Thinking Big About Peace Report

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AUGUST/OCTOBER 2003 Inside 3 New Board Members 4 IRAQ Global Terrorism Post-Conflict Double Issue Reconstruction Vol. IX, Nos. 5–6 5 Coercive Diplomacy UNITED STATES INSTITUTE OF PEACE ■ WASHINGTON, DC ■ www.usip.org 6 Building Strong Bridges through Dialogue 8 Senior Fellows Thinking Big about Peace Report

Students question policymakers, simulate negotiations, and debate the big issues during National Peace Essay Contest awards week in Washington.

“Think big. You can do anything Institute’s annual National Peace State essay winners spend an you want. And when you work to Essay Contest awards week intensive week in Washington bring peace to the world, you are brought almost 50 high school each year, taking in the action at thinking big,” Congressman students to Washington, D.C. for the Capitol and elsewhere and tak- Ralph Regula (R-Ohio) advised stimulation, simulation, and a taste ing on the biggest of issues. The state essay contest winners. The of capital fare. See Thinking Big, page 2 2 the war in Iraq, then where are Thinking Big they?” followed yet another. Final- Right, top to Peace Watch (ISSN 1080-9864) is published Continued from page 1 ly, a student asked simply, “When six times a year by the United States Insti- bottom: The tute of Peace, an independent, nonpartisan students also engage in a simula- will the war be over?” national winner, federal institution created by Congress to tion, which this year focused on Just war doctrine was the essay promote the peaceful resolution of interna- California’s tional conflicts. The views expressed herein Chechnya. They were briefed by topic for 2002–2003. Though the Kevin Kiley do not necessarily reflect views of the Insti- tute or its Board of Directors. Russian and Chechen spokesper- students wrote their essays before (left), with To receive Peace Watch, visit our web site sons and experts. Later, they divid- the beginning of the war in Iraq, (www.usip.org); write to the United States second-place Institute of Peace, 1200 17th Street NW, ed up and simulated a kind of the issues proved particularly winner Terence Suite 200, Washington, DC 20036-3011; negotiating session, each taking on call 202-429-3832; or fax 202-429-6063. apropos to the current debate. Merritt of New a role as a real-life, real-time Rus- From among the state winners, President: Richard H. Solomon Mexico; Sarah Executive Vice President: Harriet Hentges sian or Chechen figure. who are each awarded a $1,000 Calderone of Publications Director: Dan Snodderly The students also visited the scholarship, a national winner and Editor: Renee Y. Storteboom Maryland (left) Production Manager: Marie Marr White House for briefings with second- and third-place winners and Josh Dzieza Photo Credits: Bill Fitz-Patrick, Staff, AP/ senior staff from the National were selected. Kevin Kiley of Cal- Wide World Photos of Washington Security Council and Office of ifornia won a $10,000 scholarship Board of Directors state flank Chairman: Chester A. Crocker. Vice Chair- Global Communications and met for his winning essay. As the sec- Senator Paul man: Seymour Martin Lipset. Members: with members of Congress. Greg Betty F. Bumpers, Holly J. Burkhalter, Continued on page 10 Sarbanes (D- Charles Horner, Stephen D. Krasner, Marc Schulte of the National Security E. Leland, Mora L. McLean, María Otero, Md.); third-place Daniel Pipes, Barbara W. Snelling, Harriet Council found himself defending winner Edward Zimmerman. Members ex officio: Lorne W. foreign policy decisions of recent Craner, Department of State; Michael M. Su of North Car- Dunn, National Defense University; Doug- years relating to Afghanistan, Iraq, las J. Feith, Department of Defense; Richard olina with Sena- H. Solomon, Institute president (nonvoting). Chechnya, and the Middle East. tor Elizabeth “Why the ‘hands-off’ policy in Dole (R-N.C.). Chechnya?” queried one student. “Can just war principles and national interest criteria justify using military force solely on humanitar- “Think big. ian grounds?” asked another. “If self-defense against weapons of You can mass destruction was the reason for do anything you want. And when you work to bring peace to the world, you are thinking big.”

