize the awarded was He authors. such important most the of one is Ustrialov Ibid., 319. Ibid. Ibid., 318. of Ibid., 317. role the c.1800-1914: integration, regional and “Nation-building Miller, Alexei and Berger Stefan The idea of developing nationalisms in the cores of empires is further developed by developed further is empires of cores the in nationalisms developing of idea The 117 discussed theme is moreThis in the next detailin chapter. y Fusing the perspectives offered by Seton-Watson, Anderson and Berger and Berger Seton-Watson, and by offered Anderson perspectives the Fusing 119 describe “imaging of imperial cores as national territories.” national as cores imperial of “imaging describe 116 to describe the states caught in this process. The authors The process. this in caught states the describe to 114

The authors believe that the empires create nation-states create empires the that believe authors The 33 Ausgleich of 1867 put the whole the put 1867 of 118 This definitely rings definitely This 115 They use the use They Miller,

CEU eTD Collection Mannheim's “distinction between the 'delusive' function of ideology and the 'debunking' the and ideology of function 'delusive' the between “distinction Mannheim's unity. Weltanschauungen view origin Uvarov.to Count include whether worth asking thinkers. Walicki's is it Therefore, extended be can programme research Thought, Russian history, intellectual Russian in works major it seehow in can order to direction theoretical this exploring worth is it Hence, Russia. nineteenth-century of thinkers Weltanschauungen to alluded Weltanschauungen 123 122 121 120 in Weltanschauungen, total of forms specific are hand, other the on Utopias, comprehensive. social and political “certain opinions.” to ideologies limiting Walicki, asserts not, are ideologies intertwined. functions these both utopia” of function Press, 1980). thought Press,Russian 1975). (Oxford: Clarendon Andrzej Walicki, A history of Russian thought : from the Enlightenment to Marxism (Oxford: Clarendon (Oxford: Marxism to Enlightenment the nineteenth-century from : in thought Russian utopia of history Walicki,A conservative Andrzej a of history : Controversy Slavophile The Walicki, Andrzej Ibid., 5. Walicki, Controversy, Slavophile The 1-4. 122 Walicki is interesting in his treating of Mannheim's received legacy. He criticises He legacy. received Mannheim's of treating his in interesting is Walicki is unit research basic his that stating by starts Walicki two his ideas, Although his and Walicki Uvarov to attention his of much direct not did explicitly has Walicki, Andrzej period, the of scholars authoritative most the of One

I deologies contain elements of Weltanschauungen, but they need not be total and total be not need they Weltanschauungen,but of elements contain deologies of the world, which he defines as “the phenomenon of collective consciousness.” collective of phenomenon “the as defines he which world, the of 121 a e caatrsd b hi dniibe hmgniy ad structural and homogeneity identifiable their by characterised be can 123

explore the usability of Mannheimian distinctions applied to Russian to applied distinctions Mannheimian of usability the explore on the grounds that those are ideal types, and real-life practices show practices real-life and types, ideal are those that grounds the on inform

and the work of sociologist Karl Mannheim in his work on work his in Mannheim Karl sociologist of work the and the present essay.the etncaugnWeltanschauungen

The Slavophile Controversy Slavophile The 34 and utopias are comprehensive, while comprehensive, are utopias and etncaug Weltanschauung, 120 and and A History of History A a social in social a

CEU eTD Collection reminding us of the fourth element ofthereference. reminding us fourth thus values',” 'Western to attitudes of terms in divisions ideological defined “which writes, Walicki age, the was this Moreover, two. the of account take to had latter the and nationality official Uvarov's to react to had systems both triangular: but bipolar not was fact, in the system, that understand to important is it opposition, an in currents intellectual two those see to customary been has it while that stresses He observation. work present the for important surro torelating the it continuum,” development specific a “within investigation under ideology any romanticism. conservative namely,Weltanschauung, conservative of version classic a of representatives as Slavophiles Enlightenment.” the of philosophy the rationalistic-individualistic and liberalism bourgeois to antagonistic thought-style certain “a as defines he which nature.their 128 127 126 125 function124 mediating the precisely perform to nobility of claim a implying as “mediation” of concept Montesquieu's interpreted Karamzin ideals. writer's famous the to contrary ran people, the to autocracy the of relationship nationality, direct one, more third a implied which the formula, Minister's the of elements two first the accept would latter the While program. Karamzin's to namely, opposition, visible less and important another notes also Walicki fraternity,” and equality, “liberty, of trinity revolutionary the to opposition conscious the Ibid., 9. Ibid., 8. Ibid., 6. Ibid., 63. Ibid., 10. Walicki Uvarov's aspect triad. ofthe certainimportant points to a also affirmingWhile In Weltanschauung, historical specific a as conservatism out singles further Walicki i niheig aayi f Saohls ad Wsensr Westernisers and Slavophiles of analysis enlightening his 124

u nding ofideas. context 126 In doing so, Walicki insists on the indispensability of placing of indispensability the on Walickiinsists so, doing In 35 128 125 Walicki identifies Russian identifies Walicki Walicki 127 which means which ae an makes

CEU eTD Collection nleta hc ora journal thick influential Shevyriev. and Pogodin of writings are sources main His privileges. noble political tradition advocating intellectual the with break the represented program, Nationality Official the of supporter privileges all replaces diploma university a and office state highest the to accesshas people of the man which 'a in system a was it that grounds “on the autocracy defended who serf,” a of “son a Pogodin, Mikhail of rise the than better promotion of system state. the running to came it when nobility of privileges special of claim any excluded which one the conservatism, modernised of kind a as I Nicholas of regime the for formulated ideology state WalickiUvarov's Thus, interprets nation. a to belonging all ideally, subjects, of promotion spectrum enriched societal an offering to education by through evolution social a against Empire the secure to attempt state. the within bureaucracy educated of role people, his and tsar the between Empire the within 133 132 131 130 129 to were scholars and writers national and laws, own its to subject was evolution Russia “authentic.” therefore Russia's and histories Western interpreting from different as terms in development Nationality historical Official the of elements key the identifies Walicki 1841-1856. in Shevyriev of collaboration close a with interpretation portrays both as fervent nationalists, which can be understood as a as understood be can which nationalists, fervent as both portrays interpretation supported. Karamzin wouldneverhave which 1 no. 16, d’histoire europeenne 27,2011). 125-149, (accessedMay (2009): Revue History: of Review European Russia,” nineteenth-century early in Comparative Studies in Society and History 4, no. 3 (2009): 257-258, (accessed May 27,2011). Studies 257-258, and Society (accessedMay in HistoryComparative 4,no.3(2009): See doctrine. Nationality Official the Walicki, A history of Russian thought : from the Enlightenment to Marxism, 110. Marxism, to Enlightenment the from : thought Russian of history A Walicki, Ibid., 47. Walicki, Controversy, Slavophile The 46. nobility, the of bureaucratisation of program a implemented consciously Uvarov sharply, more it put To reform of politics the and Karamzin Speranskii, Montesquieu, Victormonarchy: See true of Taki, search “In Walicki to a large extent neglects Uvarov in his analysis of the “Official Nationality.” “Official the of analysis his in Uvarov neglects extent large a Walicki to The Muscovite The Hans Rogger, “Nationalism and the State: A Russian Dilemma,” Russian A State: the and “Nationalism Rogger, Hans

( Moskvitianin 36 131 130 To Walicki's mind, nothing illustrates this illustrates nothing mind, Walicki's To Walicki sees in Uvarov's nationality as an as nationality Uvarov's in sees Walicki 129 while Uvarov put more emphasis on the on emphasis more put Uvarov while ): the journal was edited by Pogodin by edited was journal the ): 133 Judging from their contribution their from Judging B oth names are connected with an with connected are names oth ' .” 132 n antithesis of the spirit of spirit the of antithesis Pogodin, who was a was who Pogodin, Another interesting Another s ,

CEU eTD Collection is a notoriously tall order.” tall notoriously a is […] term the of uses historical different sharply the to denominator common a Finding beat. to difficult is which record a however, sets, “ideology” word The others. than bizarre more – fate their have words although that, said he when right certainly was Bauman Zygmunt thinking. Uvarov's into insights important for Ideology cultural one. notworld, buta definitely Western the of crisis political a suggest would writings Uvarov,whose from differed writers view). a such held notably,Plekhanov (most formula the of nature the about misconception this dispelling in important are methodology and contribution Walicki's Slavophiles. of teachings the with equated erroneously was Nationality Official one. spiritual a importantly, most civilisation, Western the of aspects many in decline notorious them. understand 136 135 134 H the of some that be well may It process. the in discarded be will ideology of concept the with associated meanings productive work. present the of purposes the for helpful be will What conventions. an is precisely term the define task. impossible to ideology, of notion the to ascribed have people that owever, this seems to be a reasonable price to pay for carving a workable understanding of understanding workable a carving for pay to price reasonable a be to seems owever,this 4-5. 4, vol. P.1904), Petersburg, M. (St. of Pogodin] works and M.P.life trudy [The i Barsukov,Pogodina Zhizn Stanford University Press,Stanford 1999), 109. Walicki, Controversy, Slavophile The 49-50. professor university the Pogodin of reminiscence a is This Zygmunt Bauman, “Excursus 1: Ideology in the Postmodern World,” in In search of politics (Stanford: politics of search In in World,” Postmodern the in Ideology 1: “Excursus Bauman, Zygmunt Closely connected to to Walicki's connected s Closely are approach I t is important to observe two things things observe two to important is t H 134 owever, ideology is real and drives and motivates people and shapes social shapes and people motivates and drives and real owever,is ideology is needed needed is ope ih ti nelcul ie Pgdn ad Seyiv sw a saw Shevyriev and Pogodin like intellectuals this with Coupled 136 It is true that due to an almost infinite multitude of meanings of multitude infinite almost an to due that true is It in this situation is to try to find find to try to is situation this in habent sua fata verba – – verba fata sua habent here 37 : firstly,: reason the is this tudies of of tudies by h uueSaohl aai.Samarin. Slavophile future the 135 Secondly, in this respect these respect this Secondly,in ideology, a a common denominator which denominator common “some words have a fate a have words “some which can also allow also can which why why the doctrine of doctrine the Nikolai

CEU eTD Collection subjective. Moreover, ideologists were accused of incorrectly understanding the means of means the understanding incorrectly of accused were ideologists Moreover, subjective. “ideologists,” by proclaimed ideas of sense the in understanding Ideology – writing its of time the at unpublished though – their in who Engels, Friedrich an of society.” stewards enlightened and “builders become to were who ideologists of importance crucial the into translated this terms practical in notices, However, astutely reasoning. Bauman human as in deviations and abuses any correct to meant was ideology Thus, ideas. become and minds their in formed rationally is know to get humans everything the contended, spirit Enlightenment with accordance full in thinkers Institut's as for, activities, human other on functions society. the organise rationally most to how on rulers enlightened the to functions consultative provide to speak, to so meant, was National de Tracy, Destutt certain a by century eighteenth Institut the French whose of end the towards a valuable concept. 140 139 138 137 elite.” enlightened the by claimed role changed the for legitimation ideology of notion the and explained, be to needed irrationality” of tide “rising the and discrepancy ideals and growing hopes Enlightenment between The etymologically. mean to supposed was it what from different false birth ideas.” andongiving goes to “which given has humanbut reality the that ideas the not was it life: to ideal societal Enlightenment the bringing Ibid., 110. Ibid., 109-110. Ibid., 116. Ibid., 111-112. The concept of ideology resurfaced in the 1920s, and with a meaning quite radically quite meaning a with and 1920s, the in resurfaced ideology of concept The coined was ideas,” of “sciences meaning “ideology,” word the that affirms Bauman abandoned the meaning of the term 'ideology' as 'science of ideas' in favour of its of favour in ideas' of 'science as 'ideology' term the of meaning the abandoned 138 According to Bauman, the crucial shift came with Karl Marx and Marx Karl with came shift crucial the Bauman, to According fee n epaain oehr wt “another with together explanation, an offered 38 137 Ideology was meant to perform watchdog perform to meant was Ideology and and 140 It was Karl Mannheim Karl was It the objective became objective the were to be changed, be to 139 German

CEU eTD Collection precondition of any cognitive process in the sense that it allows for a possibility of creating of possibility a for allows it that sense the in process cognitive any of precondition position, Geertz's of reminiscent highly heritage. Enlightenment its with breaks which one ideology,” conditioning. ofideological to some issubject form not everyone stand scrutiny; and ideology between two. the between distinctions important suggests, title its as provides, 1936, in English in and 1929 in byenlighteners. be guided did was Mannheim generalise What to to needed it devices, own its to left if error in stay would proletariat as Lukacs, to according working Western that consciousness,” “false of notion Lukacs's by influenced ofthis theunderstanding new prophet who would become 144 143 142 141 and imagined) they (which past the into envisaged) they (which future the projected they when even – implemented concertedly and actively be to projects as born were ideologies quo, status ofinformation. pieces frommeaningful unconnected patterns meaningful, to so construe them as to make it possible to act purposefully within them.” (emphasis mine.) (emphasis them.” within purposefully act to possible it make to as them construe so to meaningful, that concepts 1954). Ltd., Paul Kegan 1973), 218-220. 1973), Books, York: (New Basic cultures of interpretation The in system,” cultural a as “Ideology Geertz, Clifford “The function of ideology is to make an autonomous politics possible by providing the authoritative the providing by possible politics autonomous an make to is ideology of function “The IdeologyBauman, “Excursus1: the Postmodern in World,” 118. & Routledge (London: knowledge of sociology the to introduction an : utopia and Ideology Mannheim, Karl Ibid. Bauman rightly contends that “all ideologies were born of non-acceptance of the of non-acceptance of born were ideologies “all that contends rightly Bauman of concept “positive the is today credibility gained has what that asserts Bauman work seminal his in Mannheim, Karl been having ideology of vision his elaborated asserts, Baumann as Mannheim, 142 Mannheim point Mannheim and above all from disbelief in reality's own capacity for rectification. All rectification. for capacity own reality's in disbelief from all above and render it meaningful; it render

class did not behave in the way Marx had predicted it would. Thus, would. it predicted had Marx way the in behave not did class social science, science, social s out that the ultimately based in Marx's writing distinction writing Marx's in based ultimately the that out ” “ ”

ideologies […] render otherwise incomprehensible social situations social incomprehensible otherwise render […] ideologies where the latter was meant meant was latter the where 144 “ideology” is a cognitive frame which in itself is a is itself in which frame cognitive a is “ideology” Ideology and Utopia, and Ideology 39 141 initially created to explain the fact the explain to created initially of ideology. 143 from from nti edn,reading, this In first published in German in published first to dispel dispel to this principle. this principle. the former, former, the which is which does

CEU eTD Collection to ideology of classical modernity.to ofclassical ideology returned and analysis brilliant Bauman's left we time high is it but provoking, is thought The itself. questioning stopped that society the as understood be might ideology,” which of end studio. et ira sine them, describe thancan we doiscalmly all outside isnothing ideologies, ifno dilemma: there is there that is ideology understood “positively” the of dilemma view,ultimate of the that and point classical a from oxymoron an is which project,” a without “ideology an as be understood might ideology contemporary that contends he notably, Most ideology. of field the to modern restoring mere was he which affairs of state quasi-eternal the on insisted he yet reformer, conscious and obvious an was he case: Uvarov's to pertinent highly especially restoration.” a as reform the and return, a as novelty the portrayed 148 147 146 145 that affirms Zorin thinking, post-Mannhemian on as well ideas as the Mannheim, Karl on by case extolled his Building study. present the to interest of is framework theoretical however, question; history,hisin cultural precisely,era more of the field and, of the literature of question the address centuries XIX the of third first the - XVIII the of third last the in Russia in ideology state and literature eagle: two-headed the Feeding Zorin, Ibid., 125-126. IdeologyBauman, “Excursus1: the Postmodern in World,” 125. Zorin, Kormia dvuglavogo orla.Zorin, Kormia dvuglavogo Ibid., 126-127. A relatively recent book on the subject was published in Russian in 2001 by Andrei by 2001 in Russian in published was subject the on book recent relatively A late of changes the that implications the with himself concerns further Bauman whose ideas have already been explored in the present study. The book is titles is book The study. present the in explored been already have ideas whose (or, in his terminology, “liquid modern,” or rather simply postmodern) world brought world postmodern) simply rather terminology,or (or,modern,” his in “liquid with his formula. hisformula. with 146 He goes on to ponder whether the future society will be the one of “the of one the be will society future the whether ponder to on goes He ideology of autocracy. Zorin's concerns and sources lie primarily in primarily lie sources and concerns Zorin's autocracy. of ideology . 148 40 The book is intended, first and foremost, to foremost, and first intended, is book The 145 yrafrigreaffirming ly This elucidation seems elucidation This and thus and 147

CEU eTD Collection understood as a trope, a metaphor? All things considered, the answer, perhaps, is no, but a but no, is perhaps, answer, the considered, things All metaphor? a trope, a as understood basic its on consensus minimal a metaphors. least at found be can state there a if familiar: viable be already can is ideology that fashion the in answers Zorin particular, ideologies? into state translated namely, be this can how But ideology. and literature between namely, connection: theoretical agenda research his for important an makes Zorin speech, of figures the on life. social and language insist in trope the of who primacy philosophers, and linguists by backed is proposition This ideologies. of core hard the fact, in are, texts, enliven that tropes as simply them treat to predisposition a of out neglected been times at have which and texts ideologically-oriented so in are abundant which speech, of figures rhetorical that idea the stresses Zorin footsteps, Geertz's sense. common or art science, as itself present to tries it when it unmask and future, and present, past, interpreting “objectively” on dispel pretension to ideology's is which of role the “science,” to opposition its in understood often is ideology 151 150 149 Rias Nicholas to belongs doctrine fully seemstolegitimate. be agenda the research way, this a in Formulated ideology. state around of concepts basic centred of – thereof be lack a or would – consensus formula Uvarov's of analysis the light, this In substitution. of paradigm whole the bringing “concepts,” for “metaphors” Zorin's substitute to possible be to seems It here. introduced be to needs caveat first edition 1975; George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, Metaphors we live by (Chicago: University of Chicago of University (Chicago: by live we Metaphors Johnson, Mark George Lakoffand 1975; edition first Press, 1980). Cf. Paul Ricœur, The rule of metaphor : the creation of meaning in language (London: Routledge, 2003), Routledge, (London: language in meaning of creation the : metaphor of rule The Ricœur, Paul Cf. Ibid., 18. Zorin, Kormia dvuglavogo orla,Zorin, Kormia27. dvuglavogo A be formula Uvarov's can question: provocative a raises apparatus theoretical Zorin's special place in the string of researchers of the the of researchers of string the in place special 151

a osy i prah t h ujc s overarching: is subject the to approach His novsky. 41 150 Through this broadened understanding of understanding broadened this Through erfseciheBegriffsgeschichte ideology of the the of ideology 149 Moreover, following in following Moreover, no pa ih this with play into Official Nationality Official

CEU eTD Collection pronouncements. It is hardly conceivable that historians would take upon upon themselves a themselves upon upon take would historians that conceivable hardly is It pronouncements. more a for phenomenon. complex ofthis examination comprehensive called and talk” empty or propaganda mere being Official from that “far fact was the Nationality to pointed who scholarship English-language the in historian first a deeds himself. tsar and regime the of people, explained consistently study, and his of point central the ideology nature made Riasanovsky doctrinaire extremely the to admitted yet and interest” “practical of terms in politics Nicholas's explain to tried that scholarship in existed than andOfficial richer more complex Nationality.” incomparably was I Nicholas of Russia “the that acknowledges he although doctrine, this 1855 Riasanovsky regime, Nicholas's of marrow and pith the with Nationality Official of doctrine the equating 156 155 154 153 152 work two-volume monumental whose Wortman, Richard to yieldingapproach. rich and importan the on emphasis stagnation” impose and growth freeze to decades, three for attempt, “an as Official identify Nationality to literature, in shown stupidity,” and “ridiculousness of terms in policies certain judge to task Ibid., 267. Ibid., vii. Riasanovsky, official I and Nicholas nationality 1825-1855. Russia, in Ibid., 270. Ibid., 268. 152

Last but not least, a least, not but Last True, had that inconsistencies out pointing in was achievements main Riasanovsky's of One nd ideas in terms of this ideology. this of terms in ideas nd talks about Nicholas himself, the men, ideas, home and even foreign policy related to related policy foreign even and home ideas, men, the himself, Nicholas about talks in his monumental classic classic monumental his in isnvk' rtn a eoe smwa udtd i tl n certain and style in outdated somewhat become has writing Riasanovsky's ce special place in scholarship of the ideology of the period belongs period the of ideology the of scholarship in place special of the ideology of Official Nationality has proven to be a very a be to proven has Nationality Official of ideology the of 156 would be plainly wrong. However, the great scholar's great the However, wrong. plainly be would Nicholas I and Official Nationality in Russia, 1825- Russia, in Nationality Official and I Nicholas Above all, Nicholas Riasanovsky was, perhaps, the perhaps, was, Riasanovsky Nicholas all, Above 42 153

154

Scenarios of Power: Power: of Scenarios 155 and, as it has been has it as and, Myth and Myth

CEU eTD Collection to the whole nation. The dynastic scenario also introduced a continuity between the reigns as reigns the between continuity a introduced also scenario dynastic The nation. whole the to father” and caring husband loving “image of the transferred he as Empire, of the history the this introduce scenario. in Fedorovnaorder played to dowager empressMaria the in transformation a such of source people.” Russian the and state Russian ofthe French bringing equality the as understood be could which before, been had they than mortal more became monarchs new a for search in nation the of idea the to turning monarchies by followed logically was which monarchies, of desacralisation of process ongoing the particular, in factors, many by conditioned was new, This scenario. a dynastic inaugurated I Nicholas of reign particular,the rule. In its legitimised which the monarchy discoursescenariosRussian with identifies certain Monarchy Russian Ceremonyin 161 160 159 158 157 rather,ones, or European Russian, distinctly from as distinct legitimacy and polity his fashion reigns. the since. between breaks ever complete emphasised manifestos) hand, other the ascension on monarchy, in eighteenth-century particular, (in emphasised be to element an ain n ainls ic 70: porme yh elt, 2d e. (abig K Cambridge Nicholas I,of 1:249. UK: (Cambridge ed. 2nd reality, myth, programme, : foundation.” 1992), 84. University Press, 1780 'national' since supplementary nationalism “a and process Nations whole the dubbed who Hobsbawm, Ibid., 1:247-254. death the to Great the Peter monarchy. From Russian in ceremony and myth power: of Wortman, Scenarios Eric by that in followed is he claim; similar a made also has Anderson Benedict shown, been has it As Ibid., 1:267. Ibid., 1:254. 161 Wortman identifies the Decembrist rebellion as the first event that forced Nicholas to Nicholas forced that event first the as rebellion Decembrist the Wortman identifies in transformative as I Nicholas of reign the see to us allows Wortman'smethodology the of destinies “historical equalled dynasty the claims, Wortman as I, Nicholas For a a loss of legitimacy in the eyes of some. some. of eyes the in legitimacy of loss has become a classic in its field. its in classic a become has

revolution more admissible to traditional polities. traditional more admissibleto revolution meilimperial 158 Wortman, in almost a Freudian turn, finds the finds turn, Freudian a almost in Wortman, 43 family, more precisely, in the role that the that role the in precisely, more family, one

In this work, the researcher the work, this In . 157 This, in turn, turn, in This, In a sense, European sense, a In 159 Eric Hobsbawm, Eric led to the to led T he 160

CEU eTD Collection Russian custom.” century,nineteenth the affirms Wortman, ancient “an as imagined be to became triple bow the soul, national Russian the of Muscovy.” expression since existed had that people and tsar an between bond a displaying as understood be to came It Moscow. to visits subsequent during and coronation the at both performed repertoire, tsarist the in fixed ceremony a […] became 1826, 22, August on Staircase Red the from people the to made Nicholas bow triple “the and procedure, the of agent active an as people” “the involve to one first the was It one. “national” first the was coronation Nicholas' how shows conclusively the insurgentsfashioned over histriumph Russian spirit.” ofthe triumph national “the as be political the that themselves, implant to ground no have could ideas revolutionary extent the to different shown be to had nobility Empire the Russian corrupted The and stemmed. permeated that ideas revolutionary the all whence was it for 166 165 164 163 162 later only and distinctiveness, Russian emphasise firstly would country, reign European Nicholas's her in insisted II Catherine while tradition: eighteenth-century the with break the sealed Nationality Official of conception the that effect Uvarov. Count Minister, his by provided en Life forTsar,Life the the Save “God Tsar,” national anthem, Constantine of Thon, the architecture church opera” national “a and of Nicholas I,of 1:380-381. It has to be stated that Wortman is more interested in analysis of works of such exemplars of nationality as nationality of exemplars such of works of analysis in interested Wortmanmore that is stated be to has It Ibid., 1:292. Ibid., 1:280. Ibid., 1:266. Wortman, Scenarios of power: myth and ceremony in Russian monarchy. From Peter the Great to the death the to Great the Peter monarchy. From Russian in ceremony and myth power: of Wortman, Scenarios seen as anti-European, Asiatic and/or barbarian barbarian and/or Asiatic anti-European, as seen admit Following in Rias in Following partly was which ideology, Russian a needed tsar” “Russian the enough, Obviously it particular, in claims; Anderson's Benedict of many validates analysis Wortman's selective kinship between Russiaand Europe. kinship between selective written byGlinka. 164 a novsky's footsteps, Wortman defines nationality as “the Russian “the as nationality defines Wortman footsteps, novsky's 165 Wortman makes an important observation to the to observation important an makes Wortman 44 ntuto Instruction was also to be avoided. be to also was 166 that Russia is first and foremost a foremost and first is Russia that and and yet yet the other extreme of extreme other the 163 Thus, Nicholas Thus, By the end of end the By 162 A

