Homelessness in Douglas – It’S Much More Than Not Having a Roof Over Your Head
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1 Homelessness in Douglas – It’s Much More Than Not Having a Roof Over Your Head November 2012 Prepared by The Cairns Institute James Cook University For The Douglas Community Housing Group 2 The Homelessness in Douglas – it’s much more than not having a roof over your head! Report was proudly funded by the Queensland Government’s Building Rural Communities Fund, Cairns Regional Council and The Cairns Institute James Cook University. Thank you also to community members, government and non-government organisations and Douglas Community Housing group for their valuable time, contributions and support of this project. 3 Contents Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 6 Recommendations.......................................................................................................................................11 Section 1: Literature review........................................................................................................................15 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 15 Parameters for this Literature Review ...................................................................................................... 16 Definition of Homelessness ....................................................................................................................... 17 Homelessness and Women........................................................................................................................ 20 Domestic and Family Violence ..................................................................................................... 20 Housing Choices Post-Violence and Social Support Network .................................................... 21 Young People .............................................................................................................................................. 22 Homeless Young People’s Sense of Self-worth ........................................................................... 23 Seniors Homelessness ................................................................................................................................ 26 Homelessness in Rural Areas ..................................................................................................................... 26 Indigenous Homelessness .......................................................................................................................... 27 Historical Context .......................................................................................................................... 27 Recent Statistics ............................................................................................................................ 28 Housing Conditions and Health.................................................................................................... 29 Temporary indigenous mobility ................................................................................................... 30 Re-thinking Indigenous homelessness ........................................................................................ 31 Social and Cultural Drivers of Homelessness .............................................................................. 33 Different Perceptions of Homelessness ...................................................................................... 33 Remote area homeless men ........................................................................................................ 34 Homelessness and kinship obligations ........................................................................................ 34 Overcrowding ................................................................................................................................ 35 Tertiary homelessness .................................................................................................................. 36 Effective Interventions ............................................................................................................................... 36 Interventions for addressing multiple and interlinked factors ............................................................... 38 Housing models .......................................................................................................................................... 41 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................... 42 4 Section 2: The Australian and Queensland Homelessness Policy Context ..............................................43 Australian homelessness policy context and guiding principles ............................................................. 43 The Queensland Homelessness policy context and initiatives................................................................ 47 The Cairns Regional Council Area Homelessness Context and Operations............................................ 48 Section 3: The Douglas Homelessness Context .........................................................................................51 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 51 Method Used To Establish Douglas Context ............................................................................................ 52 Interviews of Agencies .................................................................................................................. 54 Agency Surveys.............................................................................................................................. 54 Results 56 Themes Regarding Homelessness Issues Agency Interviews and Client Surveys .................................. 57 Text Box 1. Quotes exemplifying the perceptions of service delivery agencies....................... 58 Table 1.1. Homelessness Themes Identified by Service delivery Representatives during Interview. ....................................................................................................................................... 59 Table 1.2: Thematic Analysis of all clients surveyed Presenting to Service Delivery Agencies (n=41) ............................................................................................................................................. 61 Disaggregated Thematic Analysis of Types of Homelessness .................................................... 62 Table 3.1: All Client surveys (n=41) .............................................................................................. 62 Table 3.2: Types of Homeless Clients from Those Identified in Table 3.1 ................................ 63 Table 3.3: Clients Living in Overcrowded Housing: Housed Clients – with usual numbers and visitors ............................................................................................................................................ 63 Table 3.4: Themes identified as Important by Clients Identifying as Homeless who were in Overcrowded housing................................................................................................................... 64 Table 3.5: Overcrowding - Staying with family and friends (respondent identifying as homeless) ...................................................................................................................................... 64 Table 3.6: Sleeping in overcrowded and describing self as homeless ...................................... 64 Table 3.7: Overcrowding by people who identify themselves as homeless: Numbers ........... 65 Table 3.8: Themes Identified as to Reasons for Living in Overcrowding and Pathways Out: Secondary Homeless Clients ........................................................................................................ 65 Table 4.1: Demographics of Rough Sleepers - (identifying as homeless) ................................. 65 Table 4.2: Rough Sleepers - Where staying ................................................................................. 66 Case Studies of homeless people, or people at risk of homelessness .................................................... 66 Indicative Cost to Agencies of Providing Homelessness Services (unfunded) ....................................... 67 5 Summary of the Douglas Homelessness Context..................................................................................... 69 Section 4: Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................71 Appendices ...................................................................................................................................................72 Appendix 1: Shared Data Collection Tool for Agencies .............................................................. 72 Appendix 2: Interview Questions (of agencies) ......................................................................... 73 Appendix 3: Client Survey Instrument used by Agencies .......................................................... 75 Appendix 4: Number of Rough Sleepers Data Collection Tool ................................................. 76 Appendix 5: Demographic Future Estimates of