Congressman Ralph Regula 3 Four New Members Join Board

MICHAEL M. DUNN, a lieutenant general in the U.S. Air Force, is president of National Defense University (NDU) in Washington, D.C., and an ex officio member of the board. After graduating fourth in his class from the U.S. Air Force Academy in 1972, Dunn flew the F-106 at Castle Air Force Base, Calif. Following various duties in Washington, D.C., Florida, and Alabama, he transi- tioned to the F-15, which he flew in the Far East. Dunn has commanded the 1st Operations Group at Langley Air Force Base, Va. He previously served in four joint tours—at U.S. European Command Headquar- ters, the Office of the Deputy Sec- Policy, the Secretary of Com- DANIEL PIPES is director of the Left to right: retary of Defense, UN Command merce’s Advisory Committee on Middle East Forum in Philadel- Michael M. and U.S. Forces Korea, and the the National Oceanic and Atmos- phia. He received his A.B. (1971) Dunn, Stephen Joint Staff. In Korea he was the pheric Administration, and the and Ph.D. (1978) from Harvard D. Krasner, lead negotiator with the North Voice of America’s Advisory Com- University, both in history. He has Daniel Pipes, Korean army at Panmunjom. He mittee. taught at the University of Chica- and Charles is a command pilot with more go, Harvard University, and the Horner. than 2,500 flying hours. STEPHEN D. KRASNER is Graham U.S. Naval War College. He has H. Stuart Professor of Internation- served in various capacities at the CHARLES HORNER is a senior fel- al Relations at Stanford University Departments of State and low at the Hudson Institute and and a senior fellow at the Center Defense, including vice chair of former president of the Madison for Research on Economic Devel- the Fulbright Foreign Scholarship Center, a public policy organiza- opment and Policy Reform. Before Board, and currently serves on the tion. He served as deputy repre- going to Stanford in 1981, Krasner Special Task Force on Terrorism sentative to the United Nations was an associate professor at the and Technology at the Depart- Conference on the Law of the Sea, University of California at Los ment of Defense. deputy assistant secretary of state Angeles and assistant professor at Pipes has written 12 books, for science and technology, and Harvard University. He received many of them concerned with associate director of the United his Ph.D. from Harvard in 1972. Islam and the Middle East, espe- States Information Agency in the Krasner’s publications include cially Syria. He has also written for Reagan administration and the Asymmetries in Japanese-American numerous magazines and newspa- first Bush administration. Trade: The Case for Specific Reciproc- pers, including Foreign Affairs and Previously, Horner served on ity; co-editor with Peter J. Katzen- the Washington Post, and appears the staff of Senator Henry M. stein and Robert O. Keohane, regularly on television to discuss Jackson and then as senior legisla- Exploration and Contestation in the current issues. tive assistant to Senator Daniel P. Study of World Politics; Sovereignty: Pipes received a recess appoint- Moynihan. Organized Hypocrisy; and editor, ment from President George Bush Horner has served on the Ful- Problematic Sovereignty. He was and will serve until the end of this bright Foreign Scholarship Board, editor of the journal International Congress in January 2005. Horner the Secretary of State’s Advisory Organization from 1986 to 1992, and Krasner will each serve a four- Committee on International and he served on the National year term. Communications and Information Security Council in 2002. 4 Global Terrorism after the Iraq War Post-Conflict