CEU eTD Collection understand the specificity ofthe ofnationality. concept specificity understand the to this with and myth imperial the in elements national the see to us allow analysis acute and more Wortman's Uvarov.methodologyNevertheless, count of the deeds and writings all the from evident is it and I, Nicholas of reign the during present also was Europe with unity the – coin the of side other the However, discourse. imperial the in national the of advent the depicting phenomena prominent most the on Wortmanconcentrated analysis his in bias: of pattern Empire Russian reign. previous the the with breaking of characteristic more the and to standards, revert dynastic would Russian II to Alexander exception an of something be to proved day the of end the at To polities. reign European Nicholas's and him, Russian the of incommensurability sameto ills. the one European the from distinctive was people Russian the with tsar Russian the of relationship overall and unity the that idea the was that of offshoot practical devotion.” that of power unique and incomparable the and tsar the to devotion people's 168 167 Ibid., 1:417. Ibid., 1:381. thst esi hti aywy ota vrttstedge degree the overstates Wortman ways many in that said be to has It 168 His neglect of Uvarov in this respect partly explains this explains partly respect this in Uvarov of neglect His 45 and therefore not subject not therefore of perceived of 167 The

CEU eTD Collection n ieayscin ftethe of sections literary and the running of details this uncoveredtext. from can be what see us Let Public part. took probably most himself Minister the which for in authorship collective Ministry the of Journal the in Enlightenment.” collaborating those for Rules printed and Journal the of continuation the about announcement Enlightenment, Public for Ministry the of Journal the of office editing the creating concerning statute “The titled is and 1833 from the the of editor first the Serbinovich, Konstantin in found together) kept documents of set a precisely, (more document the establishing 169 statute the Moreover, Minister.” the are to reports cases These dubious in who newspapers. editor the by reviewed and magazines foreign from chosen or articles professors with by filled are submitted 6 5, 4, 2, “sections that states provision special A fields. various home. at and abroad published magazines literary German and English the French, review to of supposed were people three materials and section), dubious with help to supposed was editor the parts; respective Chapter Narodnogo Prosveshcheniya‘ [The statute concerning creating the editing office of the Journal of the of Journal the of ’Rules office printed and Journal the editing of Ministerstva continuation the the about announcement ’Zhurnala Enlightenment, creating Public for Ministry trudakh concerning v statute uchastvuyushchikh [The dlia Prosveshcheniya‘ Narodnogo ‘Pravila pechatnye i zhurnala vozobnovlenii for those collaborating in the Journal of the Ministry for Public Enlightenment"]”, 1833, collection 1661, collection 1833, Enlightenment"]”, Public 245,RGIA.bundle 1,item for Ministry the of Journal the in collaborating those for “Polozhenie ob organizatsii redaktsii ‘Zhurnala Ministerstva Narodnogo Prosveshcheniya’, obyavlenie o obyavlenie Prosveshcheniya’, Narodnogo Ministerstva ‘Zhurnala redaktsii organizatsii ob “Polozhenie The first section is meant to be for internal usage and deals with the dealsminute procedural with be forinternal usageand to ismeant first section The re- in particular in Uvarov Count and general in Ministry the of intentions The 2 . . A 169 Journal Journal

D It does not bear any particular signature, which allows us to suppose to us allows which signature, particular any bear not does It irect Journal. Journal. can be uncovered on the basis of archival materials. In particular, a particular, In materials. archival of basis the on uncovered be can D ora Journal iscourse iscourse R Two people were made responsible for, respectively, official respectively, for, responsible made were people Two A ationale for the separate set of reviewers was named to assess books in books assess to named was reviewers of set separate (more precisely, they received materials sent to their to sent materials received they precisely, (more from 46 Journal, Journal, the G Journal is very helpful in this respect. It dates It respect. this in helpful very is overnment overnment tothe collection P eople: of a

CEU eTD Collection with a generous sum of 50 to 200 roubles, while translations were to be “remunerated at discretion.” “remunerated be to were translations while roubles, 200 to 50 of sum generous a with professors the to submitted and written specifically print. ofthe periodical wasRussian be the flagman to hiscreation that meant clearly himself).Minister the for one copy (and family imperial the to and four tsar written they when provide wereneeded. dispute answers and governmental the under the Minister, still the by yet done supervision and outside the from intellectuals engaging journal: publishing. reserved 173 172 171 170 nomination signed typically tsar subsection.) The second (the Ministry the or subsection) first (the himself tsar the from coming nature legal of documents printed Government” of “actions title its from evident is as section, first the particular, In connection. scientific of kind any education concerning edicts highest the sections, six into divided comprehensive: were 1834 1, January, the Ibid., 4. Ibid., 2-4. Ibid., 5. Ibid. Journal Journal The Ministry's original plans weregrand. Ministry'sThe original continuation of the announcement about The the to contribute to incentive financial was also There the of importance The to ensure that that ensure to h the published there there published 170 172 stated that the official goal was to publish one edition every month, starting on starting month, every edition one publish to was goal official the that stated These provisions, taken as a whole, can be seen as the key to success of the of success to key the as seen be can whole, a as taken provisions, These

last 173 od fr Uao, wo ws t eiw te ls rne' ro before proof printer's last the review to was who Uvarov, for word (in the end, the the end, the (in out of the best prints the best copy should be submitted directly to the to directly submitted be should copy best the prints best the of out were to be remunerated, on the basis of the the of basis the on remunerated, be to were Journal Journal Journal Journal and science in the Empire Empire the in science and can be seen from the fact fact the from seen be can ora Journal ora,Journal, printed four stable issues per year). Its contents Its year). per issues stable four printed 47 was a live forum and could easily invite a invite easily could and forum live a was swl a as well as Journal covered everything from the from everything covered to minute events which had which events minute to that that x fii officio ex a special provision was provision special a ora:Journal: size 171 of of etrsb full by lectures

B a a y this Uvarov y this vr article every publication,

CEU eTD Collection cec n Rsi te tid scin n bod (h orh scin. h it section, fifth The of progress “the to section). dedicated specifically was education” civic and enlightenment fourth of “history (the abroad and section) third (the Russia in science work. this in undertaken analysis for part main the form section this from materials why reason this to precisely the is this and here, submitted were debates section. ideological the to contributions major All submitted were contributions major the all and interpretation, possible art.” of state contemporary ( benefit ( Fatherland the of tongue the literature, history, pedagogy, teachings, moral law, philosophy, religion, concerning articles translated and “original include to were there published be to materials the that stated arts” ministry the while universities, and with matters itself concerned districts whole to related matters offices, high to 175 174 and professors university full from materials high: was entry of level undertaking. The daring a such in engage to wanted Ministry the grounds what on and how whom, precisely know Enlighten Public for Ministry the of Journal and the like. findings publications, gatherings, educative events, or scholarly minor concerning notes small with filled was miscellanea,” and “news entitled field.” this in excelled “who people of biographies to as well as Russia,” in especially and countries developed in education civic and enlightenment Ibid., 6. Ibid., 5-6. The very same document presents the “Rules for those engaging in the work of the of work the in engaging those for “Rules the presents document same very The and learning of institution with respectively, dealt, section fourth the and third The and sciences “Humanities, entitled section, second intended the of description The bhplzyh znanii obshepoleznykh 174 of lesserimportance As it can be seen, this section was available for the broadest the for available was section this seen, be can it As otechestvennogo yazyka otechestvennogo ; rves o itr f dfeet sine n their and sciences different of history of reviews ); 48 ment. . ” From this interesting section we get to get we section interesting this From ” ) and other knowledge for common for knowledge other and ) 175 Finally, the last, sixth section, sixth last, the Finally,

CEU eTD Collection stating that, while the Ministry had always been publishing a journal under different names, different under journal a publishing been always had Ministry the while that, stating journal a of publishing the title “Concerning the under document the of section third The component. ideological its to on moves and Petersburg St. in roubles author to forimproving. the orreturned other journals the for fit judged not were that items The etc. news, found antiquities, localities, their in phenomena physical interesting about notes E send Europe.” to encouraged in discovered being are that view of points all from described allow, circumstances that extent the to and, spirit, contemporary a “in article, an of in not the be published whichcould a“without piece quality essential an was Clarity science. in advancements and discoveries new Europe,” in status contemporary [science's] its of “reviews on remark special a with and history describing contributions encouraged ministry so especially and welcome, were adjuncts 177 176 does who everybody for necessity a become has journals of indicator,“reading telling a been has trade journal and book of rate growing the phenomenon which for booming, are states neighbouring with contacts political and trade multiplying with coupled education, public ( activity” “mental and in general education since all, of first follows: as are this for reasons The lines. subsequent from learn we as doubted,” be “cannot publication a such for necessity a since affairs, of state sour a was however, This, printed. was publication no 1829 in editor last the of off laying after through). While this might be a simple mistake, it can also point to a confusion that arose out of different of out arose that confusion a to point also can it mistake, simple a be might this While through). and universities of adjunct and professors names for institutions theeducational Russian names various within Ibid. system. ti neetn ont eti ofso ntrs h rgnltx as“h “The says text original The terms. in confusion certain a note to interesting is It Ibid., 6-8. After briefly mentioning financial matters (for instance, the price for an issue of of issue an for price the instance, (for matters financial mentioning briefly After hryfv thirty-five umstvennaya deyatel'nost' umstvennaya

higher educational institutions” educational higher at the Ministry of Public Enlightenment” starts with starts Enlightenment” Public of Ministry the at in every other city of the Empire), the documents the Empire), the of city other every in 49 in the second and the fourth sections. fourth the and second the in Journal. 177 ) stemming from the successes of successes the from stemming ) current status of various sciences various of status current uaos o oe ees were levels lower of ducators ” ” to be written articleswere The Journal Journal ( h attrewrswords three last the ora Journal were either sent to sent either were welcomes full welcomes 176 stricken thirty The

CEU eTD Collection according to it.” to according lives their lived persons private and officials both and authority, the and subjects between relations direct established firmly reign, [her] of whole the during subject every of way the than less latter.” the for pleasant and correct more “is article, the continues People,” “A the to Government. Government the the from from discourse direct not articles of basis the on opinions erroneous form to likely were they rumours.” false and travellers of stories on themselves basing only superiors their of deeds and Government the of spirit the on judgements form they and establishments, educational their from graduated they when have to used they level the behind lag even but Enlightenment, of developments Th those for so especially who class educating the for burning more even was laypeople, for knowledge.” acquiring in contemporaries behind lag to want not 181 180 179 178 who educators the to down information sends Government infallible the established: is trustworthiness and loyalty of hierarchy certain Aspirit. “correct” the in youth the influence will turn in who educators, the to communicated directly be will message its for function, clearly o ensued) nor was the text read outside small circles in Moscow. Thus, the comparison is hardly factually hardly is comparison See here. important the more is view, which of point Thus, ideological Moscow. the from matter not in does this although circles correct, small outside read text the was nor ensued) acts new certain of introduction the (although created was code legal new a neither value: practical little had Montesquieu's of compilation This one. modern more a with code law outdated the replace to was task main whose Commission Legislative a for guide a be to meant was which 1766-67 in East European Review 76, no. 4 (October 1,1998): 658-671. Review 76,no.4(October East European and Slavonic The Montesquieu,” to Debt II’s Literary Catherine ‘Nakaz’: the of Spirit W. “The Garethjones, Ibid., 11-12. The text that is evoked here is is here evoked is that text 11-12.The Ibid., Ibid., 11. Ibid., 10-11. Ibid., 10. se people “can spend there ten or even twenty years and not only cannot they follow they cannot only not and years twenty even or ten there spend “can people se is The Instruction, Instruction, The the Ministry for Public Enlightenment that should be entrusted with a similar a with entrusted be should that Enlightenment Public for Ministry the 181 Having established the highest continuity possible, the authors state that is that state authors the possible, continuity highest the established Having 179 Even if these people read journals published by third private parties, private third by published journals read people these if Even

who performed their educative duties duties educative their performed who a work by Catherine II, which, according to the document, “guided document, the to according which, II, Catherine by work a The Instruction, Instruction, The 50 180 or or A new journal is compared to nothing to compared is journal new A Nakaz, Nakaz, in remote corners of the Empire. the of corners remote in a document that Catherine II penned II Catherine that document a 178 Such a necessity, obvious a Such L'esprit des lois des L'esprit taught stemming h ot,youth, the , ironically, , directly and

CEU eTD Collection acceptance of one's fate and place, together with loyalty to the throne and the existing order existing the and throne the to loyalty with together place, and fate one's of acceptance Orthodox the with good common French the for work its for call the of in merger this However, version. especially Enlightenment, of tenets original the of many with away broke program Uvarov's description, this from evident quite is As task. this performing in weapon main Ministry's the be would minds” readers' of “guidance the while Enlightenment, the of lot.” their with content be to them convincing time same the at themselves, and good common the towards actions beneficial towards person] [the guide would agitation of spirit the arousing “without society.” civil the in earth, on place present their and correct Heaven towards duties present The their person] each readers. [to “show to and meant is Enlightenment authors public, thinking and reading of the numbers of multiplying help the with Empire Russian the in spread the communicate would teachers.” influenceoftheir stay under the will their“who always message to pupils turn in who publications,” outside by astray led be not “would 183 ready a and 182 morals beliefs, Religious write.” to what and how instruct not and books prohibit only “can censure the that states also it duties, Ministry's of part also was censure the spirit conditions the and them, saw Uvarov as moment, the of necessities the between compromise rather feasible a form to attempt an here see we Moreover, above. from came effort enlightening every almost where county a in Enlightenment for case special another as valid seen be can Ibid., 12-13. oborganizatsii“Polozhenie 12. redaktsii...,” that can be characterised be characterised can that The Ministry defended a proactive position: while the document acknowledges that acknowledges document the while position: proactive a defended Ministry The to wants Ministry the “Enlightenment” of kind what defines further document The sine qua non non qua sine 183 The chief task of the Ministry was seen as the need to spread such a version a such spread to need the as seen was Ministry the of task chief The of autocracy: much of the preamble of the document is written in the in written is document the of preamble the of much autocracy: of as as a call to at least head a process that cannot be stopped. that process be cannot athead a least a to call 51 T his would be the Enlightenment that Enlightenment the be would his ora:Journal: t ws nt aot simply about not was it 182

CEU eTD Collection “where Russia is equal to Europe, what is still left to borrow (for the light of sciences should sciences of light the (for borrow to left still is what Europe, to equal is Russia “where show would it Europe, in on going processes same supposedly the of accounts providing and, of every to patriot,” heart “dear enlightenment, understood would spread this specifically cunning. the and Thus,the malevolent the from it to save meant and is enlightenment correct the defines which religion, by enlightened tsardom, the with unity essential its is it nationality. of mentioning special no is there andandHowever, unnamed present is nation the throne true their seeonthe touched, trust wherepeople, ever find Tsar, and Friend?” Father they will For insolent. the of strivings the crush will justice with mercy and sternness with mildness of combination happy a employing power, highest the of might the while Religion, of light the by enlightened mind a with passions with darkened mind a counter to reason; articles written “cunningly their and beings malevolent of that.” urgesthesedocument becausecounter The todangerous more the all are who and capabilities intellectual lacking not “are hand, other the on who, people,” amoral less or “more of workings the to due shaky become slowly all authority to submission 185 everything collect to 184 his how between know in scientists, reading and writers the with divide touch to in able be subordinates, be and himself much read should editor perfectly tongue mother the knowing and taste good with gifted thoughts, in reliable person, active “an asserts, document the as requires, office This enterprise. whole the for acceptable. Uvarov, of stance pro-European a of example nations all for common be Ibid., 14-15. Ibid., 13-14. A special emphasis is put on the person of the editor, since he is described as crucial as described is he since editor, the of person the on put is emphasis special A left is itself triad the although here, present are triad famous the of elements the All ) , and in what what in and , … […] not with persecution, but with convincing powers of powers convincing with but persecution, with not [ … ] foreign lands can envy her.” envy can lands foreign 52 framed in words that would be officially be would that words in 185 This is one more one is This Journal [ … ] the 184

CEU eTD Collection boost the importance and competitive advantages of the the of advantages competitive and importance the boost humanity.” the towards benevolence and love creator, a the towards gratitude of with it fill duties and heart the warm general and feed Christian, describing to oneself confine to discourses, dogmatic into entering accordingly it used way instrumental an in religion upon looked Uvarov that suspicion the confirms again yet treated be to were publications religion-oriented the way The salient. are points certain in Russianlanguage. ofscientific publications development the of one that evident is it rate, any At preached. he what practised himself he extent which to unclear is it although German), and (mostly French languages foreign in think and write to tendency the revert to desire a expressed himself, writer prudence.” and caution with them use but times, the of interest the with breathe that books spot instantly … and noteworthy 190 189 188 187 186 self-repaying only not be to supposed was project the Initially materials. archival later from journals.private over advantage an it give to not meant was books, this needed; prohibited if authors and from titles their places mentioning acceptable publish to right the use should Ministry A is be, telling it mistakethat it one. might a highlighting. typographic of means other and spacing using even sometimes and capital a with spelt is name unbeliever. a complete was Uvarov 141. Politics,” Nationalism Spelt without a capital letter, which is even more strange in a text where almost every important concept or concept important every almost where text a in strange more even is which letter, capital a without Spelt See Ibid., 17. Ibid., 22. oborganizatsii“Polozhenie 21. redaktsii...,” Miller, “‘Official nationality’? A Reassesment of Count Sergei Uvarov’s Triad in the Context of Context the in Triad Uvarov’s Sergei Count of Reassesment A nationality’? “‘Official Miller, As it usually happens, the financial side of the matter was miscalculated, as is evident is as miscalculated, was matter the of side financial the happens, usually it As the in accepted be to are that materials the about discussion following the In and preferably a recognisable one recognisable a preferably and 190 . 187 “[It is necessary],” claims the document, “in articles about religion, not religion, about articles “in document, the claims necessary],” is “[It This is not to remind the reader again about Soloviev's remark to the effect that effect the to remark Soloviev's about again reader the remind to not is This 186 It would be even better if the editor happened to be be to happened editor the if better even be would It 53 189 . It is clear form these passages that Uvarov that passages these form clear is It . Among other notable provisions meant to meant provisions notable other Among ora' Journal's Journal objectives was to foster the foster to was objectives was the suggestion that the that suggestion the was 188 and with and Journal and a

CEU eTD Collection presumably from Uvarov himself) states “I understand it that the publishing should start from start should publishing the that it understand “I states himself) Uvarov from presumably but signature a (without addition pencil for. A wait to nothing was there doubt, any beyond to it However,as it. on more even or roubles thousand hundred two or one spend to were Government the if even out carried be should way correct the in subjects empire's of view, of point actionsfinancial andthe minds to direct is goal whose an undertaking such that wasa receive generoussumof3000roubles. editor the to first instance, for remuneration: as redistributed be to meant was rest The roubles. 10000 of level the at be to supposed were expenses the while roubles, 28000 yield to supposed was year per roubles forty of nowadays” price magazine “average the against weighed copies hundred four. universities and three lyceums two, copy,ones one provincial buy to schools district oblige to logical as seen was it subscription, a buying were levels all of institutions educational which for magazines and newspapers the As profitable. also but etwe etist mgn rprncefrtethe for 191 niche proper a imagine to tries he when best Uvarov's is document this from his at is side practical his emerges market; journal the in competition existing the of acknowledgement also What it. behind planning and thinking the of life long very a and convincing are arguments his practical, utterly is he this, In it. sees he as “Enlightenment” of development progressive the to guide wants rather but censure and measures on restrictive rely to want notdoes clearly year.January ofthat 1834.” January, 1, cost nothing and the utility and necessity of such are project ha project are such of necessity and utility the and nothing cost Ibid., 23-29. A fairly liberal in spirit and pragmatical picture emerges from this document. Uvarov document. this from emerges picture pragmatical and spirit in liberal Afairly from argument winning last the of way a in states, document the of passage last The 191 Which, as a matter of fact, happened: the first issue went out of print in print of out went issue first the happened: fact, of matter a as Which, ora Journal a upsd t elc te non-governmental other replace to supposed was T hus, an overall obligatory circulation of seven of circulation obligatory overall an hus, 54 Journal Journal ora,Journal, is the best proof of the correct the of proof best the is an enterprise in which he which in enterprise an d been supposedly proven supposedly been was supposed was

CEU eTD Collection ny oe caatrsi xeto: Uao eue o ct dw h oue o of volume the down cut to refused Uvarov exception: characteristic one only with accepted former the which Enlightenment, Public of Department the by Minister the to proposed measures the describes document The economical. more least at or profitable more of expenses the of publishing the make to down measures proposes specifically cutting Journal” the publishing “Concerning entitled 1839 from document a instance, For supposed. had Ministry the that activity profitable less much be to out turned scale, big a a Publishing enterprise. whole the largeof a part constitute would the for paper buying including details, minute the to (up matters financial managing them. achieve to how about ideas formulated clearly time same the and at and continuities goals informed important ideologically ideologically definitions, and formulations ideological here this Thus, planning. essential We ideological. find the and administrative the in sides: his both from Uvarov shows document correct was Uvarov bright, so not horizons and hoped financial initially had Uvarov as broad as not was readership the Although succeeded. 192 the with persons “different to nine and hundred one and Uvarov to went copy one family; imperial the to six and tsar the to directly copies certain two charge: of a free distributed was amount copies these of Out silver. in kopecks seventy-one roubles three thirty for sold were which printed, were copies hundred two thousand one instance, for 1840, In distributed. office contributions. the oftheir amount to according remunerate them but printed were that maps and appendices the alongside of number the reduce to agreed he However, Journal]”, 1839, collection 742, bundle 1, item 6,RGIA. 742,bundle 1,item Journal]”, 1839,collection “O sokrashchenii izderzhek po izdaniiu Zhurnala [Concerning cutting down the expenses of publishing the publishing of expenses the down cutting [Concerning Zhurnala izdaniiu po izderzhek sokrashchenii “O bif lo t aohr dcmn document another at look brief A that stated be should It here. remarks practical of couple a add to possible is It Journal , as well as not to pay salary to the people not directly employed in the in employed directly not people the to salary pay to not as well as , 55 hw shows o h ois o h the of copies the how Journal, Journal, 192 especially on such on especially ora Journal Journal Journal issues were ) .

CEU eTD Collection copy and eighteen werelost. copy and eighteen one and hundred two possessed bookshop certain a written was document the when moment subscription. the bought people seven and the At hundred one and copies, thirty-four persons) private to sold (and bought commissioners three Ministry, the to related directly institutions educational the to sold were thirty-two hundred six sold: was rest The seventy-six. hundred publications. periodical other for exchanged were sixty-nine office and forty-nine, editing the received of and workers Ministry the of functionaries copies, forty received libraries public Provincial approval.” Minister's 193 1841, collection 742,bundle 1,item1841, collection 10,RGIA. it]”, for used was that paper the and 1840 year the for Journal the of copies sent of number the [Concerning “O chisle razoslannykh ekzempliarov Zhurnala za 1840 god i ob upotreblennoi na izdaniie ego bumage ego izdaniie na upotreblennoi ob i god 1840 za Zhurnala ekzempliarov razoslannykh chisle “O 193 T he total number of copies given away gratis was two was gratis away given copies of number total he 56

CEU eTD Collection hrfr, I eaie cnrbtos i ieay ciiim itr, lw igitc and linguistics law, I highlighted. they nationality history, of aspect particular which criticism, understand to order in literary philosophy in contributions examine I therefore, fields; various in publications by probed were nationality of concept vague the of borders this to concept. components discouraged and encouraged the were what see will we publications governmental-approved the exploring By one. contested a contrary, the on but, static not was that concept a of understanding better a gain will we – one governmental the case this in his – debate public of ongoing sector one by examining Indeed, supervision. and patronage direct under printed were that materials the examining by programme his of understanding the of culture fuller a gain may we journal following: the is material of choice this behind assumption The Empire. the in found discussion public of framework the within question further ado. without question nationality the on debate the to contributions theoretical the of analysis an to proceed us chapter. present Let the in light to bring to try will terminology, I and which ideas Romantic the of use heavy made contributors The soil. Russian the on Romanticism German of reception the by mediated and in rooted deeply was mind, my to process, This both). fact, in (or, regime governing the for or themselves for either device justificatory a as nationality used inquiry of fields other criticism, literary of framework the within conducted were nationality of contents theoretical the on discussions the while that, show to try also will Chapter There is another important assumption behind the present chapter. I maintain that the that maintain chapter.I present the behind assumption important another is There nationality the for provided answers various at look to aims chapter present The 3 . The C onceptof N ationalityinthe 57 Journal

inthe 1830s

CEU eTD Collection Westernisers agreed. and Slavophiles where point a was this that mention can one aside, an like. As the and songs national its through primarily stage world the folk of life, ways customs, spirit, nation's of features particular reflect to was which literature, on role its out play to – Romantics for this for culture, national a is, that and – culture a for obligatory it made ideology an as Romanticism thought. Romantic of context the in explained easily is This nationality of question the ofthis document. with an analysis proceed us Let University. Petersburg St. in literature of chair the was who Pletnev, Petr by written the of issue first the of section second The nationality. of question the addressed specifically that character of programmatic articles of number a featured issue first very the the fact the by illustrated is seriously Nationality the in literature: theory 195 194 the faithfully depict to things of zillions incorporate to was which nationality, fact, in was literature from time the at demanded actually contemporaries his that elusive something that an to generation one from capital cultural the transferring of means a as served Literature spirit. human of achievements of manifestations glorious of field the ceremonial prima a the establish to had he First, at University? that at meeting read elaboration his in literature in nationality about say to had Pletnev University of New New University of York Press, 2006). Enlightenment, no.1(1834):Enlightenment, 1-2. e See Petr Pletnev, “O narodnosti v literature [On nationality in literature],” The Journal of the Ministry for Public for Ministry the of Journal The literature],” in nationality [On literature Pletnev, v Petr narodnosti “O Susanna Rabow-Edling, Slavophile thought and the politics of cultural nationalism (Albany: State (Albany: nationalism cultural of politics the and thought Slavophile Rabow-Edling, Susanna What did Professor of St. Petersburg University (itself a beloved Uvarov's child) Uvarov's beloved a (itself University Petersburg St. of Professor did What with not himself occupies Pletnev that surprise no is it that mention to obligatory is It nationality on view its promoting of task the took government the that fact The 194 per se, per Journal Journal but with with but begins with an essay “ essay an with begins its applications its 58 , that is, nationality in literature. in nationality is, that , cy On nationality in literature, in nationality On of literature [ literature of o ther. was 195 Pletnev claimed Pletnev a unit of history of unit a slovesnost' ] in ] ”

CEU eTD Collection classical Romantic trope of organicism: he asserts that “the organisation of life of the Greeks the of life of organisation “the that asserts he organicism: of trope Romantic classical relief). of sigh a with almost – Pletnev claims time” our in proved finally been has (“it history real nation bytheofnationality.” idea only be“which explained can [ nation's of diversity the literature: in nationality nationality. Greek of idea the is, of that idea Greece,” whole Ancient disappear, “one will revealing titles and names of variety whole the and – is that writers, the of circumstances various – peculiarities their from writers Greek of works the strip to listeners his invites Pletnev Greeks? ancient of works the in than nationality, more be there can asks, where, he for classics, the to even known was idea the but contemporaries. his new, is word of the only that assert ears to on goes Pletnev however, the move, justificatory interesting to word the of sounds the in settled” yet “not soul.” our of “physiognomy 202 201 200 199 198 197 196 [ nation” this of monuments the all deeds, heroic the [ spirit” “national [ civicism” of “levels all through gone have Greeks history, their throughout that idea the to literature of is a development Ibid. Ibid., 4. Ibid., 3and passim. Ibid. Ibid., 2. Ibid., 6. Ibid., 5. 's 201 ht i vn mr neetn s ta lte oncs te ntoaiy i Greek in nationality the connects Pletnev that is interesting more even is What a articulated it first: at seemed it than greater was literature of role the Moreover, collective “spiritual strength” that progressively evolved over time over evolved progressively that strength” “spiritual collective Pletnev's Romantic language manifests itself yet further when he employs the employs he when further yet itself manifests language Romantic Pletnev's stepeni grazhdanstvennosti stepeni dukh narodnii dukh organic beauty” (emphasisbeauty” mine). 196 Characteristically, he claims that there is something new and new something is there that claims he Characteristically, ]. It was “a moving and final cause of all the institutions, all institutions, the all of cause final and moving “a was It ]. 198

]. Everything in their civic polities was grounded in grounded was polities civic their in Everything ]. x puiu nm unum pluribus Ex 59 natsii 202 ] writers nevertheless made up a unity, a up made nevertheless writers ] natsii

199

emd t e Penvs ie of idea Pletnev's be to seemed ]. It seems that for Pletnev the Pletnev for that seems It ]. 200 and it was is its is was it and 197 In an In

CEU eTD Collection compared to the Eastern one, on whose firmament Muscovy was built. Pletnev's Rome, Pletnev's built. was Muscovy firmament whose on one, Eastern the to compared downgraded be to was example, Roman the on based civilisation, Western the traceable: latter that prove and Rome and Greece into world classical the divide to pains great into goes he move: interesting an makes he that here is it and world, ancient the journey.with starts He original). spelt truth and that truthGreeknation, aforthe meant higher That nation History, and Faith institutions, and laws its state, political and physical its fatherland, his of idea the from soul his in “separated meant live “to citizen.” “excellent an become to than Earth on man a for purpose higher no be can there that continued, he understood, cultural nation. terms 208 207 206 205 204 203 that suggests word the of usage (Pletnev's civicism foreign the by suppressed was nationality nationality. lacked literature inorganic. became ideas Rome borrowing and relegating Roman the diagnosis, Pletnev's to according short, interesting ignored it foreign, colours its unfitting, “clothes” its borrowed, were forms Its literature. to came it when timid became Romans” of “genius unbending and brave The feeble. seems Greece, to compared Ibid., 8. Ibid., 7. Ibid., 6. Ibid., 5. Ibid., 11. Ibid., 9-10. was much less significant significant less much was narod narod What was the situation with nationality in the Middle Middle the in Pletnev? nationality to withThe according situation Ages, the was What historical a undertakes nationality,Pletnev of development the understand to order In manifest highly is nationality of nature civic The and and 203 [ …

natsiya natsiya ] to act with others for the good and glory of the fatherland.” the of glory and good the for others with act to are completely interchangeable and can both refer to a politic and politic a to refer both can and interchangeable completely are 204 aspects of of aspects than the former the than However, this civic emphasis had a state-oriented overtone: state-oriented a had emphasis civic this However, Roman life and replaced it with commonplace. In commonplace. with it replaced and life Roman 's character and its customs” its and character 60 . The political context of this move is easily is move this of context political The . 208 nin Pletnev's elaboration. Greeks elaboration. Pletnev's 206 nationality (capitals in the in (capitals 205 None was None . 207 By the

CEU eTD Collection and attitudes, started to sing their fatherlands, their nature, their national civicism. These civicism. national their nature, their fatherlands, their sing to started attitudes, and themes her copying blindly not but model, role their as Greece the Ancient using who, some ascribedsame status. the speaking, be,him historically can by much so praised herself but Greece Ancient Rome, only not that fact the by troubled be to seem not does Pletnev telling. be to seem republicans” “half-barbarous the them.of condemnation into sneak republicans” half-barbarous of feelings frenzied “the more, is what and, politicians, and theologians ancient of systems le societies same very the hand, other the authorities, on lawful but compassion, the and pietism respecting of model role correct the provided Christianity hand, clercs languages, effectively national feelings.respective the national tampering their over language Latin dead the to chose who feeling intellectuals the national by forsaken the was it for awaken, ripe was time the when However, Empire. Roman Holy the of allegiance) political with coupled feeling national the to similar very something means he 212 211 210 209 came Cosmopolitanism feeling overwhelmed “calculation idea: dangerous the of advent the describes bytheactivities Providence.” return nationality of feeling the of awakening “the Providence: the by nations their for ordained destiny the fulfilling to equal literatures, their in nationality lost the re-create to striving were short, in writers, Ibid., 16. Ibid., 14. Ibid., 12-13. Ibid., 17-18. led to a fundamental contradiction in the heart of the Western civilisation: on the one the on Westerncivilisation: the of heart the in contradiction fundamental a to led Pletnev, as a true Romantic, has a special scorn for cosmopolitanism. This is how he how is This cosmopolitanism. for scorn special a has Romantic, true a Pletnev,as appeared writers European of midst the In doomed. was everything not However, […] […] 212 ready to dress the whole humankind in their colourless clothes, colourless their in humankind whole the dress to ready

s citizens on the road that is predestined for their intellectual their for predestined is that road the on citizens 61 210 h oiia onttos o this of connotations political The 209 This [...] t ancient laws, ancient 211 trahison des prophets of prophets which was which

CEU eTD Collection lte, ws be o etnus uiu Rsin huh [ thought Russian unique a extinguish to able was Pletnev, many, claimedof events unhappy single a Not literature. ancient her in reflected was that All civicism. her strengthened victories military her and laws, necessary create would needs own her only laws: foreign borrow mindlessly not did Russia because special was case Russian “conceited by scorned divorced, were languages European other educatedness.” when time the in tongue own her retain to was nations Christian other amidst Russia Only pieces). into achievements Chaadaev's famous of Letter publication the Philosophical until years two was it that remembering achievements intellectual her on depended nations Many exceptional. course, parts. divine-written nationstheir played where the stone.” cold a into heart convert and string single a of sounds the for languages of concert a exchange to 216 215 214 213 with credited is – nationality national a and society of advancement the promote to supposed were that sciences cultivating of context the in discussed be constantly will that figure Russian specifically on reflect to on goes Pletnev literatures, ofart. thiswork orthat reflected in Latin was to new Romance languages. Cf. Boris Osipov, Osnovy slavianskogo yazykoznaniya [Introduction yazykoznaniya slavianskogo Osipov, Osnovy Boris Cf. languages. Romance new to was Latin than Russian Old to closer was - “national” not and bookish although – language this that assuming in right probably was Pletnev Russian Nevertheless, Old one. Eastern frequent its and to powerful than a some), was argument by the However, Bulgarian counterpart. Old as called is it fact, (in time the of Bulgarian the to closer much and Slavonic Southern was referring, is Pletnev which to language, Slavonic Church Old the to Slavic philology] (Omsk: Omskii philology] Universitet, Slavic to Gosudarstvennyi 2004). Ibid. Ibid. Ibid., 18. Ibid., 17. Pletnev, 19. nationality literature],” narodnosti [On in vliterature “O From his general observations on the history of the world, its nations and their and nations its world, the of history the on observations general his From of was, states European contemporary the between in Empire Russian the of role The It can be noted as a linguistic aside that, technically speaking, the comparison was hardly correct, for correct, hardly was comparison the speaking, technically that, aside linguistic a as noted be can It i n the Russian lands they were “citizens of one and the same state.” same the and one of “citizens were they lands Russian the n 213 The only Universe worth living for was, for Pletnev, a Romantic Universe Romantic a Pletnev, for was, for living worth Universe only The 215 Pletnev asserts that while in the West the mind and the language were language the and mind the West the in while that asserts Pletnev hc ol tep o sah reoi lrfig Russian glorifying rhetoric smash to attempt would which , 62 situation usaa duma Russkaia . Peter the Great – a – Great the Peter . 214 , hc was which ], (it is worth is (it 216 Again, First

CEU eTD Collection writings of Karamzin and Krylov. The choice of these two is significant in itself. Karamzin in Krylov. Karamzin and itself. Karamzin in of significant writings is two these of choice The the in I Alexander under fruit gave II Catherine under planted seeds The by. goes narrative Russian literature. in nationality resurrecting for credited gets Fonvizin vein same the In people.” Russian the of idea the equal works spiritual whose giants the are here Here, fame? in brother his Derzhavin Russianhistory. materials forcompiling and other chronicles the together putting for ask to first the was she nationality: of champion the was II Catherine asserted. Pletnev life,” his of aspect important most the as duty civic his perceives person for inspiration provided ofnationality feeling writers, and those forwhomthe imitators ofFrench of group inhabited most the nation, civic their of call the understand to unable classics-lovers, groups: three into divided the was With society the era. languages foreign the in education from of introduction emerged Lomonosov only dismay, Pletnev's to but, literature, 219 218 217 of history the of “achievements that understood, they hearts: people's in happened revelation claimed. Pletnev well,” were two heralds ofnationality.these Pletnev, For manner. Russified very a in Russians the for French) the to fables re-told Aesop's turn, in (who, fables Fontaine's La retold who man a as history entered Krylov while read, widely unusually was which one first the was work his and Russia in his Ibid., 24. Ibid., 30. Pletnev, 25. nationality literature],” narodnosti [On in vliterature “O twelve understanding Russian everyday life [ life everyday Russian understanding “With the understanding of our history the very nationality will be understood as understood be will nationality very the history our of understanding the “With his of time the as generation-based more and more becomes Pletnev of language The name not would Suvorov “What asks: Pletnev literary, the and military the Marrying -volume magnum opus opus magnum -volume 218

219 Nationality was the first word of the monarch, and with this word a word this with and monarch, the of word first the was Nationality History of the Russian State State Russian the of History byt 63 ] . “The nationality must be awakening when a when awakening be must nationality “The revolutionised history writing history revolutionised 217

CEU eTD Collection metaphor inevitably leads one to think that Pletnev tried to ground the civilisation of the of civilisation the ground to tried Pletnev that think to one leads inevitably metaphor pregnant this told: are children that stories and myths Greek to allusion simple a than more meant he that argue to possible is it but metaphor, this on comment further no offers Pletnev joy brought all it, in sounds whatever because music, own our sense a in become has world classical so-called “the that remark passing a in asserts even He mind. had clearly Pletnev Greece, Ancient of speaking while that, deduce for condition to hard prerequisite not also is It a state. good a behind is stands that idea an It is it and appear, elaboration. to nationality Pletnev's in topic central another be to seems unity examples, aforementioned the from Apart evident. highly itself makes language oftrue educatedness,” land the promised Leader's our to according unite we as unite, everybody would self-neglect a directive, such no been previously had “there fervour: nationalistic with infused is sentence concluding Pletnev's hearts.” our in be always should man, of state civic a to leading everything word, a in literature, its law, its fatherland, the 221 220 this of use the ofnationality. concept wonderfully malleable with Empire Russian contemporary the into translated be to was Greece Ancient of image idealised his in situation civic and political ideal the that show to he strove classics the of authority the using By way. that felt audience his in many that wonder no be would it and compelling seems interpretation the address, his in far that go to want not did Pletnev that argued be can it While grown-up. when them outshine and outgrow to destined was it childhood, in them by informed Being Greeks. the of that in Empire Russian Ibid., 8. Ibid. eea ois eeg rm a nlss o lte' lbrto. Te Romantic The elaboration. Pletnev's of analysis an from emerge topics Several 220 which meant education in the spirit in the ofnationality. whicheducation meant

64 with which which with with such a unity and such and unity a such with h the oto Russian Empire in Empire Russian our childhood.” our [Vozhdia] role in role 221

CEU eTD Collection arose due to the same cause, even the mere existence of humankind proved, in a logically a in proved, humankind of existence mere the even cause, same the to due arose various previous circumstances.” others thandue to souls, the some weresterner but their in “battle-minded not were they that states tribes Slavic earliest of itself. description The manifests readily history of interpretation Romantic this peers, experienced more his from Russian from the in published was piece history,”which “A entitled textbook, Pogodin's from piece a In itself. history made Pogodin, from answer an demand to grave her or his from rose individual plain no that note to illuminating us?” understand you do Babel: of tongues the all in me ask menacingly […] nations the all ages, the “all for fear, great a with himself upon position university the takes he that [ nations oration powerful his In professorship assuming of occasion the on given was history” world the “On speech whose graduate, University State Moscow a (1800-1875), Pogodin Mikhail to roleHistory: ofthe nations the 226 225 224 223 222 only not however,was sovereignty. political of loss their permitted which law” “another by governed conquered,” the and conquerors the between marriage “the from arose states European West The apparent. were existence. its of purpose teleological the argument, disastrous history composed by Professor Pogodin],” The Journal of the Ministry for Public Enlightenment, no. 4 no. Enlightenment, Public for Ministry the of 387. (1834): Journal The Pogodin],” Professor by composed history no.1(1834):Enlightenment, 31- Pogodin, “O vseobshcheii istorii [On world history],”Pogodin, vseobshcheii [On “O istorii world 34. Russian from Public piece [A Pogodinym for professorom sochinennoi istorii, Ministry russkoi iz the “Otryvok Pogodin, of Mikhail Journal The history],” world [On istorii vseobshcheii “O Pogodin, Mikhail Ibid. Ibid., 35. Everything, to Pogodin to Everything, the of edition masthead the of section second the in piece second The but but nations did, because they were something that mattered in history, indeed, in mattered that something were they because did, nations 225 while East European states (“that is, Slavic,” Pogodin remarks) – were – remarks) Pogodin Slavic,” is, (“that states European East while was was spared from the fate of her Slavonic brothers, but “her head rises head “her but brothers, Slavonic her of fate the from spared 32 's mind 's . narody Journal , was driven in history by one organic cause. All states cause. All organic one by history in driven was , ] play a prominent role. Pogodin tells the audience the tells Pogodin role. prominent a play ] in order, as Pogodin claimed, to get a feedback a get to claimed, Pogodin as order, in 65 224 However, some distinctions some However, at the same University. same the Journal Journal 226 223 Russia, is given is 222 It is It

CEU eTD Collection hand, establish the ultimate causality in the divine-ordained laws of necessity that were, in were, that necessity of laws divine-ordained the in causality ultimate the establish hand, other the on and, will, free their by caused proximately were actions human hand, one the together. existed freedom and spirit, human of law general the from stemming necessity, how of question the Pogodin, for was, address should science a as history that question important most the Thus, spirit. human of development is. Eastborrowed from and the successfully it because precisely great was Empire the Russian of position: time) governmental official same the at recreation a (and re-statement a was view of point this that fact the in lies it of importance the for important, not is that but wrong, outright not if dubious, without came and conquerors not West her.to comes that everything absorbs and East and between in stands Russia for no, answers: immediately and Pogodin, asks contradiction, a be Asiatic” Westernand her all above but them, only not above 231 230 229 228 227 Friedrich’s David Caspar mind to brings craft historian's a of description metaphorical history.His of praise in oration ofGod's glory. search ofmanifestations ultimately the was search Moreover,this knowledge. acquired the on than search the on emphasis more put science,” youngest “the is stressed, affair. History, Pogodin closed a or dogmatic be should history case no In affairs. human in themselves manifesting play at fact, Romanticism in the broadest possible sense, but it also seems to appear and re-appear in history books: the books: history in re-appear and appear to seems also it but sense, possible broadest the in Romanticism Ibid., 43. Ibid., 42. Ibid., 40-41. Ibid., 36. W T ee lw, o, rte, te Lw Law, the rather, or, laws, hese ih ses t ae suk wt itras frvr o ny hs i eoe te casc iae of image classic the become it has only not forever: historians with stuck have to seems hich Pogodin closing statements can serve as an epitome of the Romantic spirit of his of spirit Romantic the of epitome an as serve can statements closing Pogodin as laws, by guided is history human that asserts Pogodin Wanderer above the Sea of Fog. of Sea the above Wanderer the the West byanybody. never hersubjugated alike, will weapons r are h atfl t oatc tikn law thinking Romantic to faithful the . This statement is, obviously, historically very historically obviously, is, statement This . 66 228 History was supposed to show how,on show to supposed was History 230 T he foreigners that came to her were her to came that foreigners he 227 231 counterparts. Would not that Wouldnot counterparts. well as as well

ooi' vso s highly is vision Pogodin's 229 the physical universe physical the and as such should such as and s f the of

CEU eTD Collection time provided a keyit. totime provided understanding same the at and history created that something as and served it instrumental nationality: an of use of justificatory example an find we exposition this In history. feel to but know, to only not was who historian, national a for intelligible only was history human of edifice the from apart history world and Russian learn and teach understand, to way other no was there historian Russian a for Thus, narrative. this of interpretation Romantic a with narrative historical nation-oriented the soul. have own in oneone's can ofhistory than aunderstanding better toor university give professor book, any for Pogodin, claimed impossible, is It original). the in H capital the and [said], know, or,better will you when is That advancement... [human] of way limitless the contemplate will you … earth the of chosen the with discourse have will you spirit, the with risen and feelings your purified having and mountains the up gone having when, get will you that pleasure the to compared be can “nothing picture: the of reminiscent 233 232 of unit The spirit. its of works the through achieved state present the to its from stages humanity earliest of evolution the convey to meant was it rather, facts; unconnected of professor St. Petersburg at University. this us document. Let examine history,” the of issue first very The process. teaching the for recommendations general the into translated noting as well that the painting has served as a cover for another aanother ascoverfor has wellthenoting that painting servedas book, is of parts various in it to space some devotes cover,but the on painting the of reproduction a features Gaddis' Lewis John is example recent most the Ministry for Public no.1(1834): for the Enlightenment, Ministry 189-299. Pogodin, “O vseobshcheii istorii [On world history],”Pogodin, vseobshcheii [On “O istorii world 44. Nikolai Gogol, “Plan prepodavaniia vseobshchei istorii [A plan for teaching world history],” The Journal of Journal The history],” world teaching for [Aplan istorii vseobshchei prepodavaniia “Plan Gogol, Nikolai ora Journal The plan established that the aim of teaching world history was not in retelling a heap a retelling in not was history world teaching of aim the that established plan The nationality of problem the on discourse whole the how see to illuminating is It connected It coincidence. a means no by is Pogodin by used language Romantic The 233 written by none other than Nikolai Gogol, who served a short time as a history a as time short a served who Gogol, Nikolai than other none by written ulse n uh rcmedto, ette A ln fr tahn world teaching for plan “A entitled recommendation, such one published irrationally felt felt irrationally The Landscape of History, History, of Landscape The nationality-based way. The organic whole of the of whole way. organic The nationality-based 67 historical publication published in 200 in published feel feel . History” 4 , which not only not which , 232 (italics

CEU eTD Collection te pa et o o sy ta notntl t i o ae cs ht te disastrous the that case rare a not is it unfortunately that say to on went plan (the [for them for transformed be opinions.” worthless into will students] Autocrat the and Fatherland to tied and Religion to devoted being is, that mouth, his in words sacred most the “then happened, that If action. in and thought in him contradict to inclined naturally be would students dry, his speech his and boring was professor a and case the not was that if For blame). to was teacher the happened, that (if thoughts distracting by away led mentally be to able be should student single a not that material, the presenting of ways his in interesting and entertaining so be should professor particular and its nation character. influenceda particular position geographic a ways what in illuminate should it it: to ascribed be to was role metaphysical features. salient most its with depicted history.this enter to right largeno had at world the for significance no had Abe should nation whole harmonious “one create to supposed was history world a and history,nation, predictably, a this was, for measurement 236 235 234 was which Greece, to turned then be should attention discussion. The the in them leave to time was it and peers, their with contact intense an to due itself nationality their and peculiarities their lost nations young The God). true the knew that religion Jewish the from (apart people simple for incomprehensible and false were that religions and monarchies patriarchal stressing depicted be should humanity Easternof cradle the Than history. world the of edifice whole the to given be should introduction seen). attitudes are consequences nihilist ofsuch Ibid., 189. Ibid., 194. Ibid., 191. o, te, hsoy sol e tuh urclmws? Frt idee view bird-eye a First, curriculum-wise? taught be should history then, How, ofteachinghistory. mode a correct describing remark while ismade illuminating An A [ … ] 236 a whole poem” whole a The values to be inculcated are seen here in plain light plain in here seen are inculcated be to values The 235 Geography was to be put to use as well, but a but well, as use to put be to was Geography 68 the 234 rde cradle composed of nations' deeds. Events that Events deeds. nations' of composed fof European civilisation, and, in and, civilisation, European

CEU eTD Collection Luther. After the religious wars nations again become intermingled and confused – and – confused and intermingled become again nations wars religious by the crushed After is Luther. rule unjust Pope's the discovered; are Americas and arises trade and class middle other. The the on Knights the and hand one the on Pope the and monks the by driven the while one, another yet lies in stagnation. cosmopolitan edifice European that and another, displaces nation one and awaken peoples Roman!” true single a not is] [there and Roman a becomes Everyone again. mixed is “Everything history: world in course this of listeners the to familiar so become already has that a plague uponitself Rome wholebrought conqueredworld,the Rome.the look Having at to time was it and – again lost was nationality thus, nations: ancient of pot” “melting its with a of example another is this Empire; Russian contemporary the of thought inevitably almost enlightenment one itself: Greek spread to and Europe with East everywhere.” the unite to Deed: Great a of “conceived who Great, the Alexander of deeds the to and “enlightenment” her to particular, 238 237 that specificity geographical The material. studied the of repetition a course by the closed be and should state, every and nation every of description detailed more a by followed be should glance a at history world the of presentation The role. main the in Empire Russian and further, and further spreads ofthe in world. every corner Christianity isseen enlightenment The restored. are Europe of states and nations the that help her with is it fore: the to comes Empire Russian the where is that and it, usurps Napoleon state. nation the of stage the begins, history of stage consequently,new a Ibid., 198. Ibid., 197. In such a presentation of world history the last act was supposed to be played with supposedbethe played lastwas ofworldhistory to act the a Insuch presentation flux, a and battle constant a of story a extent large a to is Ages Middle of story The 237 state-oriented state-oriented The emphasis on such an interpretation of Alexander the Great is telling in telling is Great the Alexander of interpretation an such on emphasis The justificatory usage of nationality. However, this led to Hellenism to led this nationality.However, of usage justificatory 69 238 Asian

CEU eTD Collection Fatherland andFatherland Monarch.” duty, their betray they would their noble, obedient, meek, them they grief in nor happiness in neither that make Monarch, Great the of helpers useful and necessary […] youth the of hearts the “educate to meant was this century. most during the achieved that bya certainnation illustrated best and created – elaboration this of spirit general the to true – were features this and well, as features distinctive and spirit its possessed century Every examined. be history th organised after Only it. about say to much not was there so flux, in still was religion, and nations including everything, in America and dead, was mind human the Europe, to contrast in Africa, in Islam, of advent the of because important chiefly developed. was and most nations of and falls and stable rises multiple most witnessed Asia important, comparison, most the were nations that certain Europe inhabiting peoples the of in was it Incidentally, fate time. of amount certain the a assigned also be should in areas, geographical role crucial a mind, Gogol's to played, 240 239 social the and justifies political that something into history of unit simple a from transformed are nations how see we again Here monarch. and nation religion, their to true being by is, that fashion, appropriate most a in nationality their preserve to were students young that were that of implications The history. from out wiped was it uniqueness, its lost nation a as soon as that was presentation a such of lesson the for preserved: be to were nations history, for blocks building as Serving servants. Empire's Ibid., 209. Ibid., 208. Another historical text of similar leanings was featured in the seventeenth issue of the of issue seventeenth the in featured was leanings similar of text historical Another in values these inculcate to was nation, the of terms in understood history, Thus, history world the of exposition his that asserts Gogol Nikolai remarks concluding In 240 Faith, their noble honour and their oath – to be true to their to true be to – oath their and honour noble their Faith, s peetto presentation is 70 status quo a rdtoal chronologically traditionally a can in the Empire. in 239 F or