hat is the future of the fight against global terrorism after the war Reconstruction Won Iraq? Panelists Daniel Benjamin of the Center for Strategic and International Studies, Daniel Byman of Georgetown University, and in Iraq Martha Crenshaw of Wesleyan University addressed this issue at a Cur- rent Issues Briefing on June 26. Paul Stares, director of the Institute’s Civil society is re- Research and Studies Program, moderated the discussion. II While the work of democracy building promises to be a long and emerging but much arduous task, the United States has made substantial progress in captur- work remains to be done ing terrorist leaders and dismantling al Qaeda bases in Central and South on elections, a new Asia, the Middle East, and Africa. There has been no major attack on American soil since 2001. constitution, the prison However, the connection between the war on terrorism and the war in system, and transitional Iraq is somewhat tenuous, one panelist said. The identification of these justice. RR threats as motives for the war has harmed relations with some U.S. allies, weakened fragile alliances, and worsened already negative perceptions of U.S. motives. lthough much has been done While U.S. military occupation is generally accepted in the West as Ato rebuild Iraq, many chal- necessary for post-conflict stabilization and reconstruction, the extended lenges remain, said Rule of Law presence of large numbers of American troops in Iraq may promote the Program director Neil Kritz in an perception that the United States harbors an anti-Islamic bias. The with- August presentation at the Insti- AA drawal of American troops from Saudi Arabia likely will not go far to tute. Kritz traveled to Baghdad shift these perceptions. In the meantime, increased force protection may July 29–August 5 to advise the translate to an enhanced preference for attacking “soft” U.S. targets such Office of Transitional Justice and as civilians—tourists and business interests—abroad. Human Rights created by the With unfinished business in both Afghanistan and Iraq, U.S. troop Coalition Provisional Authority Continued on page 10 (CPA) and to explore constitutional issues and future work in QQ that area. Kritz noted that electricity, water, security, and communications remain challenges, particularly in the city of Baghdad itself. Security is tight. Some 31,000 police officers are now function- ing and 60,000 are scheduled to be on the job soon. Among the issues preoccupy- ing the CPA and the Iraqi Gov- erning Council are the timing of elections and the drafting of a constitution. Kritz suggested that a constitutional commission be On Capitol Hill July 30, Research and Studies director Paul Stares moderated appointed to first undertake civic a briefing on post-war Iraq. Senior fellow Amatzia Baram addressed religious education on constitutional issues dynamics and how they might play out in a new governing structure and in and the process that goes along light of U.S. plans and current leadership. Robert Perito of the Rule of Law with it. This can be followed by Program spoke about the security situation, addressing current developments, public consultations. Education as well as potential challenges and strategies for the future. Professional and consultation may take at least Training Program director George Ward explored the status of reconstruction a year, during which registration and examined options for rehabilitation. and other preparation for elections Continued on page 10 5 Playing Chicken with Coercive Diplomacy

Coercive diplomacy has been used eight times since the end of the Cold War, with mixed results.

chapter on Korea, provided his insights as well. Coercive diplomacy is the ❑ The three ways to threat or use of limited force to coerce—denial, pun- compel or motivate a change of ishment, and risk— behavior of a target state or group. can go only so far or can Resorting to war means coercive be viewed as a bluff. diplomacy has failed. ❑ It is a game of chicken, a In each of the eight cases test of wills. It is difficult to examined in the book, the authors estimate who has the stronger Top left: Robert analyzed what the United States resolve. J. Art. hat is coercive diploma- was trying to achieve using coer- ❑ The credibility and power of cy? How can its success cive diplomacy and whether it was the target is at stake: “What Bottom, left to Wbe measured? What are successful. Success or failure will the United States do next right: Arnold the best situations in which to depends on numerous factors, if we give in?” Canter, Robert make use of it? such as the objectives and motives ❑ Multiple coercers (a coalition) Gallucci. These issues and more were of the government invoking coer- and multiple targets compli- weighed at a Current Issues Brief- cive diplomacy and how long the cate coercive diplomacy. ing on June 17 that also served to process is allowed to go on. Coer- ❑ The target may believe it has launch a new Institute book, The cive diplomacy has been used in techniques to counter coer- United States and Coercive Diplo- such varied places as Somalia, cion. This is “a perverse macy. Robert Art of Brandeis Haiti, Iraq, North Korea, and the dynamic” that can foil coer- University, who co-edited the Taiwan Strait. Martha Cren- cive diplomacy. book with Patrick Cronin, for- shaw, international expert on ter- mer Research and Studies director rorism, also provided a chapter on at the Institute, led a panel of the use of coercive diplomacy in experts to consider the record of response to global terrorists. and lessons from the use of coer- It is not easy to “code” cases of cive diplomacy. Research and coercive diplomacy according to Studies director Paul Stares mod- their success or failure, said Art. erated the panel, which also fea- However, the editors found that tured Arnold Kanter, resident coercive diplomacy works between senior fellow at the Forum for 25 and 31 percent of the time: in International Policy, and Robert other words, it fails more often Gallucci, dean of the Walsh than it succeeds. School of Foreign Service at Why is coercive diplomacy so Georgetown University. Research difficult? and Studies deputy director Bill ❑ It is more difficult to compel Drennan, who wrote the book’s than to deter. 6 Although its effects are hard to quantify, sustained dialogue can over time help transform relationships in communities in conflict.