CEU eTD Collection Asian civilisation. After ages of fighting, a parity arose between the fighting fractions, and it and fractions, fighting the between arose parity a fighting, of ages civilisation. After Asian whole the Europe, entered world. Northern the of power growing of was rule that and itself evident, made rule, general a rather or law, one but future, predict not could exposition, his of spirits, the Western Eastern. and the fight a West. the was fight and This East the between quarrel eternal the end to destiny the in was which purpose, divinely-ordained a without exist not could state great a Such greatness. of and, – people her to language a itself. as in but world the state, of part other specific any like not treated be should Russia that again evoking by started Rozberg. Mikhail bythe professor local the Empress of namesake (today the Tartu, Derpt of of occasion University the the on in Estonia) held was Journal 245 244 243 242 241 gives clumsily translator the which world French innocuous seemingly Russian in render to trying when loss a proudof. mind, specifically enlightenment, of force the and arms of force the victory: Europe's secured that side. play at her were forces to two that balance notes also the Rozberg changed that Europe of ranks the join to decision Russia's was of the Ministry Public no.17(1838):of for Enlightenment, Ibid. Ibid., 3. Journal The Russia],” of significance historical [On Rossii znachenii istoricheskom “Ob Rozberg, Mikhail The lecture was given in French. given in The was lecture Ibid., 10. It is interesting to note that Rozberg's translator (who might as well be himself) be well as might (who Rozberg's translator that note to interesting is It to History,according aside. historical a himself permits Rozberg thesis, this Toprove discourse the herself, Empress the concerning pleasantries necessary saying After from 1838. Entitled “On historical significance of Russia,” it was a discourse which discourse a was it Russia,” of significance historical “On Entitled 1838. from world history saw a constant fight between the European and European the between fight constant a saw history world course, Russian war-time victories, – contributed to Russian to contributed – victories, war-time Russian course, 241 obrazovanie obrazovanie 244 Everything, from the Russian lands to her seas to her to seas her to lands Russian the from Everything, 242 which were, in fact, something that Russia was, to his to was, Russia that something fact, in were, which

71 (literally, a formation or a foundation). This foundation). a or formation (literally,a 2. 243 Before Russia had Russia Before civilisation 245 is at is , for ,

CEU eTD Collection measures that the government had undertaken to strengthen the education were to be praised. to be praised. strengtheneducationwere the to had government undertaken the measures that generations,” younger of education national “truly a in lay future Russia's that saying by concluded Rozberg point. the proved Ottomans, the and Napoleon power, and glory Russia's to contributed features Asian and European of unity This developing. yet and patriarchal was her Russia Thus, people. improving and guiding force progressive a was government her was both: Russia from different patriarchal. governments and inert [ were peoples Asia development-oriented in inert, were governments nations Europe's general, In industry. and trade for England science, for Germany life, social for responsible was France whole. that for necessary was that organ an was nation every and whole, harmonious a was humanity organicism: of language Romantic writings.Guizot's Uvarov's in work at seen was that civilisation with dealing of pattern the repeats 248 247 246 of whole organic the in role humanity.her fact, in was, which – level mental the on East the and West the of unification of act the finish to able be would it that so nation the educate to was role Providence-ordained its play finally to Russia permit would that formula magic the of completion the for missing be to thing only the battlefield, the on established firmly already was the only true heir and successor of th of successor and heir true only the was Russia that claim to only spirits “Asian” the and “European” the both contrary,of achievements the glorified they, other; the any on to compared civilisation their of superiority ontological the claim not did intellectuals spirit ofspirit their unification. Rozberg, Rossii of [On Russia],” “Ob the12. historical istoricheskom significance znachenii Rozberg, Rossii of [On Russia],” “Ob the16. historical istoricheskom significance znachenii I i itrsig ont note to interesting is t It seems that Rozberg's main point was that since Russian glory and power were power and glory Russian since that was point main Rozberg's that seems It history,”of drama “magnificent the in played RozbergRussia uses role the Describing cmo lmn o of element common a o se, and her mission was to elaborate these achievements in the in achievements these elaborate to was mission her and se, 72 246 utfctr prdgs paradigms justificatory 247 For instance, in the contemporary world, contemporary the in instance, For and her military successes, primarily over primarily successes, military her and postupatel'nye in the early Journal early the in 248 and asserted that the that asserted and n their and ] treatment of treatment : Russian :

CEU eTD Collection make sense: they simply meant Russian language. sense:Russian theymeant make simply even not did language Russian White and language Russian Small terms the than concerned, language. prestigious overall and governmental a even but national, a only not was Russian Poland to belonging lands Russian in even that exist political the from apart exist could incorrect. was Small Ukrainian) and (meaning Russian Belorussian proper, Russian into it dividing that and Russian, than otherwise posses and past the in nation one were and Russian) Russianproper. authorSouthern dialects(whichcalls the Ukrainian the in 1829 journal in Lvov in published and Polish to translated then was essay The Polish Przemyśl. from Mogilevsky Ioann monk certain a by Russian in written language,” Russian the of issue seventeenth The well. musingLinguistics: 253 252 251 250 from different 249 completely nation a were Russians example, for nation: the and language for its purity, style. richnessand even from derivate a not was and languages, Slavic of branch distinct a was (Belorussian), Russian White and Russian Enlightenment, no.17(1838):Enlightenment, Ibid., 31. Ibid., 22. Public for Ministry the of Journal The language],” Russian [On yazike russkom “O Mogilevskiy, Ioann Ibid., 36. Ibid., 34. n f te mi oiesys pit s ta oiia elte o nt hr the harm not do realities political that is points Mogilevsky's main the of One Small terms the with equated author the which language, Russian Southern The [ Russians since that asserts monk The as linguistics of field the in found be can nationality of usage applied an for case A ssps Nuoy Naukowy. Csasopis Polish. s on the on Russian language 252 19 The latter, on the other hand, was indebted to Russian language Russian to indebted was hand, other the latter,on The t ses t sals orc eainhp bten Polish, between relationship correct a establish to seeks It . Journal Journal 253 e nce of nation. The author goes into history to show to history into goes author The nation. of nce s ed one language, it was impossible to name it name to impossible was it language, one ed also featured an intriguing essay entitled “On the “On entitled essay intriguing an featured also 249 73 Rus' A language was a nation's glory, although it although glory, nation's a was language A 251 ] were the main branch of the Slavic tribes, Slavic the of branch main the were ] 250 f te lnug f te bos was books the of language the If

CEU eTD Collection rudd i eiin ihu hc h hl da o utc eoe meaningless becomes justice of idea whole the which without religion, in grounded law. national and political the of issue fourth the national and Law: political oflanguage. nationality: that was which the in essay, published be to this enough important deemed that is important is What here. us distract not should – laughable language Russian tobelonging Russianpeople. fact, in was, what for names new inventing for need no was there that apparent completely become should it author, the claimed end, the In altered. or confused be to not was which name, the language, that with and language immutable almost an possessed proof. a require even not Mogilevsky, for did that, – it alter it could nor so and Poles, 258 257 256 255 and 254 “enlightenment” grounding paradigm justificatory a see we again Here framework. criteria. ordained assuming measured be only could nation a of progress political The religion. in grounded not obviously was it that theory,reason contract the for social the discredit to try to on goes humanity.article of The pillars the were power monarchical the in shines that law the and law the of form the in Justice re-iterate). later would Slavophiles the that (something narodnoe [On the limits in which political and national law should be studied and taught],” The Journal of Journal Public no.4(1834): for the Enlightenment, Ministry 367-386. The taught],” and studied be should law national and political which in limits the [On narodnoe Vasili Androssov, “O predelakh, v koikh dolzhny byt’ izuchaemy i prepodavaemy prava politicheskoe i politicheskoe prava prepodavaemy i izuchaemy byt’ dolzhny koikh v predelakh, “O Androssov, Vasili Ibid., 43. Ibid., 41. Ibid., 373. Ibid., 369-370. We can find the exposition of the official ideology applied to the studying of law in law of studying the to applied ideology official the of exposition the find can We sometimes reasonable, sometimes – monk the of arguments linguistic exact The incorporating t incorporating 258 Thus, if a nation were to develop, it could only do so in the religious the in so do only could it develop, to were nation a if Thus, Journal, Journal, 256 First, article tells the reader that the only true and correct law is law correct and true only the that reader the tells article First, 255 h em into the Polish state could not take away their nationality, their away take not could state Polish the into em in the article dealing with the limits of studying and teaching and studying of limits the with dealing article the in 74 Journal, Journal, established yet another ground for ground another yet established 254 Thus, every nation every Thus, the divine- the 257

CEU eTD Collection slightly lowered, for the unit of analysis was no longer civil individuality but the national the but individuality civil longer no was analysis of unit the for lowered, slightly be could rigorousness of standards the law, national the with dealing When one. political the to opposed as law, national truly a demarcate and define to tried argument the of part the and ontheMininswithin people.” throne “Peter power. Monarchic the to loyalty boundless a with subjects the and strength, Government, people's the fatherland, in faith strong their a with of Government the infuse opinion will education This nationality.” high “a in consisted which souls, students' structure. governmental existing an ofjustifying already that is exposition the of spirit God. whole from The than power other no be can there that was law the of basis the was power Providence.” the of hands the in tool live a body, organic an is society civil a that admitted be should “it that insisted author Empire). The Russian the in Orthodoxy meant (which religion in progress 262 261 260 259 law. Alli Holy the that readers, his told Androssov assumed, be could it and relations international everyday for basis the provide fact, in should, it it, at Western sneer and even law national the of importance the neglect him, by criticised scholars, some while that, is here argument Androssov's of gist The relations. international different its find could It Christ. things, other among customs, of nation's a in basis normative doctrines the in grounded again was law national The one. Ibid., 379. Ibid., 373-374. Ibid., 381. Ibid., 383. 262 Thus, a new law grounded in nationality could provide a basis for politics; this kind of kind this politics; for basis a provide could nationality in grounded law new a Thus, However, this belonged to a rigorous scientific study of the political law. The second law.The political the of study scientific rigorous a to belonged this However, his of component moral the strengthen should law of teacher a vein, same the In 259 Seen in this light, the political law was meant to explain that the autocratic the that explain to meant was law political the light, this in Seen (divinely-ordained) state, since the central dogma of the political the of dogma central the since state, (divinely-ordained) 75 260 a nce was built upon this vision of vision this upon built was nce 261 and it sought to legally ground legally to sought it and I t will create will t

CEU eTD Collection rv ht piooh a rca n peetn h vl f “as education” “false of evils the preventing in crucial was philosophy that to goal prove his as it set Fisher and education, Russian of version correct a in needed not was received subjects imperial the However, and gratefulness. zeal education with claimedphilosophy detractors that these same and claimed, Fisher untrue, simply was This European. [ nation the and “national,” not of this ofRussia. effort greatness wereproven bypolitical Russianpeople to the educate successes the and Government, the from stemmed one, European the to contrast in education, Russian education. in even – different were ways her therefore and parallel without character with starts essay The Fisher. Adam which it,” in play University Petersburg St. of should professor a by French in philosophy pronounced discourse a was originally role the on and Russia in education of progress reflectivePhilosophy: nationality the and applied. taught law shouldbe studied, 265 264 263 the for enlightenment and education civil of spirit the to true always were monarchs Russian then, Since prodigy. miraculous a be to proved she and apprentice, Europe's Russia made Peter with starting Europe.”“ageing [ lzheobrazovanie narodnoe [On the limits in which political and national law should be studied and taught],” The Journal of Journal Public no.4(1834): for the Enlightenment, Ministry 29-30. The taught],” and studied be should law national and political which in limits the [On narodnoe Vasili Androssov, “O predelakh, v koikh dolzhny byt’ izuchaemy i prepodavaemy prava politicheskoe i politicheskoe prava prepodavaemy i izuchaemy byt’ dolzhny koikh v predelakh, “O Androssov, Vasili Ibid., 34. Ibid., 31. Fisher establishes a genealogy of educational achievement in the Russian Empire, Russian the in achievement educational of genealogy a establishes Fisher is it that claim who efforts educative these of detractors the expose to on goes Fisher the of issue fifth The ], which plagued with an increasing severity the communal body of the of body communal the severity increasing an with plagued which ], 264 I

who was the first to conceive of a true education for the nation. the for education true a of conceive to first the was who ora Journal narod the familiar claim that Russia possesses a distinctive a possesses Russia that claim familiar the ] rejects state education as something superficial and superficial something as education state rejects ] from 1835 includes an essay under the title “On the “On title the under essay an includes 1835 from 76 265 Peter 263

CEU eTD Collection since it is the spirit that engenders every other science and art, it should all the more be more the all should it art, and science other every engenders that spirit the is it since philosophy of sub-field a as understood and nations. mind questioning to ofindividuals the reflexivity to bring meant was divine), the (i.e., Unconditional the end and whose Reason was organicharmonious and secured. ofthe Empirewouldbe existence law, Russian the and Orthodoxy the as Russian as be will upbringing the as position. soon As this of ashamed be not would Russians that so elevated be to had tutors private the of status ised.” tuto foreign by home at taught were institutions, educational state-organised having not Russians, young for spirit, national movement. German to similar something nation. 272 271 270 269 268 267 266 nations. the levers operated that nation; the history,the human described understanding reforming it for for key a provided even psychology indeed, therefore and subjects proper educating for techniques necessary philosophy. of domain the within studied progress of educationphilosophy and it],” Russia play onthein 40. in role should progress of 88-106. University Press,Harvard 2003), Ibid., 49-50. the [On filosofiia Ibid., 43. nem v prinimat' dolzhna kakoe uchastii, ob i Rossii v obrazovaniia khode “O Fisher, MA: (Cambridge romanticism German early of concept the : imperative Beiser, Frederick romantic The Cf. Ibid., 37. Ibid., 57-58. Ibid., 53-54. 268 266 However, philosophy was to a large extent neglected. The reasons for neglect and neglect for reasons The neglected. extent large a to was philosophy However, Philosophy, vision? beginning this whose in play to have philosophy would role What – upbringing by united were which Law, and Faith upon rested education This Thus, the public and the private education should be reconciled, and that is why the why is that and reconciled, be should education private the and public the Thus,

267 The history of upbringing in Russia was painful and very dangerous for the for dangerous very and painful was Russia in upbringing of history The Bildung 272 rs and thus had to be “first German-ised, and then French- then and German-ised, “first be to had thus and rs , ) ) that played such an important role in the Romantic the in role important an such played that and establishes that it is “physics of the spirit,” and spirit,” the of “physics is it that establishes and 271 Psychology was also crucial in providing the providing in crucial also was Psychology 77 270 Fisher then focuses onpsychology focuses Fisherthen 269 ( then

CEU eTD Collection sg a eitd b h oatc lnug n oatc cnet f of concepts Romantic and language Romantic the by mediated was usage 1830s. spirit ofnationality. philosophy Thus, citizens. Monarch their to devoted and Christians believing firmly but scientists, only not educate to – university the laws. its and fatherland the monarch, the to obedience and values Christian inculcating of in charge was philosophy rightly true was the However, government universities. Russian in courses the philosophical that of suspicious events these of because was it and inverse, its but philosophy not was However, claimed, republicanism. he and this, atheism secularism, whole most the in shatter refers to Fisher tried Here order. that world century established XVIII the in place took events revolutionary (and numerous destructive philosophy mind, of name the Under Fisher's treatment. separate deserves one to but justifiable), were, philosophy towards suspicion governmental 273 the of mission historical the Nationality, Empire. from Russian function a being to refer to used is it when so especially and used, is it that a as and law) and history (for government. organisednormative that theof actions and Empire explained thein the life strategy interpretative an Thus, as sense. both justificatory used in was nationality nationality of use made disciplines other while literature, on discourses the in found be law. to to were nationality literature of from discussions informative ranging theoretically society and state the to interest of were that uniqueness. national and organicism Ibid., 65. 273 Also, certain common features emerge in relationship to nationality in every context every in nationality to relationship in emerge features common certain Also, the in found materials of analysis this from salient are things Certain of mission the was that and enlightenment, national the of spirit the be to was This Nationality was first and foremost conceived of in the larger Romantic context, its context, Romantic larger the in of conceived foremost and first was Nationality N ationality permeated the discourse on various aspects various on discourse the permeated ationality was to guide the education of the nation – in the in – nation the of education the guide to was 78 a a natio eoaoy trs t h det of advent the to terms derogatory n's uniqueness, was supposed to be to supposed was uniqueness, Journal Journal T Bildung e most he of the of ,

CEU eTD Collection importance of such outside-the- such of importance The ways. various in it champion to started actors other space, public official the in secured was concept important the for place a diminished. As articles such of amount nationality, the ofNicholas oftheI. era the and omega” “alpha it became that indeed to and describe wonder small is politics. it in Thus, creation rare a to is concept polyvalent a such and – demand justify, to and explain to both used be could it vague, Being options. usage of range wide a such enjoy could nationality that ambiguity conceptual characteristic West best took from the both. Russiandistinctive East, nationality andforthe the the between gap the bridge to was destiny national Russia's general, In West. and East both from lessons crucial the learned having hand, other the on while, entity unique distinctively a hand, one the on as, shown was nationality Russian Greece. in Ancient found nationality of ideas the of heir a as status Russian stated that used was strategy justificatory the concerned, was Empire Russian the When understanding. its to key a and history of force driving the examin Uvarov's enjoyed which rate, any At daring. more even sometimes and clearer were times at articles Pogodin's in found Nationality Official of expositions with deal to Walicki to preferred Riasanovsky as history Russian the of researchers renowned such a that posterity. say to of scholars Sufficeit ing A its to due precisely perhaps was it that say to remains it remarks, final the In trteiiilbo nin boom initial the fter Moskvitianin Moskvitianin the usage of the concept of nationality ofnationality concept usageofthe the or Nadezdin's publications. This can be readily understandable: these understandable: readily be can This publications. Nadezdin's or prvl em ob aecoc.Hwvr e sus let However, choice. safe a be to seems approval, Journal Journal h the ora Journal publication 79 publications that dealt with the question of question the with dealt that publications in Uvarov's self-assessment as Minister. as in Uvarov's self-assessment s was high in their own day and with the with and day own their in high was Moskvitianin, proceed by proceed

CEU eTD Collection Minister, continuity of the process is very important. It is important to note that Uvarov not Uvarov that note to important is It important. very is process the of continuity Minister, whose project ofthe he ideology intoframework and actions the achievements which with pleasure'.” it read 'I Majesty of His hand very by the inscription made an Nikolay Emperor Tsar the with returned and 1843 in Uvarov Count Enlightenment Public to for Minister the by Pavlovich submitted note “A subtitle the bears edition 1864 its and is It Enlightenment. Public 1833-1843,” for Enlightenment Public for Minister Ministry the of the years “Ten titled straightforwardly as office in spent Uvarov that years ten of analysis an is It 1843. in I Nicholas to directly submitted was that report his was composed 275 274 [ nation the of life and might prosperity, which on grounds firm the on strengthened be Fatherland “the that demanded more the all This down. falling were the religion and when society of institutions time a tempest,” “societal a by troubled was Europe that emperor the reminds way. the forthsame wouldbein continued he set for Enlightenmentthat achieved, already had he what defend to had only for Public Enlightenment 1833-1843] Enlightenment Public for 1864). Sergey Uvarov,Sergey Ibid., 2. Chapter 4. has not escaped the attention of most Uvarov scholars Uvarov most of attention the escaped not has Remembering the day when he had assumed office – November 19, 1933 19, November – office assumed had he when day the Remembering a is nature very its by education that idea the stresses Uvarov foremost, and First ever Uvarov that texts important, most the not if important, most the of One naroda ] are ] eut results Desiatiletie Ministerstva Narodnogo Prosveshcheniya 1833-1843 [Ten years of the Ministry[TenNarodnogo Ministerstva Prosveshcheniya1833-1843 the of Desiatiletie years Uvarovin1843. Nationality as the built; that the principles that make for a distinguishable character of character distinguishable a for make that principles the that built; aeavr ogtm oto time long very a take (St.Petersburg: Typography of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, of Academy Imperial the of Typography (St.Petersburg: Reforms 80 come about come even even more important was that the course the that was important more , can show how Uvarov fit his fit Uvarov how show can , . For this reason, claims the claims reason, this For . had had D himself formulated. himself riving riving F This document,This orce of 275 – Uvarov –

274

CEU eTD Collection principles [ principles national “two are These Russia. of existence political the of condition main the is Autocracy Orthodoxy, co the Russian about no which of principles the from Orthodoxy; equal not does automatically the ancestors” perish.” shall person private a and nation the both ancestors, the of belief the happiness. Without towards family love and public to key the as Russian a by upon looked “was which religion, of primacy the affirms Uvarov firstly spirit. it close in it to isvery before. undertaken was document The the of publishing the re-establishes that the document programmatic from the of analysis evident is as true, exactly not is this course, Of office. the assumed he that day them.” on first very the based since words, his for,in strive to had he nationality, be of that privacy the reaffirms salvation our of anchor the and whole sacred one be nationality our from remains what that found; be her to only belong and Russia 280 279 278 277 276 ideas.” in immovability require not does “it continuity, or process intellectual an as understood be can moreover, Nationality, notions.” new and “old agree to need a from stem term new the of advent the from arising complications the Kingdom.” that states he however, Russian again; yet definition of straightforward history the of page each on po not [ does nationality of question “the that admits Uvarov edinstvo Politics,” 141. Politics,” Miller,nationality’? “‘Official ASergeiUvarov’s Count Nationalism of of Reassesment Context Triad the in Ibid., 3. Ibid. Ibid. Uvarov, Without directly mentioning his triad, Uvarov recaps its main tenets. tenets. expectable, main is its As recaps Uvarov triad, his Withoutmentioning directly ] as the previous one, but they both stem from the same source and are intertwined are and source same the from stem both they but one, previous the as ] Desiatiletie MinisterstvaDesiatiletie Narodnogo Prosveshcheniya... natsional'nyie nachala natsional'nyie 280 This is a highly telling passage: in effect, Uvarov sanctions the sanctions Uvarov effect, in passage: telling highly a is This ],” alongside which nationality, the third one, operates. one, third the nationality, which alongside ],” does not even mention nationality,even not does admittedly although 277 It has been noted in literature that “the belief of belief “the that literature in noted been has It 81 278 , 3. however, the 279 vrv i eiat t ie a give to hesitant is Uvarov u ld ever detract a single one. single a detract ever ld s es te sm unanimity same the sess Ten Years 276 ee Uvarov Here Journal Journal later ontalklater united united into that

CEU eTD Collection effectuated a new and more logical division of the Empire into educational districts, which districts, educational into Empire the of division logical more and new a effectuated buildings. of conditions physical with ending proper education the from starting assessed, be to was Everything institutions. educational imperial the of inspection thorough a of ordering and plans his about subordinates the all advise to was took he action done principles.” ofthese thethree spirit united and futurein generations present “educating the as Minister as task his understood he that stating introduction his finishes Uvarov spirit.” European to foreign not was yet and things of order our with harmony in was education “our the Yet interpretations. in ever-changing was provide nationality this same,to to has and still stayessential the stability. change the with – should organism living every turn, in as, – time with undergo should state the change the metaphor double a in equates Uvarov change. essential preserve to attempt as as seen is Nationality nature. elusive forever its seals he nationality, of interpretations of continuity 282 this concerning measures 281 Other activities. usual their to dedicate to time more given were universities of faculty the and trustees their by directly controlled became gymnasia dependency. this to stop a put new the Consequently, establishments. lower these from coming task administrative by research doing and teaching of occupation normal their from detracted were professors whose universities, on dependent increasingly were level this of institutions other and Gymnasia system. educational the of levels low and middle the reform to was measure next His work. their of efficiency the boost to meant was Ibid., 5-6. Ibid., 4. immediately after assuming the post. His actions betray a good administrator: the first the administrator: good a betray actions His post. the assuming after immediately Uvarov opens the first section of the report proper with a description of what he had he what of description a with proper report the of section first the opens Uvarov that cherish to necessary been had it that Uvarov, claims principles, the were These

vrv eiiae neesr ees o government, of levels unnecessary eliminated Uvarov Statute concerning ruling over educational districts educational over ruling concerning Statute at parts 82 ftethe of ainlnational character amid the necessary the amid character 282 Then, Uvarov Then, 281

CEU eTD Collection were financially sustained bythe nobility. sustained were financially they and forty-six, was institutions educational noble such of number the writing, Uvarov's of time the at both. rate, or any folk, At common of children the alongside study to privileged the of children the of unwillingness the to response wanted, initially Uvarov was that something separation this whether separate say to with hard boast is It could “well-born.” the empire for the institutions educational of cities families: noble of interests for society.” civil catered the in calling future a and life of way their to accordance in be the claimed would that education an such established,” acquire to everyone for possibility correctly a creates “it when Minister, called be then only can education public of system and easier graduates of promotion career ofhigh officialsappointment rigorouscompetition. to more ofeducationsubject field in the made Uvarov effect this To institutions. state-controlled and state-sponsored of educational lower of promotion required this and goal, his tutoring proliferation home of instead education the made Uvarov seen, have we direct were level educational 287 286 285 284 283 resource. coveted a was always which staff, administrative educated with them provide to day the of end the at and education their for pay inhabitants, an young their educate to incentive with provided equally were gubernias that assured administrator the Uvarov measure money. noble the on dependent still were and them pursue to chose they if studies University their after serve to obliged were nobility the by paid was education whose Those budget. state the from for paid was which education received they where gubernias in years of bureaucrats in the Russian Empire – a – a EmpireRussian the in bureaucrats of Ibid., 9-10. Ibid., 8-9. Ibid., 8. Ibid., 6-7. This is not to say that Uvarov fully succeeded. As a recent study has shown, the myth of the over-abundance the of myth the shown, has study succeeded. recent fully Uvarov a As that say to not is This Those who could not support themselves financially were obliged to serve for six for serve to obliged were financially themselves support not could who Those “A estates. different between programs educational in distinctions advocated Uvarov ed mainly to increasing the prestige of th of prestige the increasing to mainly favo u 285 rit

e theme in the Russian literature of the nineteenth century – century nineteenth of the literature Russian the in theme 83 ese establishments. As establishments. 286 284 Withthis Uvarov 283 287