BUILDING STRONG Bridges throughDialogue

hat is the role of sustained dia- The symposium centered logue in peacebuilding, and how around three unique do you evaluate its effectiveness approaches to sustained and contributions to peace? Those dialogue in areas of conflict— questions and more were explored in Israel, Northern Ireland, at a symposium, “Building and Tajikistan. Bridges Between Communities in ❑ Two founding members of WConflict,” held at the Institute on Neve Shalom/Wahat al Salam June 23. (“Oasis of Peace” in Hebrew American Friends of Neve and Arabic), Abdessalam Naj- Shalom/Wahat al-Salam—a vil- jar and Nava Sonnenschein, lage in Israel established jointly by discussed how their experience Jews and Palestinian Arabs of as a community of Jews and Israeli citizenship and engaged in Arabs enables them to work educational work for peace, equal- with diverse groups in main- ity, and understanding between stream schools, with youth, the two peoples—and the Anwar and with women’s groups. Sadat Chair for Peace and Devel- They seek to help others development at the University of op a sense of empowerment Maryland co-sponsored the sym- and to facilitate dialogues that posium with the Institute’s Edu- help break down barriers and cation Program. asymmetries between the two Sustained dialogue is an ongo- communities. ing, interactive, and facilitated ❑ Paul Arthur, director of the process of discussion between University of Ulster’s Peace peoples and communities in con- and Conflict Studies Program, flict. The purpose is to transform spoke about the contributions conflict relationships by focusing of the sustained track-two dia- on the factors that underlie con- logue between Catholics and flict and prevent peace. Protestants in Northern Ire- 7 What is the role of sustained dialogue in peacebuilding, and how do you evaluate its effectiveness and Clockwise from upper left: Paul contributions Arthur, Samuel Lewis, Shibley Telhami, Nava to peace? Sonnenschein.

land to the formal peace process, particularly as the dialogue included some individuals who would play a role when peace emerged. He noted, however, that one criticism of the Northern Ireland dialogues dees agreed that up until now most successful when the partici- was that they were too elitist such evaluations were lacking, pants worked on relationships and did not reach down to the other than a few evaluation proj- first and on the problems grassroots. ects—such as those presented by between their communities sec- ❑ The Kettering Foundation’s Israeli scholar Ifat Maoz and ond. A pattern of cooperation Harold Saunders described UNICEF evaluations of peace and respect can emerge after the how relationships between education projects in Central establishment of a pattern of warring factions in Tajikistan Asia and Indonesia by Carolyne interactive relationships. were transformed when they Ashton that were presented at One major challenge is figur- were brought together over a the meeting. ing out how grassroots dialogue long period of time. Ultimate- The symposium also included can impact a formal diplomatic ly, seven of the people in the Samuel Lewis, former Institute relationship and peace process. sustained dialogue became part president and former ambassador But, in addition to whatever role of the official process of recon- to Israel, Shibley Telhami, hold- they play in building peace, ciliation in Tajikistan. er of the Anwar Sadat Chair of track-two dialogues can serve Symposium attendees agreed Peace and Development at the usefully as holding actions when that it was essential to assess the University of Maryland, and political processes break down. impact of dialogue projects on Richard Murphy, of the Council participants in the dialogue—in on Foreign Relations. These particular, whether exposure to experienced foreign policy minds people from a different communi- each chaired sessions of the sym- ty helped modify their positions posium. or simply reinforced existing The group concluded that sus- views of each other. Most atten- tained dialogue programs were 8 Senior Fellowsreport

Afghanistan and the Rise of enough to prevent a bioterrorist two elected Jews, and ten elected Left to right: Terrorism attack. Tucker advocated better Palestinian Arabs (eight Muslims Roy Gutman, here is a dearth of information coordination internationally and and two Christians). Both the Jonathan Tuck- Tabout what was happening in said we must learn to balance Zionists and the Palestinians er, Philip Mat- Afghanistan previous to Septem- threat and risk. He further laid rejected this proposal. Subsequent tar, Margaret ber 11, 2001, and the war on the out a roadmap for negotiation of proposals were also rejected by the Kibben, and Taliban, said Roy Gutman in his global biosecurity standards and Palestinians. Mattar examined the Francis Deng. project report on June 12. The proposed that an international historical context and relation- issues of human rights and the oversight mechanism be created. ships of the time and also asked Taliban’s treatment of women whether and how history might were at the head of the news, but The Role of Chaplains have been changed had these pro- this allowed civil war, terrorist net- n June 26, Commander posals been accepted. works, and the influence of al OMargaret Kibben, Navy fel- Qaeda to fester under the radar, low, discussed the variety of roles Self-Determination in Africa said Gutman. The U.S. govern- that chaplains perform in the U.S. ilemmas of self-determination ment, the media, and the United Navy, especially their advisory Din Africa was the subject of Nations all failed to recognize the role, and the way these roles have senior fellow Francis Mading importance of the region, under- evolved in response to new mis- Deng’s July 24 presentation. Self- reporting the civil war and failing sions since the end of the Cold determination implies secession to intercede in a timely way. An War. She also introduced and and thus remains a contentious important lesson of the 2001 described the contents of an issue. However, self-determina- attacks and subsequent war is that upcoming anthology she is edit- tion can be achieved without Afghanistan was not only a buffer ing. The book includes contribu- secession, noted Deng. Closely state, but also a fulcrum in the tions on the role of military chap- connected to issues of self-deter- region. Recent involvement of the lains in Canada, France, mination is the phenomenon of U.S. government in the rap- Germany, Norway, South Africa, identity and, therefore, diversity. prochement between India and Sudan, and the United States. Many African states have not yet Pakistan may indicate that they built constitutional structures, have learned this lesson, averred Missed Opportunities in the institutions, and processes to deal Gutman. Under-reportage of this Middle East with identity conflicts, said Deng. involvement may indicate that enior fellow Philip Mattar He described an African world- media has not. Sbriefed Institute staff and invit- view in which people see them- ed guests on his fellowship project selves as both individuals with Biosecurity on July 17. His presentation, inalienable rights as well as mem- enior fellow Jonathan Tucker “Missed Opportunities,” covered bers of a community with shared Sfocused on best practices in nearly 100 years of Israeli-Pales- responsibilities and commitments. biosecurity, as opposed to issues tinian relations. Mattar focused Deng called for a broader defini- of biosafety that have preoccupied particularly on the Legislative tion of democracy for Africa to government since the anthrax Council proposals of the early embrace indigenous values, cross- attacks of October 2001. On June 1920s. The Legislative Council cultural perspectives, identity 18, Tucker discussed whether the was to consist of a high commis- group participation, and culturally international community is doing sioner, appointed British officials, oriented development. 