CEU eTD Collection the Empire and taking into account local specificity. His gaze was especially attentively especially was gaze His specificity. local account into taking and Empire the within standards educational codifying between balance the province. maintain particular to how a knew Uvarov to moreover, and, estate particular a to taught be should why and educational would free them. local in only although master their if possible only was education, them for education Further levels. lowest of an establishments receive could serfs the Even well. as universities enter could citizens honorary of children while estates, other of children for thewhen back paid be would education with them providing and most money needed they when time the during students the supporting financially by ensured loyalty the that: behind thinking the see to reasonable is It means. own their by living afford not could who those for built be to Western problematic and suspicious ever 1838). in made was the effect this to decision (a Provinces for years eight was service of term The 290 289 288 Kharkov. after return (to University Kazan to sent be to highly were graduates Siberian best was instance, for detailed: procedure promotional The lands. Caucasian and treatment special required infrastructure developed poorly relatively and vastness its for which Siberia, action; in were promotion educational concerning rules separate where lands, Western the towards directed s peiey a mt. Se See Perspective.” Comparative myth. a precisely is Uvarov, Ibid., 13. Ibid., 11. hi their A special section of the report was devoted to a description of measures Uvarov measures of description a to devoted was report the of section special A what of view a principles guiding his of one as having curricula, the codified Uvarov University) the (except levels the all of education for opportunities provided Uvarov y 290 Desiatiletie MinisterstvaDesiatiletie Narodnogo Prosveshcheniya... would be employed for such a long term in state offices forsuchain employed long state term wouldbe there. graduation to their gubernias), while best Caucasian pupils were dispatched to dispatched were pupils Caucasian best while gubernias), their to graduation 289 eyhno Te Sz f te Ipra usa ueurc n Am in Army and Bureaucracy Russian Imperial the of Size “The Velychenko, 84 288 , 10. There special boarding houses were houses boarding special There

CEU eTD Collection to deal with. What Uvarov did was to try offer try to was did Uvarov with. What deal to division and districtschools gymnasia. parochialschools, between imperial-wide the to corresponded that levels three into divided were programs educational their schools; these assess to task the given were inspectors special Petersburg.Moreover, St. and Moscow in schools boarding private of number the down cut 1833 the November,4, as early as rose, edict an instance, for limited: was establishments private institutions of number state-controlled in children noble of education for possibilities the while stick: a and carrot a both with addressed was problem The children. their for teachers hold taken have as foreigners preferred society,who to imperial the of echelons highest seemed the in firmly especially education private since Uvarov of eyes the in problematic it.” by set are that goals the for Government the by approved want not do or how know not do or deed important an such for necessary hand the in fall might it it because dangerous was which education, private curb to undertook 295 294 293 292 291 ( domestic truly a homes private “to Minister, in the says enforce time,” is “It ensured. be to was provision this how to as anything teach. to right the denied were trustworthiness” their of issued. were teaching private permitting certificates 4483 altogether report the of time the By candidate. the of character” work. 1834), July,1, from edict (the Ibid., 16. Ibid., 15. Ibid., 14. Ibid., 17. Ibid., 104. I n particular, the Minister established formal examinations and assessing of the “moral the of assessing and examinations formal established Minister particular,the n Private tutors who provided home-based education were a more complicated problem complicated more a were education home-based provided who tutors Private s of people who “either do not possess knowledge and moral qualities moral and knowledge possess not do “either who people of 294 293 The foreigners “residing in Russia without credible evidence credible without Russia in “residing foreigners The while at the same time providing strict regulations for their for regulations strict providing time same the at while 85 ing tceteni otechestvennyi, them benefits and rights of the state service state the of rights and benefits them 295 However, Uvarov does not say not does Uvarov However, 291 The situation was all the more the all was situation The enn eogn o the to belonging meaning was hard to control and control to hard to to act in the spirit the in act 292

CEU eTD Collection education was to be fostered among the children of nobility and in universities in general. and in in universities ofnobility children among to the beeducation was fostered of spirit true a ( another, independent” and curbed, “national, be to was science” and fundamentals the lacking ( but outside “foreign the the from for glittering passion education, The nobility. of children the for norm the was which foreigners,” the by provided education home private “wrong the with usual, as fight, to had Uvarov Secondly, apparatus. state the into promoted be would ready were who those work” constant and prolonged “a only elevated: be to was education of quality Firstly,the system. university the reforming in motives principle two had had he that claims Minister The them. pose will life societal the of realities the and Government the tasks the solving of capable statesmen producing of view the with education fundamental a provide to were Universities system. university the in imperial traditions. on the local customs.” and laws beliefs, our to alien people the from spirit foreign a in acquired was that education an it with replace and education Fatherland) 297 296 chairs of number the while medicine, and jurisprudence philosophy, departments: three identity.educational imperial an out carving in important is terminology this However, worth counterpart. is European its to it akin least at moreover, be education and, Russian the case wanted rate any the at Uvarov not that remembering definitely is it However, post. he before the present even assumed or self-evident were they if as like the and education” “national Ibid., 18. Ibid. Uvarov's reforms were bold and broad: the University education was divided into divided was education University the broad: and bold were reforms Uvarov's a of phenomena the about talks Uvarov report the in that note to interesting is It reforms to devotes Uvarov text his of part substantial a expect, to reasonable is it As would earn a diploma for the students; with this measure only measure this with students; the for diploma a earn 86 296 Here, again, we see an emphasis an see we again, Here, narodnoe,samostoiatel'noe inozemnomu 297

) )

CEU eTD Collection measures that he took in order to fill this niche, ranging from creating special chairs in chairs special creating empire. ofthe cities in lectures many inpublic to universities holding agriculture from ranging niche, the this fill describing to to order in devoted took is he that report measures his agricultural of and part industrial lengthy for relatively catering a and for developments, need burning more the all the recognised enlightenment.” in steps first and creed holy her received had Russia ( nation the of learning ancient the on deeply and firmly more education this also but development,” “intellectual this only not that states Uvarov language, Greek the learning knowledge. medical broaden their openwanted coursesforthose who to medical were as well as universities, at courses attend to functionaries state enabled 1834 from provisions Special examinations. university comprehensive of introduction the saw 1837 same The suit. followed Universities Kazan and Kharkov later year a and 1836, in Universities Petersburg St. and Moscow in implemented first was structure new grew.The departments these within 299 298 the to sciences and enlightenment European bring gradually as well as world, the or parts these about knowledge live Europe to bring to destined was quality,Russia “cabinet” a only possessed orientalism scholarly European While studies. Oriental develop to logical most Uvarov was it where Syriac. and Occident the met learn Orient the where place a to as Kazan out singled able especially were Derpt in theology of students while chairs, Oriental it, her study to fate” her by “destined subjects. Asian Arab, Turkishthe at were learned have Farsi and would Orientalism of spirit the as was, Russia grounds. ideological and political the on primarily substantiated is cultures and literature languages, Asian studying promote Ibid., 20. Ibid., 18-19. A special case is made for Oriental studies, Uvarov's old cause. The necessity to necessity The cause. old Uvarov's studies, Oriental for made is case special A on emphasis its with education classical of necessity the on stance his Defending is necessary for grounding “the newest Russian newest “the grounding for necessary 87 is the best way to promote to way best the 299 However, Uvarov However, natsii ) from which from ) 298

CEU eTD Collection in this respect made in such a short timea in a such in made this respect with and man one as now … of Russia and scientists government Russian of the to achievements praises sing astonishment Orient the of studying substantial of neglect in and of private public, in Russia, accused recently In only light. who scholars, scientific “foreign to words: brought Uvarov's was before, Europe enlightened to known not Mongolian language, where there was it for Russia, for glory greater a was this imitation.” all of without consequence left be not will example his compatriots; his on influence useful most a have will man young this motherland his in service entered having and graduating after that hope can We university. a in studies his pursuing now is gymnasium, a from graduated having trans-Baikalia, from Buriats the of One enlightenment. of seeds the to reception welcoming a giving are steppes Mongolian of sons “Half-barbarous Mongolian, Chinese, were Tatar, successes Oriental philology.The Turkish, Armenian and Sanskrit Farsi, Arabic, learn could student a there studies: Asia 303 302 301 300 prepared especially that university Another gubernias. Ostsee to dispatched be to Russian of teachers the provided Institute the of section thirty. A and hundred two was graduates of of foreign activities intellectual pursuing in independent be would that estate, scholarly independent new a “creating than less nothing was aim whose Institute, Pedogogical Main the for reserved was praise special the However, provided. also were Empire the of core inner the in working not those for benefits system. educational and developing A promotion the secure in more openings fill to necessity Ibid., 25. Ibid., 23-24. Ibid. Ibid., 27. n inhabitants n Uvarov provided financial security to teachers of all levels, as he saw a burning a saw he as levels, all of teachers to security financial provided Uvarov . 300 Thus, Kazan could boast with the broadest possibilities for Oriental for possibilities broadest the with boast could Kazan Thus, (chuzhikh) nd systems or examples.” systems with suchansuccess.” evident with 88 singled 303 301 By 1843 the total number total the By 1843 n iprat political important An out out 302 for for the Emperor: the

CEU eTD Collection of it, which would, on the one hand, grow from the very grassroots of our life, our of grassroots very the from grow hand, one the on would, which it, of important most the be would which principle, one to them bring and institutions educational existing the all coordinate and “reform words: this in – Minister the to according himself, had time some at onthe us roadovertaken ofenlightenment.” had that nations the of knowledge of level the at and universities estate Russian educated Russian the keeps constantly it Europe; with in education sciences home of connecting development thread, live and continuous “a were they role: crucial a situation, the of Uvarov's view in played, and continued universities European distinguished graduated. had classes two only long: her. from distinct last and not Moreover, didEurope with initiative together the time same the reduce to was which for at be to trying of consequence logical rationale a was however,this professors; foreign on dependency the procedure the was such that ironic seem might It education. their polish to Europe” of universities best “the to University,sent were Derpt graduates whose the of Institute Professorial the was professorships future for students 307 306 305 304 generation younger the of professors “Russian there see characteristically would university reformed a entering person A Government. the and time of demands to respond adequately system university Russian achieved: were Uvarov, to according prejudices.” home of milieu a in teachers foreign by given “was saw, we as education, nobility, whose the of children also but system, educational public the into estates middle of children only not bring to necessary also was it reminds, Uvarov as time, same the At Europe.” in enlightenment and sciences of development with pace keep hand other Ibid., 32. Ibid., 31. Uvarov, In “ the original: vrv fruae h is an ts f hs tnr tmig fo Nicholas from stemming – tenure his of task main first the formulates Uvarov Desiatiletie MinisterstvaDesiatiletie Narodnogo Prosveshcheniya... Vozrastala byosnovanii samykh byta.” iz nashego 304 However, the practice of sending young scholars to scholars young sending of practice the However, 305 89 , 32. became c became oherent and could and oherent 307 306 Both goals, Both and on the on and

CEU eTD Collection te.Te r olne fado h epesodaeage old helpless the of afraid longer no are They other. any over state the to service the prefer to accustomed are notions, established firmly their for the in writes Russians” in using“natural The one lay full solution. indirect and partial a only was this acknowledged, himself he as However, ensued. that – controllability importantly, most and, – restrictions and benefits the all with servants state them make to tried above, mentioned as Uvarov, implement, to measure problematic really a was them after control a As foreigners. of hands the in left education home-based ofopinions.” and Russianfeeling purity their in honourable more time same the at are talented more are who “those but Government, the loyaltyto doubt their any youngprofessorscause to onegiven notofthe not a single only had before.” seen not students their and national them between connections everything to affection of feeling natural a that inferior not are who 310 309 308 Empire. not is there which from service, state the preferring of quality the ascribed is Russian” “natural a of image collective the contrary, the on tongue; mother or abilities language of mentioning no is there here that to an one. ofRussianness ethnic and cultural understanding linguistic transition from the slow the of time the in exactly written is document the that shows it here: Russians” “natural growing.” constantly is which formed, is capital Ibid. “ Ibid., 33. Ibid., 16. Kto iz nikh otlichnee po talantu, tot i zamechatelnee po chuvstvu russkomu i po neporochnosti mnenii.” neporochnosti po i russkomu chuvstvu po zamechatelnee i tot talantu, po otlichnee nikh iz Kto A very telling remark follows Uvarov's discussion of the dangers that poses private poses that dangers the of discussion Uvarov's follows remark telling very A TenYears, in any respect to the best foreign professors, with only that difference that only with professors, foreign best the to respect any in “the Government had had Government “the oglong a way to stating that therefore, he is a better citizen of the of citizen better a is he therefore, that stating to way (prirodnykh russkikh) 309 90 […] […] 310 It is indicative to see the mentioning of the of mentioning the see to indicative is It called for for called [ … […] […] nrdou (narodnomu) ] 308 for their pensions a special a pensions their for A telling remark adds that adds remark telling A in educating process. educatingprocess. in he As the natural Russians, who, Russians, natural the otr noble a fosters N ote

CEU eTD Collection bring coherence (and peace) to the Empire. to the peace) bring (and coherence to supposed was that merger cultural a as seen is it rather terms, ethnic in understood not principles.” true its on based nationality “Russian the [element; culture both of merger a of form the in be to seen was conundrum West.wicked this a for as solution seen The be can here Poland However, enlightenment. towards path a pursuing both as seen best are Europe “enmity.”end Russia or “hatred” for evidence no find we Moreover, Orient. internal its dominating the West,of part peculiar and specific a as seen is Russia Europe, “enlightened” about talking Orthodoxy, WesternEastern.” the to civilisation the towards church Roman the another, to language one specifically of “hatred were of level the which at manifest rest, Russian imagined the and Empire the within lands Polish between enmity of feelings and rivalries existing acknowledged Uvarov a treatment. detailed receive Gubernias Western the particular, In address. to had he challenges educational 314 313 312 311 the as well as Uprising, Polish the of aftermath the in closed were Universities Vilno and Warsaw the both that remembering worth is (it Kiev in University 1836. timestopped in wasthe same at the Polish language of teaching that forget not should we However, nationalisms. official concerning argument good,” state Ibid., 36. Ibid. Ibid., 38. Ibid., 37. A special role in this process was to be played by a newly established St. Vlad St. established newly a by played be to was process this in role special A “common the with languages Russian the learning equates Uvarov Characteristically, particular to attention special devote to necessary is it that believes Uvarov s nadlezhashchim perevesom nadlezhashchim s russkogo 313 which perfectly well illustrates and once more proves Benedict Anderson's Benedict proves more once and illustrates well perfectly which s “with a necessary preponderance of the Russian the of preponderance necessary a “with 91 311 ].” Thus Poland was to see a development of development a see ].” to was Thus Poland Note the stunning changing of roles. roles. When of changing stunning the Note 312 Here it is obvious that nationality is nationality that obvious is it Here 314 Volhynian lyceum). The Volhynianlyceum). i mir

CEU eTD Collection in Uvarov's description, and while the population generally was loyal to the Empire what was what Empire the to loyal was generally population the while and description, Uvarov's in conflict, class a by divided was society Ostee the while decisively: and immediately tackled German.” was “nationality their that was illusion I.” Nicholas of Russia the understand not “could Germans Baltic The Russified. be to reluctance their in deluded only thus harsh, and throne and the to loyal swift were Germans be to was them against taken actions thus and rebels were Poles While down. Different different the within Empire,but could exist nations not. could nationalities played be differences cultural that mind) Uvarov's in least, (at demanded coherence imperial and political, the to connection direct a had cultural The sovereignty. political for claims warrant would that differences cultural signify would nationality Polish “particular” a role: it.” to nation Russian the of spirit common the particular a of Poles] young the nationality [of thought the suppress “to particular in and youth,” uni this of aim stated 318 317 316 315 historian” “future the of version Uvarov's out, pointed already been has it Russia. As in writing historical of “rebirth” a ensure to was order,”which in was subjects [historical] on view “new A Karamzin.” to unknown depths the enter and observation of horizon their “broaden to had historians future but moment, the for writings Karamzin's of primacy the affirms Minister The writing. history of modernisation imminent culture. oftheand waspromotion language Russian butneeded a slow steady Ibid., 51. “ Ibid., 50. Ibid., 39. Ibid., 94. Mysl', chto ikh mnimaia natsional'nost' est' natsional'nost' germanskiia, sil'no ukorenilas' mezhdu nimi.” mezhdu ukorenilas' sil'no germanskiia, natsional'nost' est' natsional'nost' mnimaia ikh chto Mysl', Among other things achieved strictly in scientific practices, Uvarov singled out the out singled Uvarov practices, scientific in strictly achieved things other Among exemplary. is Empire the in Germans Ostsee and Poles the treating in difference The (chastnoi narodnosti), narodnosti), (chastnoi v ersity was to “level the characteristic differences of Polish and Russian and Polish of differences characteristic the “level to was ersity to bring it closer to Russian notions and mores, to transmit to mores, and notions Russian to closer it bring to 92 315 Here nationality is seen playing a double a playing seen is nationality Here 317 However, this illusion was not to be to not was illusion this However, 318 who was to achieve this glorious this achieve to was who 316 Their widespread Their

CEU eTD Collection ones, lost their appeal.” their lost ones, nationality of thought the writers our in that time the “from since this, for thanked be to was necessary.Nationality to ascribes performance overall Russia Western that (Rus'), facts, indisputable of string “a using showed, and minds the closer brought Westernit the Gubernias: in introduction its was beneficial and important Especially establishments. educational private including everywhere, introduced was it that a success such was book The way. correct the in affairs of state present the to road historical the secondly, explainand subject, “safely” the firstly,to would, youngsters that attract textbook a for need a was there “Everywhere” outdated. were views held manner, generally dull and a in tsar. the to report the in His Ustrialov. Nikolai was mission, 321 320 319 consiste was balance in change the rate, any At situation. the of assessment Uvarov's proving be to seems publications original relative in decline a of evidently, (most things many of indicative be can itself in translations of numbers in reduction a that noted be to has it While 36. and 757 were numbers correspondent the latter years ten while works, translated 134 and original 632 published been had there 1832 In works. translated of number the against weighed Russia, in written originally works of number in rise the was that years.” for A ten proof last of course the in ground gained “had self-dependency,” which Ibid., 97. Ibid., 96. Ibid., 98. and esand Noting the obvious difficulties facing any censor, Uvarov states that his Ministry's his that states Uvarov censor, any facing difficulties obvious the Noting “an inborn obstinacy of periodical publications,” no large-scale measures were measures large-scale no publications,” periodical of obstinacy inborn “an p ecially so so ecially in this regard this in […] […] 319 321 Lithuania The subject, as we learn from the Minister's exposition, was taught was exposition, Minister's the from learn we as subject, The Here Uvarov equates nationality with “the though “the with nationality equates Uvarov Here was born again, the most part of foreign ideas, especially political especially ideas, foreign of part most the again, born was was good. was Chaadaev, with incident the After Uvarov which , had been a , had been esra censorial nt Russian History History Russian with the nationality policy understood as increasing as understood policy nationality the with 93 ease and demand for translations), the rise in rise the translations), for demand and ease […] part of the Russianstate.”part of the textbook receives a special mentioning special a receives textbook 320 t of intellectual of

CEU eTD Collection rose from 2153 in 1832 to 3488 in 1842, while gymnasia and lower levels of the educational the of levels lower and gymnasia while 1842, in 3488 to 1832 in 2153 from rose students University of number The degree. scholarly some received people 5723 altogether of number the in educational same 1842. The in 6767 to 1833 in people 4836 from significantly: rose also parochial in increase double the institutions. almost in evident is which education, and them) for schools boarding in rise dramatic the (note children noble the enlisting were ones) developed most the rate, any (at improvement of fields successful most the that data these from evident is It 358). to (compared establishments educational private 521 and 552), to (compared schools parochial 1067 393), to (compared schools district 445 1832), in (the gymnasia 76 lyceums, 3 by joined were Academy Medical-Surgical the and Institute Pedagogical Main the Derpt), Kiev, Kharkov, Kazan, Moscow, Petersburg, St. (in universities six 1842, By impressive. self-dependency,intellectual byUvarov. proclaimed as 322 the in printed were books Russian million seven Finally, roubles. million four by increased was Ministry the of budget the donations; of form the in nobility from came million 13 which of facilities, new building for used were banknotes in roubles million 17 students. of number the in 32 of and faculty of number the in 2000 of increase an to corresponded which created, jurisdiction.) Ministry's establishments educational the new totally 784 saw in tenure Uvarov's of years not ten the Altogether, were they for excluded, are like the and seminaries schools, military of students of numbers (the altogether Ministry the of institutions public the in studying people 169951 of number the gave district Warsaw education the in studying people 66708 of addition the with which pupils, 99755 to 69246 from rise the saw system Ibid., 103. ial, lt u ae a lo t te saitc f te Mnsr hc r, indeed, are, which Ministry the of statistics the at look a take us let Finally, 322 The number of educators and officials employed in the educational process educational the in employed officials and educators of number The graduates: while 1833 saw 477 students graduate, 1842 witnessed 742; witnessed 1842 graduate, students 477 saw 1833 while graduates: re had had been been 64 in 1832), 46 noble boarding schools (compared to 6 to (compared schools boarding noble 1832), 46 in 64 94 rise was evident was rise primary

CEU eTD Collection ne h anr o h niie apoiain fr te “nieos principles” “indigenous the for approximation infinite the of banner the under the the of of forces purposes intellectual disjointed previously the the uniting for Empire, the well and Ministry worked had system chosen the and wrong, were state the nationalities.” European our with par a on least at but behind, not walk to worthy and mature be to Russia considered Ministry “the that implied Uvarov,it claimed for criticised, also was nationality of principle The traditions. and system belief Orthodox to opposition any meant he which by mystical, the and principle” monarchical Russian “full a on insisted he because liberal, the called he that elements the combat to had he obstacles: overcome to had he that acknowledges Uvarov formula. tripartite byt), life national the to accustomed be to had Education European. things all imitate blindly to proclivity dangerous the from minds young free to time same the at and education, scientific forty and out. werecarried expeditions imported, were books foreign million half a and four while Empire, 325 324 323 Anderson's people. the to tsar the from formed is connection Enlightenment Public for Ministry the by mediated people, the nationality. Ibid., 104-105. Ibid., 108. Ibid., 106-107. e er Years Ten and only then it could be deemed useful. In the end, the common denominator was the was denominator common the end, the In useful. deemed be could it then only and oevr vrvssl-rsnaini i his in self-presentation Uvarov's Moreover, s to possible is Firstly,it analysis. this from emerge things Certain T while while e Mnse' ol goal Minister's he interpretation of interpretation TenYears sprle,parallel, as is a direct discourse from the Minister to the Tsar.the to Minister the from discourse direct a is sas official nationalism. nationalism. official 323 a t was h the ora Journal eto poiin ewe uoen ad Russian and European between oppositions destroy o 324 As the rhetorical devices presupposes, detractors of detractors presupposes, devices rhetorical the As is a direct discourse from the Government to the to Government the from discourse direct a is 95 Uvarov promoted firstly a a firstly promoted Uvarov e er Years Ten definitely v definitely ee the the ee Thus a direct, also direct, a Thus alidat cultural cultural Journal Journal e s (narodnyi

Benedict program E 325 mpire of and

CEU eTD Collection to the demands of our age, authentic and primarily Russian.” authentic and demandsto ofourage, the adequate education, domestic Western establish “to was gubernias). principle This Ostsee and about thought he importantly, (most provinces particular peculiar of properties cultural account and historical into taking applied be to was which principle, general one was Empire the nationality.” Russian language. Russian the of dictionary comprehensive new a creating with entrusted was things, other among division, The Sciences. of Academy Imperial the of literature and language Russian kingdom. promoting in way his of out on whichprojecteditself gradually emphasisand culture, onRussianlanguage with an enormous 328 327 326 samobytnogo I russkogosamobytnogo poprevoskhodstvu.” “Velikii russkoi narodnosti.” dvigatel' Ibid., 77-78. the “ Vodvorenie obrazovaniia otechestvennogo, sootvetstvennogo potrebnostiam nashego veka, obrazovania veka, nashego potrebnostiam sootvetstvennogo otechestvennogo, obrazovaniia Vodvorenie sphere of the sphere ofthe Uvarov claimed that underlying all the different measures taken in various parts of the of parts various in taken differentmeasures the all underlying that claimed Uvarov w Minister The eye. anyone's escape cannot Russian learning on put emphasis The 326 In particular, i particular, In

Characteristically, Uvarov Characteristically,Uvarov political. 327 n 1841 the Imperial Russian Academy was made a division of division a made was Academy Russian Imperial the 1841 n R sin i in ussian Ibid., 46. tellingly tellingly Ibid., 48. W 96 senestern calls the Russian language “a great motor of motor great “a language Russian the calls n O and 328 te stsee uena n h P the and gubernias olish ent

CEU eTD Collection for the office of Profes of office the for of issue first very the in appeared that Nationality Official on article the of author the was Shevyriev Moreover, Nationality. Moskvitianin articles. purposes. their for nationality of ideas employ that Eur turbulent the with personalities. trusted from allowed only and provocative. and modern more something into venturing not history, Russian Mediaeval or sciences natural with mostly dealt either there published the of section second the in publications the of amount 331 330 329 on conditional fully are latter the of successes that asserts and teachers on solely rely to not parents implores Shevyriev “people.” create families but candidates,” or “students create only Universities families. to schools and universities from youngsters the for responsibility upbringing.” title the bears article D.C.: GeorgetownD.C.: University Press, 1962), 188. Press, 1976),(Oxford: Clarendon 109. of family upbringing to the state upbringing],” The Journal of the Ministry for Public Enlightenment 35 Enlightenment Public for Ministry the of Journal II,1-63. (1842): The upbringing],” state the to upbringing family of Stepan Shevyriev, “Ob otnoshenii semeiinogo vospitaniia k gosudarstvennomu [Concerning the relationship the [Concerning gosudarstvennomu k vospitaniia semeiinogo Shevyriev,otnoshenii Stepan “Ob (Washington 1800-1870 Danilevskii: to Karazin Russia: in 1801-1855 Pan-Slavism of Russia, years in Seventy Fadner, public Frank educated the and government : ways of parting A Riasanovsky, Nicholas Chapter 5. It is apparent that one of Shevyriev's intentions in writing this article was to move to was article this writing in intentions Shevyriev's of one that apparent is It from comes one first The 1840s, The 331 , ora nosd b vrv hc xold te vrus o Official of virtues the extolled which Uvarov, by endorsed journal a especially towards the end of the decade, the of end the towards especially The The o pean events. events. pean s Cnenn h eainhp o aiy ubign o te state the to upbringing family of relationship the “Concerning or of Russian History and literature at Moscow University. Moscow at literature and History Russian of or C oncept ofoncept Moskvitianin. tpnStepan However, it is is However, it

N hvre,Shevyriev, ationality in the 97 Needless to say, there were no articles dealing articles no were there say, to Needless 329

still still

Finally,he a co-editor, with Michael Pogodin, of Pogodin, Michael with co-editor, a Let us turn to two examples of such of examples two to turn us Let possible to find find to possible Ideological publications are scarce are publications Ideological saw a general decline in overall in decline general a saw ora.Journal. was Uvarov's personal choice personal Uvarov's was Journal Moreover, the articles the Moreover, programmatic programmatic in in 1840s articles 330

The the

CEU eTD Collection the soul with food that will “open in them a united humanitarian and Russian and principles.” humanitarian ina willunited them foodthat the “open soulwith “ upbringing specific state. the in and people the within destiny writings, [ national thought.” of greatness understood with “glitter that Universities its particular, Shevyriev [narodnoe], [ but not parents' universities', fault. havewas become what they that claimed be could it state: the to trouble caused who students university for blame the shifting) entirely not (if be sharing would idea this of consequences direct the of one that note schools. and families of cooperation close a by provided be only could needed state Russian the upbringing and education of kind the Thus, former. the of efforts 338 337 336 335 334 333 332 life.”“national child. a in character moral strong a create it using but religion, of side dogmatic the on heavily insisting not fashion, liberal very a in upbringing to relationship in religion understands Shevyriev that stated be to has vsenarodnyi nikh slitnogo chelovecheskogo i Russkogo chelovecheskogoi nachala.” nikh slitnogo “ Ibid., 4. Ibid., 2. Ibid., 1-2. Ibid., 4. Ibid., 66. Ibid., 9-10. Vospitanie v Russkom smysle dolzhno pitat' telo, dushu i dukh nadlezhashcheiiu pishcheiu dlia raskrytiia v raskrytiia dlia pishcheiu nadlezhashcheiiu dukh i dushu telo, pitat' dolzhno Vospitaniesmysle Russkom v Among the problems that are hindering the correct development of the Russian state's Russian the of development correct the hindering are that problems the Among it although component, religious its be should education an such of principle first The all-national an is address to about is he question the that claiming by starts Shevyriev as developing innate, God-given faculties such as as such faculties God-given innate, developing as 334 eerts aheeet n pedn f euain i h mie n in and Empire, the in education of spreading and achievements celebrates

n,one, ] hvre eie prnig upbringing, defines Shevyriev upbringing?” life our of necessities from coming and soil our to according 338

sh omltsformulates he as in the Russian sense” Russian the in 337 it

as “how to create in Russia a unified, live, national live, unified, a Russia in create to “how as Moreover : : 335 this upbringing should feed feed should upbringing this Moreover, Shevyriev identifies properties of a of properties identifies Shevyriev Moreover, 98 n a frua rmnset o vrvs Uvarov's of reminiscent formula a in Ibid., 5. evny odie aiy peevd its preserved family ordained heavenly , is in accordance with a person's a with accordance in is 332 a person's person's a

It is illuminating to illuminating is It narodnoi body and body 336 own

333 ]

CEU eTD Collection the French Enlightenment thinking was delivered. was Enlightenmentthinking the French character. national their killed Rousseau person development. his in th stating in Frenchman man of nature the and work his criticising in Rousseau: of that especially and minds,” “revolutionary French of state rotten supposedly the of critique a into children upbringing in government disunity disagreements.” all concentrating and “uniting nationality.” our losing persons private in “especially applied, incorrectly but benefits, before world the in unseen bring can correctly, synthesised when hand, one the on which, “differingand languages” “differing identifies opinions” Shevyriev subjects, 345 344 343 342 341 340 339 by the Reformation. church, the and society state, the involving Western confrontations various Westernof failures gravest education. the of one constituted which upbringing, of systems its of grounding religious the forsaken has hand, other the on West, the Church; Orthodox Eastern the of influence the under possible was nprto o h otrvltoay Fec dctoa ytm e See system. educational French France(Oxford: eighteenth-century in education Voltaire post-revolutionary Foundation, 1995). the for inspiration Shevyriev, 17-18. “Ob kgosudarstvennomu,” semeiinogovospitaniia otnoshenii and basis a as served partly and revolution the after France in influential highly became work this fact, In Ibid., 13. Ibid., 12-13. Raznomyslie Ibid., 12. raznoyazuchie. i Ibid., 71-72. Ibid., 66. Anti-Western overtones are abundant in this article. For a start, a correct correct a start, a For article. this in abundant Anti-Western are overtones the and family the of unity necessary the about ideas his turn to manages Shevyriev , this statement can be seen as an apology forRussification. bean seenas apology statement can , this 343 345

At the end of the day, by killing the “internal” family component of a of component family “internal” the killing day,by the of end the At l'education, de ou Émile 340 at his Emile is an orphan and is thus deprived of a crucial component crucial a of deprived thus is and orphan an is Emile his The Government solves the problem, according to Shevyriev, by Shevyriev, to according problem, the solves Government The 99 342 341 344

Thus, Thus,

Shevyriev identifies the first mistake of the of mistake first the identifies Shevyriev Given his previous deploring of linguistic of deploring previous his Given

The situation was even more worsened by worsened more even was situation The a necessary dose of critique towards critique of dose necessary a [ en Boh oseus and Rousseauism Bloch, Jean … ] hetnu us threaten and especially so especially and 339 of the Empire, the of on education on development [ … ] with

CEU eTD Collection the development of Russian upbringing made it possible that a Russian could be turned into a into turned be could Russian a that possible it made upbringing Russian of development the a as again. once nationality original the [ Russian called “European be would imminent, was coming whose period, third The end. an to coming but ongoing, still was thought Shevyriev one which one, European and a was authentic period second the innate, while nationality, her with only lived Russia one, first the during periods: three history ofmankind. the in them by played be to role important an of sign a and precondition a was realm marital the in peoples Slavic of advantage an Moreover, such expected. was and standards discursive life.” family the developing in advantage an had always had peoples kin our and we that us convinces that feeling “internal an also is it Shevyriev, to According one. Western the to upbringing 350 349 348 347 346 domestic everything to love profound a by (“warmed one national the one, religious the importance: diminishing two. the combine would which one, final the and governmental the familial, the stages: three in out carried be to now was person every of Upbringing roots. Russian their to back Russians bring to meant was which unity.” “national but benefits, its had which on,” so and Englishman, German, “Frenchman, Ibid. Ibid., 89. Ibid., 86. Ibid., 94. Ibid., 92. n “embryo of the power of a nation,” the latter being one family. one being latter the nation,” a of power the of “embryo The history of education in the Russian lands is instructive. Shevyriev divides it into it divides Shevyriev instructive. is lands Russian the in education of history The only the not is History 346 ek Weak 350 Nicholas's ascension to the throne marked the start of the first period, first the of start the marked throne the to ascension Nicholas's 347 n rainlirrational and oehsvno][otechestvennoe] Evropeisko-Russkii source that points to the superiority of a Russian system of system Russian a of superiority the to points that source T he familial stage con stage familial he In this exposition Shevyriev describes Mediaeval describes Shevyriev exposition this In steagmn a emseem may argument the as n ettd bu uue get clig for calling great future about certitude a and 100 ]” 348 and would be characterised by returning to byreturning wouldbe characterised and sisted, in turn, of three layers of layers three of turn, in sisted, now 349 The European stage of stage European The tit , addressed existing addressed undermine

Russia d the

CEU eTD Collection the governmental role in the form of university education, to form a proper son of the of son proper a form to education, university of form the in role governmental the th development of stage crucial this during precisely is it Thus, passions. with them distracting keeps time same the at life while students, their of minds only entertain and occupy can universities that parents reminds Shevyriev problematic. most the and crucial the as seen is university, a enter to supposed to sufficient state the sees who Shevyriev, for questions was bring to person.” Russian a of mirror “a all, after was, which language, Russian the in instruction comprehensive a was step h of question the answering life.” public for ready European, educated “an Russia”). 355 354 353 352 the 351 While Russia. in element national the of development of necessity the heavy on a insistence and autocracy of glorification life, private and public the in role its on and emphasis religion heavy a here find We Nationality. Official of doctrine the of interpretation governmental. withunited the properly is familial the when Russia in national become only will upbringing that stating country. his serve to ready Fatherland, Ibid., 99. Ibid., 97. Ibid., 96. Ibid., 108-109. Ibid., 105. ht eegs fo hs atce i a is article this from emerges What r not does upbringing of stage governmental second, the While t Thus, 351

Only the Only the Russian Russian he first layer was to create a Christian, the second a Russian and the third one third the and Russian a second the Christian, a create to was layer first he last outer layerlast outer in 353 mould mould to noble families, to noble

Echoing Uvarov's concerns, Shevyriev asserts that a crucial thing crucial a that asserts Shevyriev concerns, Uvarov's Echoing ow the second, national layer layer national second, the ow youngsters into desirable shapes, the last stage, stage, last the shapes, desirable into youngsters 355 at most of parental love and control control and love parental of most a wouldbe “European.” necessity of primary education and control imposed by imposed control and education primary of necessity 354 who

Summarising his ideas, Shevyriev concludes by concludes Shevyriev ideas, his Summarising 101 preferred foreign tongues to the national one. the foreign national tongues preferred to 352 evl heavily

Shevyriev devotes a considerable space to space considerable a devotes Shevyriev ntoa, “national,” was was to be built. built. be to is is o o sy nationalistic, say to not needed, combined with combined needed, The The a most important most when when s o many too ise one was one

CEU eTD Collection during the Middle Ages. Ages. Middle the during a from came he that mention to sons.” Russian “all of name the languages; Enlightenment, forPublic oftheCouncil Minister 1847. 23, on August, Foigt Karl University the of 57 and Science Art,” Fatherland, “the to to monument a of unveiling ideas. own Uvarov's with accordance in was language Russian the introducing on further and learning insistence His tongues. and opinions in uniformity prefer rather would reasoning, his from evident is as Shevyriev, present, is diversity imperial Russian of celebration necessary 359 358 357 356 school.” French understood badly and dominating [ authentic an “lacking was provide he not for could enough, still gymansium the of director the However, Derzhavin. knowledge the Empire. in ofnationality standardsand feelings educational 2011). 1, June (accessed http://www.vehi.net/brokgauz/all/107/107935.shtml, 1890), 1907 Efrona, I.A. Tipografia Public for Ministry the of Journal The Derzhavin],” Gavriil no.57(1848):Enlightenment, 2. to monument the unveiling of occasion the speech delivered Derzhavin],” Gavriil onthe to 3. occasion unveilingthe monument of “Vsekh synov Russkikh.” Foigt, “Rech, proiznesennaia pri otkrytii v Kazani pamiatnika G. R. Derzhvinu [A Derzhvinu R. G. pamiatnika Kazani v proiznesennaiaotkrytii “Rech, pri Foigt, Russkikh.” synov “Vsekh Semenovskaia Petersburg: (St. Efrona i Brokgauza slovar’ Entsiklopedicheskiy Karlovich,” Karl “Foigt, on delivered [Aspeech Derzhvinu R. G. pamiatnika Kazani v otkrytii pri proiznesennaia “Rech, Foigt, Karl Ibid., 5-6. Thus in speak to city the for privilege the was it poet, the of birthplace the was Kazan As fact, in is, article programmatic highly a Another, 357 ora Journal , a newly opened gymnasium was a huge help to the deprived in search of search in deprived the to help huge a was gymnasium opened newly a , in short, Uvarov's intellectual child. short, Uvarov's intellectual in n14.1848. in His story of Derzhavin is, in fact, paralleled by the story of rising of story the by paralleled fact, in is, Derzhavin of story His poet and statesman statesman and poet The speech itself was delivered by a pro-rector of the Kaza the of pro-rector a by delivered was itself speech The 358

Recalling the events of Derzhavin's life, Foigt does not fail not does Foigt life, Derzhavin's of events the Recalling aa Tatar 356

in Kazan, Kazan, in family that pledged allegiance to Russia long ago, long Russia to allegiance pledged that family Apart from that post, Foigt was was Foigt post, that from Apart 102 samobytnyi Gavriil Derzhavin, Derzhavin, Gavriil his native place. native his and a Kazan University graduate in Eastern University in graduate and a Kazan 359 Here, in the very first sentences, we see we sentences, first very the in Here, aet a was talent, ] peh cmeoaig the commemorating speech a

It is is It who contributed so much so contributed who published in the issue the in published con a member of the of member a tandstrained y the by n

CEU eTD Collection upsdyepann h otnso ezai' yist i itnr.Altethe All listeners. his to lyrics Derzhavin's of contents the explaining supposedly Faith,“the civi decide and classicism of norms with breaks he when 1779, in comes life his in point crucial The II. Catherine of victories the about hears he when rise feelings” “authentic his while works, fo the translating with language Russian the serving of terms in depicted is life adult His sol the in life his details vivid with depicting folk, common the to Derzhavin ones.” chosen their in heard clearly harmony hidden a their is of there lives representatives and peoples of life the “between for people, the of voice the was voice his views. echoes Uvarov'sconcerns and own and educationand misgiving is disposition discursive identifying This domination. and education public in authenticity for call a 367 366 365 364 363 362 361 360 comfort.” “European a with combined [ national of elements “authentic of unity happy a enjoy could Russian a Now soul” her in Russian but birth, by “German was who woman life,” reforms, Peter's of necessity the Christianity, faith of articles Ibid., 78. Ibid., 16. Ibid., 14-15. Ibid., 11. Ibid., 9. Rus',polnym Ibid.,“...nashu takim 8. on[Derzhavin]byl kotoroi vyrazheniem.” Ibid. Ibid., 17. 364 s

In a characteristic move, Foigt dwells on the peculiarities of Russian history while history Russian of peculiarities the on dwells Foigt move, characteristic a In Russia.” of expression full a “such was Derzhavin that claims Foigt to work “in his own way.” His guiding principles in this new work are, expectedly, are, work new this in principles guiding His way.” own his “in work to and a Russian Russian a and c virtue virtue

r hr, there, are Sonderweg. [grazhdanskaya doblest'] uh as such 365 361

n afrain o h orc hie o h Eastern the of choice correct the of affirmation an However, Peter's work was only half-done, and it took a took it and half-done, only was work However,Peter's

Foigt emphasises the closeness, real and imaginary,of and real closeness, the emphasises Foigt 367 characteristic of the Ministerial line on nationality on line Ministerial the of characteristic

[ 103 e se hr nte nitne o merging on insistence another here see We … which erected “a new building of the Russian the of building new “a erected which ] and glory of the Fatherland.” and glory ofthe voices of peoples within the mankind are mankind the within peoples of voices 366 to boost construction works. construction boost to s ih te foreign the with 360 363 d narodnoi

iers' barracks. iers' In particular, In Ministry's ] life” ] r eign 362

CEU eTD Collection from temptations of dialectics of the ofthe ofdialectics from temptations West,” land, Russian the ideas.” Western and Russian motifs. popular Derzhavin's society. whole the him with and again, truth the seeing was he soon that affirms century, Foigt the of currents intellectual fashionable the escape not writings. Uvarov's of reminiscent strikingly is style this of scepticism morbid “the to counter-measure a as understood religion and religion, is it Firstly, work. merging in pot. the theimperial elements correctly for recipe a as Nationality Official understand to us permits effect this to statements of amount sheer The incrustations. European with life Russian of elements autochthonous 374 373 372 371 370 369 368 for and of poetry a all, ensuing and sword Russian [ Russian “specifically God. by ordained are both and love. [ … Ibid., 36. Ibid., 35. Ibid., 53-54. Ibid., 34. Ibid., 31-32. Ibid., 44. Ibid., 40. ]

371 of her state, society, and private persons private and society, state, her of The glory of the fatherland cannot be separated from the glory of the ruling house, ruling the of glory the from separated be cannot fatherland the of glory The The second central theme in Derzhavin's poetry is, predictably, “ predictably, is, poetry Derzhavin's in theme central second The Derzhavin of analysis an to Proceeding yno hsn h rnhaa rmMso,Moscow, from away French the Chasing on Hymn Philosophers However, in the end this text proves to be an ode to a close “ close a to ode an be to proves text this end the in However, [ … ] protected [Russia] from enslavement by external violence and saved and violence external by enslavement from [Russia] protected chisto-Russkoyu a , their freethinking philosophising! [ philosophising! freethinking their , Rsinmnman “Russian festivities, Russian in spirit. in Russian festivities, 369

At any rate, “the sacred Faith, which, which, Faith, sacred “the rate, any At Derzhavin's loyalty and submission to the throne are called are throne the to submission and loyalty Derzhavin's ].” 372 370 [Russkii chelovek], [Russkii 104 was was ezai atfly dpcs vcois o the of victories depicts faithfully Derzhavin 's ”,” poetry, Foigt identifies identifies poetry, Foigt which the poet describes with outstanding with describes poet the which the first Derzhavin's idea. Derzhavin's the first Admitting that Derzhavin himself did himself Derzhavin that Admitting 373

Foigt does not forget to mention to forget not does Foigt The poetry of Derzhavin is, after is, Derzhavin of poetry The ” 374 which united Christian and Christian united which umsvovanie

his soldiers are first and first are soldiers his [ … central themes in his in themes central ] h ieo of life the having sanctified having ]” convergence of convergence 368

Of course, Of Russia,

CEU eTD Collection merger is framed in the language of Romantic organicism, which is also not for not also is which organicism, Romantic of language the in framed is merger Russian voice.” tones ofthe the Russiancharacter[…]all the of and shades phases all […] it in dissolved elements the all with nature, Russian the of whole “the reflected who national the of “conditions These attributes. Western.”and new, Eastern and ancient peoples of thousands Russia, of geography the by conditioned Nature, the of diversity boundless “a everything: life,” Russian East,” the and North the of son “a being he, because Derzhavin, in manifest was Russianness ideal Russia national [ describe noblemen. Russian noblemen his and soldiers, Russian foremost 382 381 380 379 378 377 376 375 poet, worldly” forthis merger,name “ created.” was nationality renewed […] peoples of waves different early the in metaphors organicist the of amount the to compared when down played significantly Ibid., 78. Ibid., 74-75. Ibid., 74. Ibid., 70. Ibid., 61. Ibid., 51. Ibid., 81. Ibid., 80. J 377 n. Even the theme of beauty finds its final expression expression final its finds beauty of theme the Even n. ournal In his conclusion, Foigt point Foigt conclusion, his In in grounded finally are analysis, Foigt's in motifs, Derzhavin's All possess all the elements that made the Empire in the correct proportion. “ proportion. correct the in Empire the made that elements the all possess d narodnyi in the following terms: “and these marvellous, romantic sounds sounds romantic marvellous, these “and terms: following the in ; thus, thus, ; 382 which which in which he sees no contradiction. contradiction. no sees he which in ] motto of a common Russian love towards the commontowards fatherland.” love Russian ofa ] motto only when Russia finally succeeded in “merging into one organic body organic one into “merging in succeeded finally Russia when only was the source of inspiration for Derzhavin, was a was Derzhavin, for inspiration of source the was [plemen] russizm. ” , united under one sceptre […] familiarity with the worlds the with familiarity […] sceptre one under united , 381 s out that Derzhavin was a “purely Russian” and yet “a yet and Russian” “purely a was Derzhavin that out 378

These all all These 105 [narodnyi] [narodnyi] were Russian and, therefore, Derzhavin's therefore, and, Russian were The The caracter” made Derzhavin the poet, the Derzhavin made caracter” monument monument only only in in A certain poem of his is his of poem certain A to him to its its 380 Foigt even creates a creates even Foigt Russian Russian n eclectic n , , symbolising Art, symbolising [ 375 … l all ] form. [became] a [became] gotten, but gotten, merger of merger the things the 376 379

This This The

CEU eTD Collection identified with merging whatever was to be found in the Empire into the melting pot of pot melting the into Empire the in found be to was whatever merging with identified However, increasingly cultural. became andnationality imperial of both version correct the as Nationality. poetry and personality Derzhavin's shorter. become the had ethnic cultural and the themind, between distance but in “Russian” of concept the of understanding ethnic of kind any have not does Foigt enough, Kazan, in delivered occupies part “Russian” the which in speech, Foigt's that note “goodness.” monarchy Russian the of deeds the glorifying his and stoodfirmly. monumentto Derzhavin whereanother nation, Empire. bust,” historiographer's late the above standing Muse compl 387 386 385 384 383 did some who n Russianness, appeared there (2005): 12-20; Michael Khodarkovsky, Russia’s steppe frontier (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, University Indiana (Bloomington: frontier steppe Russia’s Khodarkovsky, Michael 12-20; (2005): 3 no. 2, Studies Turkish Modern of Journal Empire,” Russian a of Foundation the and Ideology Muscovite on unveiling Gavriil to Derzhavin],”83. of the monument occasion Essays Black, Joseph 179; 1825-1855, Russia, in political man-of-letters, thinker, Russian : (The 1975), Mouton, 155. historian,1766-1826 Hague: nationality Karamzin official and I Nicholas Riasanovsky, 1845, in 36. 2005), Press, University Princeton (Princeton: cityshape and text imperial : Petersburg St. Buckler,Mapping Napoleon, over victory the commemorated and 2004); Catherine Evtuhov et al., Kazan, Moscow, St. Petersburg: Multiple Faces of the Russian Empire Russian the of Faces Multiple Petersburg: St. 1997). O.G.I., (Moscow: Moscow, Kazan, al., et Evtuhov Catherine 2004); nOn Ibid., 56. the on delivered speech [A Derzhvinu R. G. pamiatnika Kazani v otkrytii pri proiznesennaia “Rech, Foigt, Karamzin to monument the to allusion an is This the to refers Foigt

e pcfcrltosi ewe aa n h miesesee Empire the and Kazan between relationship specific a mented already existing monuments to the “statesmanship wisdom” “statesmanship the to monuments existing already mented ht eegs fo hs atce i tr fimto f ipra aus Both values. imperial of affirmation stern a is article this from emerges What “truth” became religiosity Derzhvin's analysis, Foigt's how,in note to interesting is It This imperial remembrance was to be doubled in the hearts and memory of the of memory and hearts the in doubled be to was remembrance imperial This

at the unveiling of which Pogodin delivered a speech resembling the one analysed here. See here. analysed one the resembling speech a delivered Pogodin which of unveiling the at Derzhavin becomes the embodiment of the “national,” which for Foigt means Foigt for which “national,” the of embodiment the becomes Derzhavin Alexandrian Column found it the Palace Square of St. Petersburg. It was unveiled in 1834 in unveiled was Petersburg.It St. of Square Palace the it found Column Alexandrian 387 and statements describing local loyalties abound as well. Obvi well. as abound loyalties local describing statements and

come to be to come , erected in Simbirsk (the writer was born in that gu that in born was writer (the Simbirsk in erected , eindadbitb uut eMnfrad e See Montferrand. de Auguste by built and designed o 106 t want tomerged. become t

described in terms concordant with Official with concordant terms in described 384 which commemorate which Michael Khodarkovsky, “Kazan in the in “Kazan Khodarkovsky, Michael 385

a very prominent place, is place, prominent very a 386

It is is It also also d 383 illuminating to illuminating science in the in science n and a b o ernia) “ usly Julie sad

CEU eTD Collection so precious a finding – is the analysis presented in the article itself. In it, Pecheneg tries to re- to tries Pecheneg it, In itself. article the in presented analysis the is – finding a precious so document this makes that part the and – it to Connected matter. the of part only is however, This, posterity. for caring such for reason a been have must there and editor, the of archive the in preserved kind its of one only the is Yetit article. an such in need” “no is there that J official ofthe interpretation conservative and yet adoctrine. it daring seemingly state isboth Orthodoxy, i.e., the state, Russian Autocracy, to education,” inrelation their Nationality of life of principles basic the “Concerning titled is article The Pecheneg. Nikolai scholar law the of section second the in publication the for submitted article Journal's the Serbinovich, Konstantin of archive d to tries that document interesting An concept. useful the to meanings additional give least at or redefine, to attempts been have there hand, other the On issue. the address to undertook positions secure relatively with authors trusted only A unsuccessful debate an influence view attempt the to ofnationality: rejected 388 institutions. informal and formal its and the into it made never article his that fact The formula. the to meaning unexpected new, a give to order in even (and doctrine the of content linguistic the manipulate to tries Pecheneg frame, discursive a such on of traditions (bordering best the In democratic way. terms) more republican a in doctrine conservative conventionally the interpret ournal Orthodoxy, Autocracy, 263, 1, item bundle collection 1661, 1841, education]”, to relation their in Nationality i.e., state, Russian the of life of principles basic the [Concerning vospitaniyu k ikh prilozhenii v Narodnosti GA ti ob oe htteato ssteRsinwr word Russian the uses author building person's now andof the words thea character, understand moral as we education the that noted be to is It RGIA. Nikolai Pecheneg, “Ob osnovnykh nachalakh zhizni Russkogo gosudarstva, t.e. Pravoslavii,Samoderzhavii osnovnykhnachalakhgosudarstva, zhizni Russkogo Pecheneg,“Ob Nikolai i The article is interesting in many respects. First of all, it never was published in the in published was never it all, of First respects. many in interesting is article The or that uncontested left However, was nationality assume that to erroneous would be it : the hardly readable Serbinovich's pencil on the margins of the first page indicates page first the of margins the on pencil Serbinovich's readable hardly the : Journal shows the limits of interpretation that were permitted from the state the from permitted were that interpretation of limits the shows Moreover, the contrast with the published articles published the with contrast the Moreover, 107 first editor. It is dated from 1841, and it is an is it and editor.1841, from first dated is It o precisely that can be found in the in found be can that precisely optne vospitanie, coins neologisms neologisms coins Journal Journal which at the time meant both meant time the at which written by by written for his purpose his for an upbringing. a a certain 388 and s )