9 JUDY BARSALOU delivered a bian and re-published on Radio sity June 12–13. He participated paper on donor strategies and B92’s web site in Belgrade and in a consultation organized by Pax Institute assistance coordination at a July Koha Ditore in Pristina. Hart- Christi on “Preemptive Peace: UN conference in Geneva on mann also gave a lecture at a June Beyond Terrorism and Justified “Prerequisites of Palestinian Eco- 9 roundtable on “Fighting Crime War” at St. John’s University in nomic Recovery: The Role of the and Corruption in the Balkans: New York on July 31. International Community.” Lessons for Iraq” sponsored by the U.S. State Department’s Research and Studies director Research and Studies program Bureau of Intelligence and PAUL STARES, with deputy direc- officer TIMOTHY DOCKING has Research. On July 25, he lectured tor BILL DRENNAN, published an P been named a White House fel- at the Harvard Law School’s Pro- op-ed in the Los Angeles Times on eople low and began a year-long leave gram on Humanitarian Policy and July 27 entitled “Peace in Korea? of absence from the Institute in Conflict Research. First Stop the War.” September. On June 24–27, Professional Research and Studies deputy direc- Training program officers ANNE tor BILL DRENNAN traveled to HENDERSON and MIKE LEKSON Anne Hingeley. . . Seoul June 11–14 as part of an conducted a workshop—“Train- American delegation meeting with ing of Trainers in Negotiation staff of the New Strategy Institute and Conflict Management”—in of Korea. While there he met with Tashkent, Uzbekistan for 32 non- Foreign Minister Yoon Young- governmental organization repre- Kwan. Drennan delivered a speech sentatives from Tajikistan, Kyr- at the Chautauqua Institute in New gyzstan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, York on U.S. relations with the two and Afghanistan. They then Koreas on July 19. He was a guest offered a seminar on “Negotiation on ABC’s Nightline on July 31 to and Conflict Management Skills” talk about Korea. to 34 members of the Business Women’s Association of Uzbek- Professional Training program istan. The seminar, held June . . . joined the Institute in officers TED FEIFER and ANNE 30–July 2 in Tashkent, aimed to June as the new congressional HENDERSON conducted a work- strengthen the capacity of entre- relations specialist. She previ- shop in “Advanced Negotiating preneurial civil society actors in ously worked as the congres- Skills in Multilateral Diplomacy” Uzbekistan. sional coordinator for the gov- for 18 participants from the ernment affairs affiliate of the OSCE Secretariat and delega- On June 25, DANIEL SERWER, American-Arab Anti-Discrimi- tions from Georgia, Ukraine, director of the Balkans Initiative, nation Committee, a national Turkey, the Czech Republic, testified before the Senate For- grassroots civil rights and for- Hungary, Spain, and the Nether- eign Relations Committee’s Sub- eign policy organization. From lands in Vienna May 21–23. They committee on European Affairs at 1993 to 2002, Hingeley worked then traveled to Macedonia and a hearing on “The Successor at the Washington consulting led two workshops in “Negotia- States to Pre-1991 Yugoslavia: firm Bannerman and Associates, tions and Diplomatic Skills Progress and Challenges.” Ser- where she tracked legislative Training for Professionals” for 40 wer’s paper, “The Balkans: From issues for clients and worked national and international staff American to European Leader- with embassy officials explaining members of the OSCE Spillover ship,” will be published by the the role of Congress and the Monitor Mission to Skopje in the European Union’s Institute for legislative process. Her work last week of May. Strategic Studies in Paris this fall. experience covers diverse congressional issues impacting sev- Senior fellow MICHAEL HART- DAVID SMOCK, director of the eral regions, including the Mid- MANN’S op-ed was published by Religion and Peacemaking Initia- dle East, East Asia, and Central the Institute for War and Peace tive, participated in a consultation America. Hingeley is a 1993 Reporting on August 3 and was to create a Catholic peacebuilding graduate of American University’s translated into Albanian and Ser- network held at Catholic Univer- School of International Service. 