CEU eTD Collection superior especially in the field of education, as the “admittedly educated states” do not do states” educated “admittedly the as education, of field the in especially superior it. in developed” and ofthis“systemically life people from the [ people Russian the of [sic] of logic “live reign a is the it and I), during Nicholas formula the of interpretation admissible the of part was organicism Romantic the seen, have we (as soil Russian on development organic an is Nationality and Orthodoxy, Autocracy Pecheneg, to According propaganda. state official of edifice glorious an such However,interpretation. itself. turnarticle us to let the exactly is article Pecheneg's and interpretation, for open texts the for goes same The dismissed. be to have would that variants be always will there mutations: “correct” only are never there sciences, hard from know we as However, long. so for survive to able was formula the why of question the to answer an is which mutate, to ability the along brought This interpretations. to open created initially was doctrine the that fact the of consequence a published. such been precisely have why never show nationality, could on contribution views formed their with 1840s, the from 391 390 389 harmony,” predictably, onwhich basis to compete, the andprecisely this was Europe. with the all and multitudes world's with of totality “the embraced which soul,” Russian whole the life, Russian “resonated formula The created. individually guessed, had intellectuals which the of article, the in emphasised what upon based was often education Western The oracles. too merely were Uvarov like all intellectuals is as nation, “great” a – nation the of understanding (supposed) the from stemmed latter the because one, Russian the to inferior systems,” guessed times, the to according “ever-changing, use they Instead systems. educational respective principle oftheir main the as sucha nationalemploy structure Ibid., 2. Ibid. Ibid. For the biggest part of it, the article seems to be a contribution of a laymen to the to laymen a of contribution a be to seems article the it, of part biggest the For 108 t i oia, abi n unintended an albeit logical, a is It 389 be isclaimed formula to The Russkogo naroda Russkogo 390 which are which ],” evident ],” 391

CEU eTD Collection self”), creates the neologism neologism the creates self”), is identity” unique “a for word his while words: on play a of kind a to resorts Pecheneg message, his convey nothing civilstatutes. lessthan identity, unique a cultivate to able (sic!; union public one into tribes Slavic the of together bringing non-violent purportedly for,again, responsible notion”.) a without idea an fulfilment, its without dream a meaning, a without sound vague a is State, Russian the without mankind, (“the state Russian the without “world-state” a vastness its for (called state Russian the of history the in evident progress, of cause a as nation, a of life education.” to morals Christian overall and Christ of teachings of usage complete “a be to out turns purposes these for Orthodoxy 397 396 395 394 393 392 ( Russia of development common lacking of view “in that doubt” any “without with laden is and text Pecheneg's republican. again, mostseemingly ofmeaning, andofwhich, shades in fascinating overtones role important very a play will later) nationality prototype its than English into render and can be meaningfully applied. be can it means uniqueness and self-dependency in everything from the everyday life to the sphere of the political. everyday in lifethe fromsphereof to and means everything the self-dependency it uniqueness In fact, Pecheneg refers to the Mediaeval times, to the feudal socio-political structure of which no such term such no which of structure socio-political feudal the to times, Mediaeval the to refers Pecheneg fact, In ofNote terminology. the use in republican and itAs more spirit. themovesmore text forward, becomes Ibid. “ Ibid., 3. Or uniqueness. used is that hereis The word Mir-Gosdarstvo.” Then, as the “young, inexperienced Autocracy” fell victim to the feudal wars, it was it wars, feudal the to victim fell Autocracy” inexperienced “young, the as Then, to order In here. terminology the investigate to moment a for pausing worth is It concepts. undefined previously to definitions give to attempts Pecheneg article his In obshestvennyi soyuz). obshestvennyi Ibid. samobytnost', samobytnost', 393 samonarodnost', samonarodnost', ), and, indeed, the whole world, which would mean nothing mean would which world, whole the indeed, and, ), he, following its model (from (from model its following he, 397 a “self-nationality” of the newly created society with society created newly the of “self-nationality” a samobytnost', 395 Autocracy, 392 109 Religion is portrayed as a a as portrayed is Religion which is even more complicated to understand to complicated more even is which aons'narodnost' which implies a very wide spectrum of meanings: spectrum implies of awide which very 396 in turn, basing itself on religion, was religion, on itself basing turn, in tef Ti This itself. sam- sam- aoaons'samonarodnost' meaning “referring to “referring meaning sine qua non qua sine 394 Orthodoxy was Orthodoxy Rus' of the of (self- ) the ) [...]

CEU eTD Collection f uorc s gone. Atcay i hn dfnd n trs hgl eiicn of reminiscent highly terms in defined, then is Autocracy grounded.” is Autocracy of idea the that Orthodoxy of idea holy unshakeable the in is “it that claim to on goes Pecheneg not bloody. presumably with religionand are are filled lives” our of “events while facts,” “bloody with connected here are Europe, with associated earlier saw we which reason,” of inventions “guessed noteworthy: is here opposition The facts?” bloody the reason, of inventions guessed the by not and lives, own our of events saver, our with as it with live to got sainthood lives, our of experiences its understood we when calculation, political a not and consciousness of reason, of workings self-directed the “with author, the exclaims do,” to have we did “What mentioned). even not is overtones Polish strong its with Troubles of Time the (characteristically, Russia of unity spiritually the fostering Orthodoxy of story the is Romanovs of advent the before history Russian the self-organisation. popular,political of the of on rest capability The insistence national another ( uniqueness 401 400 399 398 things.” of order existing the destroying that education deplorable that of consequences theirs seenin ourlands have we not iswhy and taught;and not that simply muchthat learnt isreally not was seeing carefully, it what introduced Monarchs our sought enlightenment, of necessity the never understanding Monarchs “our consideration; and wisdom power.” one will, common one into powers and wills of combination total “the as thought, Rousseau's “Suemudrstvovanija razuma.” osnovnykhnachalakh,” 4-5. Pecheneg, “Ob Ibid. osnovnykhnachalakh,” 9. Pecheneg, “Ob aig afre h rmc f te hatet ble vr ddcin f reason, of deductions over belief heartfelt the of primacy the affirmed Having The embodiment of this common will is the autocrat. Autocrats are embodiments of embodiments are autocrat. Autocrats the is will common this of embodiment The samobytnost') samobytnost') of the parts increased gradually.” increased parts the of 399 when Religion was for us a conviction of heart, a matter a heart, of conviction a us for was Religion when 401 Moreover, the passage concerning the innovations the concerning passage Moreover,the 110 … […] in its ignorant arrogance strove for strove arrogance ignorant its in […] […] 398 and were convinced by it in the in it by convinced were and Again, this passage is indeed is passage this Again, [ … 400 ]

CEU eTD Collection again was only the mouthpiece of the common will of the Russian soul, and the introduction the and soul, Russian the of will common the of mouthpiece the only was again circumstances.” outside the to regard can any which without it itself of by part develop live a but soul, Russian the in cultivated artificially something not is Monarch the towards love of “feeling the as organic, was it matter, since “obvious” an was desires.” his and tsar the knew people the and needs, its and people his knew tsar will.” “common ofthe oracles as innovationinacting general, and enlightenment introduced who rulers thePeter, tosung praise named emperors a cautious two other reads as passage the Russia) in introduced were they when I Nicholas under precisely was (it railways the concerning necessity”. their see yet not does relations, governmental the all considering and people the of needs the railways. understand about to trying now Government, the rumours but usefulness, many their in so convinced is are Everybody “there says that footnote a by followed is 406 405 404 403 402 itself in nationality,which of concept the concerning opinions of plurality the acknowledged Pecheneg, to according Orthodoxy, “deep Ministry's of result the was triad the ofRussianlife.”understanding in element second the as Autocracy of railway that connected St. Petersburg and Moscow (this project, that started in 1842, was completed in Press, University 1905(Berkeley: of1987), Russia, : California 16. completed and revolution Railwaymen was See Russia. in 1842, track railway of in miles 570 were started there that rule, important Nicolas' of project, first end the By (this the 1951.) Moscow of and construction Petersburg the St. oversee connected to that was railway task whose created, was Railways of Department the that article unsuccessful the after year one was it Ironically, Selo. Tsarskoe and Petersburg St. between Pecheneg, “Ob osnovnykhnachalakh,” 10. Pecheneg, “Ob distance km 17 the connecting 1837, in built was value) strategic than symbolic of (more one first The osnovnykhnachalakh,” 10. Pecheneg, “Ob Ibid. Ibid., 11. h hr lmn, ntoaiy s roe n uorc s te lte s roe in rooted is latter the as Autocracy in rooted is nationality, element, third The apparent This inconsistency evident the from Apart accounts. many on baffling is passage This 403 and denial of historic expansion of the Russian state together with the omission of omission the with together state Russian the of expansion historic of denial and 402

Russian Russian

bliss, the author continues, was the result of the fact that “the that fact the of result the was continues, author the bliss, 406 whose treatment of nationality is exemplary. Having exemplary. is nationality of treatment whose 111 405 Thus, the Ministry the Thus, Henry Reichman, Henry 404 The unity The

CEU eTD Collection ainlt. n hs i o h da o ainlt y isl olw rm te ie of idea the from follows itself Autocracy.” by Nationality of ( idea the uniqueness how to is society this And the nationality. directs who one the is he everybody, ( being spiritual and physical its of all state, the of features the improvability our develop ( nation further to Government, ( the of must, we instructions present, the following to ourselves “attaching follows: as nationality defines Pecheneg fashion, nationality. interchangeable “simple” evidently with an Talkingequate in them about to previously tried he which and Pecheneg for crucial is which but triad, original the in seen of speaks immediately follows Public for Ministry that sentence the the However, fashion. possible best that the in issue the solved affirms had Enlightenment Pecheneg formula), the of introduction original the since passed already had time some quite that remember should (we sign telling very a is ocuin o h asg nitn n te sals lw o da rm atcay to 407 autocracy from ideas of flow seamless suspicious. more weakand the seemsall nationality the on insisting passage the of conclusion this, mandate.Given all the squaredivine with tsar's showsone who direction)not does really ( usher an as role autocrat's Moreover, self-government. with confuse to easy too all is self-nationality,which is development this of goal The terms. republican strikingly in depicted is which progress, to society the guide to is purpose sole whose representative, people's a as portrayed is autocrat the before, stating been had Pecheneg what to Almost contrary radical. quite is meaning this and novel nationality, a of discourse carries whole actually the passage to this meaning text, the of rest the to Compared for. written was usovershimost') usovershimost') Ibid. paety hsi h rca asg ftewoeatce rbbyteoeta that one the probably article; whole the of passage crucial the is this Apparently, naroda 407

) , is at the same time its engine of development. Concentrating in all hisperson Concentrating engine ofdevelopment. timeits the same is at from our own powers own our from samonarodnost', samonarodnost', , ” while “the Autocrat, as a representative (sic!) of the of (sic!) representative a as “the Autocrat, while ” 112 the self-nationality, which is nowhere to be to nowhere is which self-nationality, the byta ), acting as head for head as acting ), samobytnosti napravitel', napravitel', , self- ), the it

CEU eTD Collection oitnino of intention no apparently had Ministry the that shows years adjacent the of publications the of analysis an However, published. been have would article an such that probable very seems it active, and was nationality search forthe ongoing the timewhen at andwas if the same it kind, submitted the of issue first the in published the articles by judged hand, one the On lines? republican along reforms for call a as almost time same the at and layperson a from coming propaganda official ardent of piece a as both read it does Finally,why manuscript? the keep Serbinovich did why yet, And published? not article nationality.” and Russian” everything to affection throne, the to submission morale, Christian of seeds “the hearts young the in “ is Pecheneg, Autocrat only guides them as a representative of a nation could not have been seen as seen been have not could nation a 408 of representative a as them guides only Autocrat element. ofthis self-nationality, the view ofdevelopmentin ofsocieties goal The which the to additional the adding by reinforces even of he nationality,which of issue centre the him for the is gravity that eye anyone's escape not could it Autocracy, and Orthodoxy of virtues the extolled dutifully Pecheneg While doctrine. the was of interpretation over-the-top its precisely article the with wrong was what that suggestion the offered have I factor, important an been have might this while However, editor. the by time of out judged been have debate might the revitalise to attempt an Thus, itself. nationality of problem the with deals that twelve everybody is proud of being called a Russian,” Russian,” a called being of proud is everybody Ibid., 13. closest issues of the the of issues closest Indeed, this document poses a number of the most puzzling questions. Why was this was Why questions. puzzling most the of number a poses document this Indeed, Nationality, threads. his all together bring to tries conclusion Pecheneg's 408 an idea that developed satisfactorily only in Russia Russia in only satisfactorily developed that idea an trigstirring h the Journal Journal nin salse ovnino h enn ftethe of meaning the on convention established h rhdx Ta reign Tsar Orthodox the (for the years 1839, 1840, 1841) there is no single article single no is there 1841) 1840, 1839, years the (for Journal, Journal, 113 and future hopes of Russia lie in in lie Russia of hopes future and Pecheneg's contribution seems to be of the of be to seems contribution Pecheneg's ing fr te sk f or self- our of sake the “for [ na Rusi na ]. him, ]. to According concept. Out of Out concept. cultivat claims ing

CEU eTD Collection an attempt to influence the debate on nationality which addressed certain conventions but was certain conventions addressed which the onnationality debate to influence an attempt as contribution Pecheneg's view to us allow seems, together,it editor.consideration these All the past it made that articles of model the fit all development) organic of one the (especially employs he metaphors the and history of usage his contributions, published the of resemblant highly is case his arguing of mode His unsuccessfully). end, the (in do to tried definitely unexpected an he submit which expectations, the match to to had Pecheneg order debate, ongoing the stir in and contribution it: by precisely explained be can self-nationality of idea provocative and novel the and propaganda standard of amount the between discrepancies apparent the this: of example textbook a offers text this that seems It idea. new a advance to order in expectations and standards conventions, pre-existing certain to refer to has text a that discourse. of field the in manoeuvring Journal the in published were that articles nationality-oriented to compared when impossible more impossible. publication made that suggestion this perhaps was it and innocent, too radical to be actually allowed to appear on to appear allowed to be actually too radical pr rm tee cnieain, ti ril rsns a neetn ae of case interesting an presents article this considerations, these from Apart in the 1840s. in The The 114 Cambridge school of intellectual history insists history intellectual of school Cambridge t he pagesofthe he Journal. It was all the all was It

CEU eTD Collection aggressiveness of the letter: Chaadaev was declared mad mad declared was Chaadaev letter: the of aggressiveness civilisation.” true a and possessed West, she East both that of denied and nations the among pariah a as her Orthodoxy, her described deplored future, her humanity,of of despaired laws universal the to Richard “the it, As put Tempestaptly form. any in nation and polity Russian the of development the in possibility culprit. direct Chaadaev. of issue set free. role a major to played he himself by the forces about brought was power,which from fall Uvarov's Count of account brief a with I Nicholas 411 410 409 again anything publish not would (accessed March16,2010). (accessed (accessed 550-563, 1997): (October 4 274-288, 1963): (July 3 the West,”no. no. 22, and “Chaadayev Review Russian Lavrin, Janko 2010); 16, March 56, Review Russian Nationalism,” Eurocentric of Paradox the and Chaadaev Race: the “Civilizing Peterson, E. Dale 2010); 13, July (accessed 473-480, 1978): (September 3 no. 37, Review Slavic Philosopher,” First Russia’s as “Chaadayev Zeldin, Mary-Barbara 2010); 13, July of Rise the (accessed 25-46, 2002): (March and 1/2 no. 54, Thought European Philosophy,”East Chaadaev in Russian Studies Modern “Pëtr Dobieszewski, Janusz 2010); 13, July (accessed 20-43, 2000): (January 1 Russian in no. 78, Review Identity European East and Twentieth Early Russian Century,”Slavonic the The to Chaadaev “Revisiting From Thought: Aizlewood, Robin Marxism; to Enlightenment the from : thought also See landscape. intellectual Russian the in place Slavophiles. and output Chaadaev's and the Westernisers to precursor a as between many by seen debate also is He others. many and identity place Russia's West, Russia's and of East questions crucial between the formulate acutely to first the of one was detail, in here him analyse (October 1,1964): June 353,(accessed 3,2011).(October Raymond T. McNally, “The Significance of Chaadayev’s Weltanschauung,” Russian Review 23, no. 4 no. 23, Review Russian Weltanschauung,” Chaadayev’s of Significance “The McNally, T. Raymond Tempest, or 281. “Madman Criminal,” figure emblematic an Chaadaev, Petr Chapter The first major blow to Uvarov's position was the publication publication the was position Uvarov's to blow major first The of Empire the in nationality of fate the of account my finish to logical be to seems It Telescop, Telescop,

409 Uvarov, as the Minister overseeing the censure in the Empire, was seen as a as seen was Empire, the in censure the overseeing Minister the as Uvarov, 410

h etr rte rm te the from written letter, The h ecin o h oenet ws pootoa o te lvl of level the to proportional was government the of reaction The 6. 6. a journal edited by Nadezhdin, by edited journal a Instead ofInstead an Letter … … Letter , 411 in the history of the Russian intellectual life and too complicated to complicated too and life intellectual Russian the of history the in dispraised Russia in her past and present as an exception an as present and past her in Russia dispraised Nadezhdin banished to exile in the North of Russia Russia of North the in exile to banished Nadezhdin E pilogue: pilogue: 115 aik' utd wr otis a ct nlss of analysis acute an contains work quoted Walicki's Ncooi, et ams o hp o any for hope no almost left “Necropolis,”

of the “First Philosophical letter” by Petr by letter” Philosophical “First the of Uvarov's and was made to promise that he that promise to made was and F all all from Walicki, A history of Russian of history Walicki,A in 1836 in the fifteenth the in 1836 in P ower until

CEU eTD Collection challengers did not take long to take appear. didchallengers not the However, things. of order imperial established an challenging not was it but Autocracy), on extent some to and Orthodoxy on as well (as nationality on attack implicit an been have Ten Years, Uvarov that deep so ran event the from trauma Ministry's Russian.” is that all extol to and people the of spirit the revive to effort every making are circles government highest the when time a “at dangerous more even article an such of publication the deemed Nationality. Autocracy, national honour.”against the of termination the for asked personally 1838 416 415 414 413 and 412 democracy Christian romanticism, Cossack people of group small a certainly Methodius) and Cyril Saints of Brotherhood S of Society so-called the of existence the make to enough was it dreaded, autocracy the form the in Empire nineteenth-century Russian women’s Russian nineteenth-century (Evanston: 2004), Northwestern prose 213. University Press, 1948): 341-360, (accessedJune 3,2011).1948): 341-360, Ibid., 285. in ambivalence of Ibid., 283. power the and Tur, Tempest, or 281-282. “Madman Criminal,” Krestovskii, ground: middle the Finding Gheith, M. Jehanne See on this Isaiah Berlin, “Russia and 1848,” The Slavonic and East European Review 26, no. 67 (April 1, (April 67 no. 26, Review European East and Slavonic The 1848,” and “Russia Berlin, Isaiah this on See , 412 Although the fateful European events of 1848 and 1849 did not spread to the Russian the to spread not did 1849 and 1848 of events European fateful the Although the only was this However, al After h esrta emte h ulcto a was publication the permitted that censor the and in and Journal l s eps set, Cade' rm a rm gis Orthodoxy, against crime a was crime Chaadaev's asserts, Tempest as , 414 a in order to ensure that its political stand should remain stainless. remain should stand political its that ensure to order in

very euphemistic form at euphemisticthat. form very Uvarov even ordered a full-scale investigation into the contents of the of contents the into investigation full-scale a ordered even Uvarov Uvarov, whom he calls “the first modern minister of propaganda,” of minister modern first “the calls he whom Uvarov, 413

based in Kiev. Kiev. in based first and the mildest warning. Chaadaev's article might article Chaadaev's warning. mildest the and first aint 116 was uncovered. It was a relatively harmless and harmless relatively a was It uncovered. was ora,journal, yi n ehdu Methodius and Cyril s felt compelled to refer refer to compelled felt Its ideology, as Whittaker puts it, “blended it, puts Whittaker as ideology, Its calling the article “a veritable crime veritable “a article the calling laid off laid eulcn PnSaim while Pan-Slavism, republican ihu without the rulers rulers the to this incident in his in incident this to (or, alternatively, the alternatively, (or, a eso.pension. nervous. 416 Uvarov 415

Soon

The

CEU eTD Collection the fate of the universities and even and universities even the of fate empire the in censorship of system dual de-facto a in ending ensued, confusion censorial A history. Russian University,St. Vladimir at drawing of professor a appointed military, the to sent was who and influence intellectual an rather but group, the oversaw. Uvarov which of creation the University, Vladimir St. of graduates recent or students were convicts four that fact the to studies Slavic promoting from actions: Minister's the to traced be could society the about much So Enlightenment. Public for Minister the as career Uvarov's of end the of beginning Polishin exile Paris. connectionwith apparent the After authorities. the to investigations, them on reported student a when non-functioning almost ” order. international political and nationalism, Russian Great serfdom, tsarism, attacking simultaneously 420 419 418 417 Fourier) of ideas the by influenced greatly was leader re large-scale of dreamt others discovered Petrashevtsy 1786-1855, 216-217. 1786-1855, University Press, in(Budapest:2003). and century Central nationalism European theEmpire nineteenth A 335-345; 2005), Press, Studies Ukrainian Canadian (Edmonton: of Sysyn Institute Frank and Plokhy, Serhii Kohut, E. Zenon ed. Kohut, E. Zenon of honour in essays of collection a : Synopsis in Reexamined,” Brotherhood Methodius and Cyril St. the of History “The 215. 1786-1855, Whittaker, The origins of modern Russian education : an intellectual biography of Count Sergei Uvarov, Sergei Count of biography intellectual an : education Russian modern of origins The Whittaker, Uvarov, Sergei Count of biography intellectual an : education Russian modern of origins The Whittaker, Ibid., 226-235. Ibid., 216. The next blow came in 1849, when a significantly larger group of the so-called the of group larger significantly a when 1849, in came blow next The the marked it glance, first a from seem might it as incident minor relatively A . A fraction of the group was clearly interested in overthrowing the autocracy, the overthrowing in interested clearly was group the of fraction A . atr ter itleta edr ihe Butashevich-Petrashevski Michael leader, intellectual their (after nyonly 419 417

See also Papazian, “N. I. Kostomarov and the Cyril-Methodian Ideology”; Orest Pelech, Orest Ideology”; Cyril-Methodian the and Kostomarov I. “N. Papazian, also See This, together with other similar mishaps, severely compromised Uvarov. compromised severely mishaps, similar other with together This,

As a matter of fact, the group only held meetings during 1846 and was and 1846 during meetings held only group the fact, of matter a As e epewr uihd punished, were people ten form Taras Shevchenko, who was not, strictly speaking, part of part speaking, strictly not, Taraswas who Shevchenko, secondary .s. h ru a noealscaiticiain inclinations socialist overall an had group The 117 schools seemed threatened. seemed schools 418

and it was found that the society had no had society the that found was it and lexei Miller, The Ukrainian question: the Russian the question: Ukrainian The Miller, ; Dostoevsky's daughter Liubov even Liubov daughter Dostoevsky's ; while Kostomarov a professor of professor a Kostomarov while 420

had been had ) (their was ;

CEU eTD Collection Count Dmitry Count Tolstoy, the from graduated whoTsarskoye Lyceum Selo as and served 1843 in reign. new the of month six only seeing 1855 in died he for see, to able never was Uvarov which again, reform for stage the set defeat Crimean The peak. its at was censorship and intensified, Russification while discouraged, became studies Slavic and universities the in cancelled were courses Philosophy Shirinsky-Shikhmatov, Platon Prince officer naval September. in stroke 1849. a 20, October on resigned quickly, suffered he recovering Although he and 1849 14, July on died wife his trust. fate: highest Uvarov's of noblemen the to only education the limit many or wereuniversity tsarcommuted), later the (a sentence capture. escaped more many and evidence of lack for released and investigation the during arrested the of number Petrashevtsy.” the from “descended socialists Russian claimed 425 424 423 422 421 times. changing bythe which weredemanded corrections necessary the with program Uvarov's finishing seemingly line, Uvarovian the in reforms educational introduce to 1880, until 1866 from Enlightenment Public for Minister a 1786-1855, 236. 1786-1855, University Press, UK:(Manchester Manchester 1985). 3,2011).June educational reform in Russia under Count under Dmitry Russia reform in educational Tolstoi. Press, Harvard 1973). University (Cambridge: Ibid., 237. Uvarov, Sergei Count of biography intellectual 1848 an of : revolutionaries education Russian Russian modern the of origins of The Whittaker, study a : Petrashevtsy The work larger her also see 435; Ibid., (accessed 452, 1984): 1, (October 3 no. Petrashevtsy: 43, “The Review A Seddon, Slavic H. J. Reappraisal,” casc o hs iprat ipra iue i is figure imperial important this on classic A Nicholas ordered a sharp reduction in the number of enrolled students, wanting to wanting students, enrolled of number the in reduction sharp a ordered Nicholas 422

Critically, “of the fifty-one members exiled and the twenty-two sentenced to death to sentenced twenty-two the and exiled members fifty-one Critically,the “of ir ypties sympathisers It took another complicated figure, much resembling Uvarov, resembling much figure, complicated another took It a was iet ih ude;hundred; eight to five 118 le ie, h lsro n h hnelr: state chancellery: the and classroom The Sinel, Allen 425

et t h oiy o restrictions. of policy the to kept over two hundred people were people hundred two over lycée 421 esnl msotns sealed misfortunes Personal Uvarov's successor, a former a successor, Uvarov's

Their self- Their students orlecturers.” students e stimat ion ion of of 423 the 424

CEU eTD Collection ht Uao s et udrto hn hs rfrs r iwd truh te pim o his of prism the through viewed ideology, are reforms his when understood best is Uvarov that argued is It ideologue. an or reformer and statesman a either as Nationality Official of author self-assessment, ofnationality, theviewed prism through wasanalysed. also Uvarov's contributions. ideological important ideologically most the in the a saw 1840s the how and porous and of amorphous issues first the in use to put was nationality of journal a such creating of underpinnings ideological the Enlightenment, Public for Ministry his of organ main the and Uvarov Sergei Count promoter, main the and introducer its to connection close nationality, of shown, different approaches taken in the literature have so far led to different views and and his ideology. ofCount,depictions hisreforms views different to led far so have literature the in taken approaches different shown, of issue The approaches. both combination or separation combining understood best are actions and intentions to order in used Russia. be Nicholaevan cannot the of Institute, Uvarov understand Pedagogical the in speech famous his as some, ideology; Uvarov's analysing for sources relevant circumscribing when exercised be to needs his in I Nicholas The present work has also emphasised the kind of tasks Uvarov was faced with and with faced was Uvarov tasks of kind the emphasised also has work present The been has and possible is it that shown has work The work present the of purpose The and this is precisely how Uvarov himself presents his achievements as Minister to Minister as achievements his presents himself Uvarov how precisely is this and the crucial component of the ideology of the of ideology the of component crucial the Ten Years of The Ministry. Ministry. The TenYearsof of these aspects of Uvarov's tenure tenure Uvarov's of aspects these of Conclusions has been has 119 The work has also shown that a certain caution certain a that shown also has work The to analyse the developments of the concept the of developments the analyse to rather solid version of nationality employed nationality of version solid rather In sum, it has been argued that Uvarov's that argued been has it sum, In . It has also been shown how the concept the how shown been also has It . Journal. ora,Journal, Russian Empire of Nicholas I, I, Nicholas of Empire Russian practised

A special attention was paid to paid was attention special A is important for, as it has been has it as for, important is when its contents were contents its when in literature to view the view to literature in in

CEU eTD Collection theoretical insight into the subject matter has been gained. gained. been has matter subject the into insight theoretical Moreover, analysis. present been the has informed have methodologies related other study ideas, of history of tradition the the in conducted While question. the on scholarship of history the in employed were possibilities these how traced has and base source its as served has that output intellectual the and compassofits science ideology.imperial of henchman the be would which journals, thick all for model role a create should Ministry the that mission his as it understood Uvarov Empire. the in burgeoning were that journals inclusiveness. withinall-imperial the the distinctiveness essential tomeant preserve was nationality Minister's The them. alienating without nationality of banner the under elites, its least at or it, unify to try to had he yet and multicultural, it, have would language today's square to circles actions. his motivated they how particular application of this problem, the version of “Enlightenment” that the Ministry of the of Ministry the that “Enlightenment” of version the problem, this of application particular Russian a of possibility the contemporaries, his and Uvarov by seen as problem such One would addressed. be to that have inevitable problems collateral the circumscribe to necessary always is it Thus, infinity. into with a kind threatening ofregression problems, and complicated withconnections related study. ofthe source material to seem nationalisms official of description structural overall his and work, this for important crucially were Anderson Benedict of work the from Dealing with such questions as have been asked in the present study always raises always study present the in asked been have as questions such with Dealing possibilities various explored has study this of chapter theoretical The the that shown is It . The Empire he had to modernise educationally was very distinct, and, as and, distinct, very was educationally modernise to had he Empire The . Journal Journal yby historicising the crucial concepts, such as ideology, a more a ideology, as such concepts, crucial the historicising Indeed, t Indeed, of the Ministry is to be understood in the context of thick of context the in understood be to is Ministry the of he Minister had found found had Minister he 120 is Russia's place between East and West and East between place Russia's is be validated and warranted by the by warranted and validated be Many theoretical insights coming insights theoretical Many that there were all too many too all were there that Sonderweg for analysing for and, as a as and,

CEU eTD Collection an analysis of later Uvarov's writings, most importantly, most writings, Uvarov's later of analysis an con amorphous and undefined yet a of implementation an in its hesitation a certain at pointing triad), famous the of components asother well as are, cognates (although document the in employed yet not is that, “nationality” see of also concept We the crucially, identity. imperial and national unique for search a and Europeanness reflects clearly also his and minds people's for fight to necessity the understood Uvarov Autocracy. and Orthodoxy Russian inevitable the of waves the guide to trying as Minister the shows source The intentions. Uvarov's on light study.in this analysed was that of the goals and methods the Describing version. understood basedonromantically German one fora specific preference the in found materials the on shown been or German French, be it should spread: to was name same characteristic in the in characteristic a as and processes) development). imperial (of historical normative (of interpretation literature, an (of as conduct), requirement personal a or as education, importantly, most used, be could nationality which in in and, senses various were there Romanticism that argued been also has of It organicism. of metaphor its particular, language the of help the with understood was nationality how shown been has It worked. nationality of concept the use to putting and defining for call wide ofthe use confident concept Journal Journal An analysis of the early issue early the of analysis An document archival lengthy the in addressed is Enlightenment” “which of question The was intended to be the main weapon of the Ministry in this battle. The document The battle. this in Ministry the of weapon main the be to intended was Journal Journal Uvarov as having to find the middle ground between his heartfelt pro- heartfelt his between ground middle the find to having as Uvarov ukäugAufklärung publications which is later depicted as aforreforms. as guiding force which depicted islater and fostering its brand new version, compatible with compatible version, new brand its fostering and s of the the of T his polyvalence polyvalence his in in Journal the 1830s. 121 J ournal ournal , the overwhelming response indicated the indicated response overwhelming the , from the thirties show thirties the from of nationality is seen as its defining its as seen is nationality of

the the a a specific specific cep Ten Years, Years, Ten t. Yet, as it has been shown, been has it Yet,as t. national one national Journal, Journal, show a much more much a show s how exactly a exactly how it sheds new sheds it ? ? As it has it As

CEU eTD Collection t neto. I ay ise n a rw i s ipsil o fn n atce daig with dealing article an find to impossible is it row a in issues many In inception. its forever. way that stay not could promoted Uvarov that during program cultural predominantly The rulers. change subsequent significantly to had Nationality Autocracy, Orthodoxy, of form same the preserved having that, structure ideological the cemented time the same the in at Uvarov system Empire, educational solid a of foundations the Building education. private against nations. imperial all include to order in perform to had nationality tricks the and task his of complexity the of proof a as serves again yet and statesman acute an as him specific shows Empire the of of provinces treatment Uvarov's ideas. educational and reforms his to ascribes he framing ideological the is impressive more yet and impressive, is Empire the in levels all of schooling as seen is there found processes Russification of description The nationality. of prism the through eev oecei,credit, some receive seemingly still the ways European to Although diversities. imperial answer the all an unifying of problem as unsolvable understood furthermore, is, Nationality itself. define to has it which against life, European the of features many shares necessarily it one: peculiar a is uniqueness this yet empire, Russian the of subjects of uniqueness as understood was features identifiable certain analysis their from emerges What published. still were people trusted by articles ideological highly cases certain in However, Empire. Russian the of history Mediaeval or science strict to devoted are them of most matters; ideological The The Uvarov's togystrongly Journal Journal TenYears Especially illuminating is Uvarov's ideological framing of the war he waged he war the of framing ideological Uvarov's is illuminating Especially rvn eeitAdro' hss vrvsUvarov's thesis. Anderson's Benedict proving in the 1840s presents a radically different picture compared to the time of time the to compared different picture radically a presents 1840s the in a t-etr nti-Western show (and yet the term never lost its amorphous character). amorphous its lost never term the yet (and s how the Minister Minister the how feelings are much more tangible in the 1840s than they than 1840s the in tangible more much are feelings 122 is a consolidated view of nationality with nationality of view consolidated a is defined, defined, view achievements in reforming in achievements ed and evaluate and

Nationality d his work his

CEU eTD Collection for its inherent capacity for mutation, survived until the very end ofthe survived the until monarchy very formutation, for its capacity inherent nationality, of concept Uvarov's education, of sphere the in for foundations laid had Uvarov what secure and promote significantly to Enlightenment Public for Minister serving long- another took it While undone. easily be to strong too be to out turned built he system the and place its in left was ideology his However, policies. educational Uvarov's of reversal whole belongsworldand todifferent the sameat time the civilisations. nationality, of who a Tatar poet, of Russian” scion a “purely family, Derzhavin, a becomes characteristically idea the of help the With pantheon. imperial the into elevated is latter the Derzhavin, Gavriil statesman, and poet imperial an of image schoolbook correct, a depict to used is nationality of concept the Lastly, dominant. are life imperial Russian and throne the Church, Orthodox the to loyalty the which of loyalty, of levels different endorse to understood is finally, national, The trend. nascent a signalling 1830s, the in been have h er olwn h uoen trol o 88 ad 14 a n attempted an saw 1849 and 1848 of turmoil European the following years The 123 . with which with not least not

CEU eTD Collection Mogilevskiy, Ioann. “O russkom yazike [On Russian language].” language].” Russian [On Mogilevskiy, yazike russkom “O Ioann. [Aistorii vseobshchei prepodavaniia “Plan Gogol, Nikolai. history].” teaching world for plan [A Derzhvinu R. G. pamiatnika Kazani v otkrytii pri proiznesennaia “Rech, Karl. Foigt, Karlovich.” Karl “Foigt, nem prinimat’ v dolzhna kakoe uchastii, ob i Rossii v obrazovaniia khode Fisher,“O Adam. Nikolai. Barsukov, prava prepodavaemy i izuchaemy byt’ dolzhny koikh v predelakh, “O Vasili. Androssov, St. Petersburg. Archive], Historical State [Russian Archiv Istoricheskii Gosudarstvennyi Rossiiskii – RGIA sourcesPrimary “Polozhenie ob organizatsii redaktsii ‘Zhurnala Ministerstva Narodnogo Prosveshcheniya’, Narodnogo Ministerstva ‘Zhurnala redaktsii organizatsii ob “Polozhenie history].” world [On istorii vseobshcheii “O ———. [A piece Pogodinym professorom sochinennoi istorii, russkoi iz “Otryvok Mikhail. Pogodin, literature].” in nationality [On literature v narodnosti “O Petr. Pletnev, Pravoslavii, t.e. gosudarstva, Russkogo zhizni nachalakh osnovnykh “Ob Nikolai. Pecheneg, of expenses the down cutting [Concerning Zhurnala izdaniiu po izderzhek sokrashchenii “O izdaniie na upotreblennoi ob i god 1840 za Zhurnala ekzempliarov razoslannykh chisle “O Enlightenment Enlightenment for Public Pogodin].” Professor by composed history Russian from forPublicEnlightenment Ministry Enlightenment for Public of forPublicEnlightenment the Ministry The Journal 69. in it].” play should philosophy role the on and Russia in education of progress the [On filosofiia (1834): taught].” and studied be should law national and political which in limits the [On narodnoe i politicheskoe relation to education]”, 1841. Collection 1661, bundle 1,item263.RGIA. 1661,bundle education]”, 1841.Collection relation to basic their in Orthodoxy, the Nationality Autocracy,i.e., state, Russian [Concerning the of life vospitaniyu of principles k ikh prilozhenii v Narodnosti i Samoderzhavii 1,item6.RGIA. 1839.Collection 742,bundle publishing Journal]”, the 1890 1,item10.RGIA. usedforit]”, 742,bundle paperwas that 1841.Collection and the 1840 year the for Journal the of copies sent of number the [Concerning bumage ego Efrona, I.A. forPublicEnlightenment Ministry The Journal of the Derzhavin].” Gavriil to monument the unveiling of occasion the Tipografia on delivered speech http://www.vehi.net/brokgauz/all/107/107935.shtml. June1,2011). (accessed Semenovskaia Petersburg, 1904. II, 367-386. The Journal of forPublicEnlightenment the Ministry The Journal Zhizn i trudy M.P. Pogodina M.P.Pogodina trudy i Zhizn , no. 1 (1834): , no.1(1834): Entsiklopedicheskiy slovar’ Brokgauza i Efrona i Brokgauza slovar’ Entsiklopedicheskiy The Journal of the Ministry for Public Enlightenment Public for Ministry the of Journal The , no. 4 (1834): , no.4(1834): , no.17(1838): II, Bibliography 31-139. , no.1(1834): II,1-31. 124 II, II, [The life and works of M. P. Pogodin]. St. P.Pogodin]. M. of works and life [The 386-401. 17-43. The Journal of the Ministry for Public Public for Ministry the of Journal The , no. 1 (1834): , no.1(1834): , no.57(1848): II,1-84. The Journal of the Ministry Ministry the of Journal The The Journal of the Ministry the of Journal The , no. 5 (1835): II,28- , no.5(1835): The Journal of the the of Journal The II, . St. Petersburg: St. . 189-299. o 4 no. , -1907 .

CEU eTD Collection Aizlewood, Robin. Robin. Aizlewood, Secondary literature ———. I Nikolaiiu imperatoru Uvarova S.S. prosveshcheniia narodnogo ministra “Doklady ———. Uvarov,Sergey. [Concerning gosudarstvennomu k vospitaniia semeiinogo otnoshenii “Ob Shevyriev,Stepan. Soloviev, Sergei. of significance historical [On Rossii znachenii istoricheskom “Ob Mikhail. Rozberg, Berlin, Isaiah. “Russia and 1848.” 1848.” and “Russia Isaiah. Berlin, c.1800-1914: integration, regional and “Nation-building Miller. Alexei and Stefan, Berger, ———. ———. Frederick. Beiser, Postmodern World.” the in Ideology 1: In “Excursus Zygmunt. Bauman, Augustine. Benedict. Anderson, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003. HarvardUniversity MA: Press,University 1996. 1992. 1790-1800 thought, political German humanities] Imperial the ofSciences, 1864. Academy of Typography St.Petersburg: 1833-1843]. Enlightenment Public for Ministry the of 1 Russia].” no. 3(2008): 317-330. empires.” of role the 1999. University109-131. Stanford: Press, Stanford Nationalism 2000): 20-43. TwentiethEarly Century.” Lak, 1995. emperor the to Uvarov S. In S. I].” Nicholas Enlightenment Public of Minister the of reports [The 1914. Prometei, upbringing].” Enlightenment Ministry forPublic state St.Petersburg: the to upbringing family of relationship others]. the for possible, 2011). 7, if April (accessed http://az.lib.ru/s/solowxew_sergej_mihajlowich/text_0410.shtml. and children, 1833. Enlightenment"]”, Public for Ministry the those of 1661,bundle 1,item245.RGIA. Collection for Journal ’Rules printed the and in Journal collaborating the of continuation Enlightenment, the Public for about Ministry announcement the of Journal the of office editing the creating concerning statute [The Prosveshcheniya‘ Narodnogo Ministerstva ’Zhurnala trudakh v uchastvuyushchikh dlia ‘Pravila pechatnye i zhurnala vozobnovlenii o obyavlenie 6. Obshchii vzgliad na filosofiiu slovesnosti slovesnosti filosofiiu na vzgliad Obshchii The romantic imperative : the concept of early German romanticism German early of concept the : imperative romantic The h ery oiia wiig o te emn romantics German the of writings political early The Confessions Desiatiletie Ministerstva Narodnogo Ministerstva Desiatiletie Prosveshcheniya 1833-1843 The Journal of the Ministry for Public Enlightenment Public for Ministry the of Journal The Moi zapiski dlia detei moikh, a esli mozhno, drugikh moikh,i detei aesli zapiskidlia dlia Moi . St.Petersburg, 1848. . Revised edition. London: edition.London: . Revised Verso, 2006. nihemn, rvlto, ad rmniim: te gnss o oen modern of genesis the : romanticism and revolution, Enlightenment, “Revisiting Russian Identity in Russian Thought: From Chaadaev to the to Chaadaev From Thought: Russian in Identity Russian “Revisiting mgnd Cmuiis elcin n te Oii n ped of Spread and Origin the on Reflections Communities: Imagined . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. University . Oxford:Oxford Reka vremen Reka European Review of History: Revue Europeenne d’Histoire Europeenne Revue History: of Review European

The Slavonic and East Europeanand East The Slavonic Review The Slavonic and East EuropeanReview East and Slavonic The , edited by Maksim Shevchenko. Vol. 1. Moscow: Ellis Moscow: Vol. 1. Shevchenko. Maksim by edited , 35 (1842): II,1-63. 35(1842): 125 . Cambridge Mass.: Harvard University Press, Press, University Harvard Mass.: Cambridge . [A general overview of the philosophy of of philosophy the of overview [Ageneral

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CEU eTD Collection Garethjones, W. “The Spirit of the ‘Nakaz’: Catherine II’s Literary Debt to Montesquieu.” to Debt Literary II’s Catherine ‘Nakaz’: the of Spirit “The W. Garethjones, John. Gaddis, Frank. Fadner, Hagen. von Mark and Ospovat, Alexander Gasparov, Boris Catherine, Evtuhov, Philosophy.” Russian Modern of Rise the and Chaadaev “Pëtr Janusz. Dobieszewski, ———. van. Teun Dijk, Derrida, Jacques. Ceri. Crossley, Aurelian. Craiutu, Julie. Buckler, Jean. Bloch, Joseph. Black, ———. In Intentionalist.” an be to “How Mark. Bevir, ngt ahne.“tnct,NtoaiyadteMse:Nrdot n oent nin Modernity and Narodnost’ Masses: the and Nationality “Ethnicity, Nathaniel. Knight, ———. Russian a of Foundation the and Ideology Muscovite the in “Kazan Khodarkovsky,Michael. Eric. Hobsbawm, François. Guizot, ———. In state.” the and intellectuals “Hegemony, Antonio. Gramsci, M. Jehanne Gheith, In system.” cultural a as “Ideology Clifford. Geertz, ̦ ̆ University Press,University 2004. meilRsi. nIn Russia.” Imperial Empire.” 1992. University Cambridge UK: Press, Cambridge Fund,Indianapolis: 2002. Liberty :areader culture 2004. University Press, prosewomen’s Russian nineteenth-century in ambivalence New York: Basic1973. Books, andEastThe Slavonic European Review Washington D.C.:Georgetown Press, 1962. University Empire Russian the 1997. of Faces Multiple Petersburg: St. Moscow, in East European Thought 2008. University Press, Quinet, Michelet 2003. Md.:LexingtonBooks, Lanham 2005. University Press, Foundation, 1995. 1766-1826 Press, 1999. York: 2005. Routledge, turn linguistic the after writing historical 1, 1948): 341-360. Russia’s steppe frontier delQuaderni carcere amultidisciplinary approach : Ideology history of of ideasThe logic the Rousseauism and education in eighteenth-century France eighteenth-century in education and Rousseauism

The landscape of history : how historians map the past the map historians how : history of landscape The Seventy years of Pan-Slavism in Russia: Karazin to Danilevskii: 1800-1870 Danilevskii: to Karazin Russia: in Pan-Slavism of years Seventy Mapping St. Petersburg : imperial text and cityshape and text imperial : Petersburg St. Mapping French historians and romanticism : Thierry, Guizot, the Saint-Simonians, the Guizot, Thierry, : romanticism and historians French Essays on Karamzin : Russian man-of-letters, political thinker, historian, thinker, political man-of-letters, Russian : Karamzin on Essays Discourse and context : a sociocognitive approach sociocognitive a : context and Discourse Journal of Turkish Modern Journal Studies

De la Grammatologie la De . Mouton, 1975. The Hague: Nations and nationalism since 1780 : programme, myth, reality myth, programme, : 1780 since nationalism and Nations Liberalism under siege : the political thought of the French doctrinaires French the of thought political the : siege under Liberalism h itr f te oiis o ersnaie gvrmn n Europe in government representative of origins the of history The idn h ide gon: Ketvki u, ad te pwr of power the and Tur, Krestovskii, ground: middle the Finding . London: Routledge, 1993. Routledge, . London: , edited by John Storey, byJohn , edited 2006. Pearson, 85-92.3rded. Harlow: Russian Modernity: Politics, Knowledge, Practices Knowledge, Politics, Modernity: Russian . Torino: Einaudi,2007. . Bloomington: Indiana University Press,. Bloomington:University 2004. Indiana 54, no. 1/2 (March 2002): 25-46. 54,no.1/2

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CEU eTD Collection —.———. v natsia poniatia transfer udobnoe: vpolne ne no neobkhodimoe, “Priobretenie ———. the in Uvarov’sTriad Sergei Count of Reassesment Anationality’? “‘Official Miller, Alexei. Mead, Kullada. Weltanschauung.” Chaadayev’s of Significance “The T. Raymond McNally, eighteenth the in letters of profession the and journals of creation “The Gary. Marker, Karl. Mannheim, Arthur. Lovejoy, and the “Chaadayev Janko. Lavrin, West.” Johnson. Mark and George, Lakoff, In History.” Social and “Begriffsgeschichte Reinhart. Koselleck, eesn ae E Cvlzn h ae haav ad te Prdx o Eurocentric History?” Intellectual is “What Collini. Stefan and Skinner, Quentin J.G.A., of Pocock, Paradox the and Chaadaev Mary. Race: Pickering, the “Civilizing E. Dale Peterson, In Reexamined.” Brotherhood Methodius and Cyril St. the of History “The Orest. Pelech, Ideology.”Cyril-Methodian the and Kostomarov I. “N. Dennis. Papazian, Osipov, Boris. Thailand.” in Ideology State Official Modern of Origin “The Eiji. Murashima, century.” In nineteenth early the of life literary Todd,in Mills William.“Periodicals Omskii Gosudarstvennyi Universitet, 2004. GosudarstvennyiUniversitet, Omskii century L. HoffmannDavid and Yanni Press, 41-67.London: Kotsonis, 2000. Macmillan Cambridge University Press, 1993. University Cambridge Nationalism.” of Institute Canadian Studies Press,Ukrainian 2005. Edmonton: 335-345. Sysyn, Frank Kohut and Plokhy, E. Serhii Zenon of Kohut, honour in essays of collection a : Synopsis no. 1(January 1970): 59-73. Southeast StudiesAsian Press, 1998. University Cambridge Russia Imperial in Journals and Miller.Alexei 2010. Moscow: Obozrenie, Literaturnoe Novoe (1700-1917) Empire Russian the of history (1700-1917) imperii In Rossijskoj centuries].” mid-XIX - [ XVIII vekov) XIX seredina t acquisition: opportune - XVIII (nachalo Rossiiu New York: Press, 2008. University European Central research historical of methodology the In Politics.” Nationalism of Context 2004. 352-361. 23, no.4(October 1,1964): 11-33. Press, UK: University 1998. Cambridge Cambridge In century.” &1954. KeganPaulLondon: Ltd., Routledge UniversityMass.: Press, Harvard 1976. Press, 1980. semantics oftime historical h kana usin:teRsinEpr n ainls ntenntet nineteenth the in nationalism and Empire Russian the : question Ukrainian The . Budapest: Central European University Press, 2003. University European Central . Budapest: Osnovy slavianskogo yazykoznaniya yazykoznaniya slavianskogo Osnovy The rise and decline of Thai absolutism of Thai decline rise and The

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CEU eTD Collection Zorin, Zorin, Andrey. Philosopher.” First Russia’s as “Chaadayev Mary-Barbara. Zeldin, Zapadov, ed. Aleksandr, Richard. Wortman, Cynthia. Whittaker, Essay.” Interpretive An Uvarov: Sergei of Ideology “The H. Cynthia Whittaker, ———. Walicki, Andrzej. Waldron, Peter. in Vella,Walter.Army and Bureaucracy Russian Imperial the of Size “The Stephen. Velychenko, Tully,Skinner’sQuentinSword: Mighty a Is Pen “The H. James Politics.” of Analysis ed. Jane, Tompkins, 362. Perspective.” Comparative and state ideology in Russia in the last third of the XVIII - the first third of the XIX the of third centuries] first the - XVIII the of third last the in Russia in ideology state and literature eagle: two-headed treti the poslednei tretipervoi [Feeding - veka XVIII XIX 1978):(September 473-480. XVIII-XIXcenturies] inJournalism the I Nicholas of death 1995. University Press, the to Great the Peter 1984. 1786-1855 Uvarov, Sergei Count Review Russian thought Press,Clarendon 1980. ofHawaii,University Press 1978. ScienceJournal of Political Baltimore: HopkinsThe Press, Johns University 1980. Review Slavic The Slavophile Controversy : history of a conservative utopia in nineteenth-century in utopia conservative a of history : Controversy Slavophile The Chaiyo! King Vajiravudh and the development of Thai nationalism Thai of development the Vajiravudh and King Chaiyo! 37, no. 2 (April 1978): 158-176. 37,no.2(April Kormia dvuglavogo orla: literatura i gosudarstvennaiia ideologiia v Rossii v Rossii v ideologiia gosudarstvennaiia i literatura orla: dvuglavogo Kormia Governing Tsarist Russia . Moscow: NLO, 2001. NLO, . Moscow: A history of Russian thought : from the Enlightenment to Marxism to Enlightenment from the : thought Russian of history A Scenarios of power: myth and ceremony in Russian monarchy. From monarchy. Russian in ceremony and myth power: of Scenarios The origins of modern Russian education : an intellectual biography of biography intellectual an : education Russian modern of origins The 43, no. 2 (Summer 1984): 281-287. 43,no.2(Summer . Oxford: Clarendon Press,. Oxford:Clarendon 1975. edrrsos rtcs rm fraim t post-structuralism to formalism from criticism Reader-response Istoriia Russkoi Zhurnalistiki XVIII-XIX vekov [History of Russian of [History vekov XVIII-XIX Zhurnalistiki Russkoi Istoriia Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas Geschichte für Jahrbücher 13, no. 4 (October 1, 1983): 489-509. 13,no.4(October 1,1983):

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