10 ally would help make democracy Thinking Big more palatable to skeptics and Reconstruction Continued from page 2 improve America’s image abroad. Continued from page 4 ond-place winner, Edward Su of Stability in Iraq, if achieved, can also take place. A group with- North Carolina won a $5,000 will greatly help the war on terror- in the council is being appointed scholarship, and in third place ism. On the other hand, an to address the constitution issue, Terence M. Merritt of New increasingly violent Afghanistan according to Kritz, and he will Mexico was awarded $2,500. does not seem to be a model for likely return to Baghdad to advise Institute president Richard H. creating an environment for demo- them. Solomon presented the awards, cratization and post-war recovery. The prison system is another calling the essay contest a “rejuve- Negotiations with countries in the area in need of attention, noted nating process for the Institute.” Middle East and Central/South Kritz. There is not adequate space Awards dinner keynote speaker Asia to assist in reconstruction to hold detainees, and they some- Brian Hehir, executive director of efforts in Iraq and Afghanistan, times become lost in the system Catholic Charities, discussed the and the rebuilding of international or cannot be accounted for. very issues of just war that the stu- alliances and cooperation general- Kritz said that every day new dents had wrestled with in their ly, would go far to increase Ameri- information surfaces revealing the essays. He described the modern can support, panelists agreed. true horror of the Hussein challenges to historical just war regime. “With the exception of doctrine, including the nuclear age, Rwanda, the numbers are incom- the end of the Cold War, and ter- parable to anything in the world rorism. He argued that the “burden in modern history,” added Kritz. of proof ” is on those who say “now An estimated 115 sites have been is the time” to go to war. “You can- identified as mass graves. not go to war out of pure hatred. Parts of the judicial system in You can only go for justice,” Hehir Iraq are ready to begin to function told his young audience. or be rehabilitated. Details of the process of tribunals or a commission for truth and accountability are being negotiated by Iraqis and Terrorism international groups alike. Continued from page 4 Meanwhile, civil society in commitments are considerably Iraq is re-emerging. Old and new stretched. However, the question groups are coming out into the of “who’s next?” rattles around the open or returning from exile. Muslim world. Syria and Iran, two During his visit, Kritz learned of highly nationalistic countries, pro- two conferences—one on transi- vide strategically different kinds of tional justice and a second on battles to fight. Any U.S. action memorials and museums—being against either is likely to reinforce held by private groups. The first simmering anti-American senti- included 80 people from various Top to bottom: ment, engender greater nationalis- non-governmental organizations Daniel Byman, tic fervor in these countries, and around the country. New victims Martha Cren- produce more jihadist recruits for groups and groups of former pris- shaw, and groups such as Hezbollah. oners from the war with Iran have Daniel Ben- Looking to the future of terror- formed, and there is an existing jamin. ism, there are several things to bar association and jurists’ union. keep in mind. The nature of the The CPA, urged Kritz, must grievance matters. Poverty, devel- engage the public and gain opmental imbalances, and massive increased support for its under- wealth disparities remain salient takings. issues, noted panelists. Cultural and educational exchanges, gen- uinely fair trade arrangements, and expanded public diplomacy gener- Power to Protect 11 “When you see the faces of Institute Advisory Council to refugees and internally displaced persons and the conditions in which they are existing, you real- Assist in Outreach ize that it is not enough to just Short The Institute is pleased to announce the care for them. You have to end establishment of the Chairman’s Advisory Council. the conditions that cause these displacements—armed conflict,” Members of the council—appointed by the chairman of the Institute’s said Clifford Bernath, co-author

Board of Directors, Chester Crocker—are drawn from business and of a new Refugees International Takes industry, the foreign affairs and diplomatic communities, think tanks and (RI) publication: “Power to Pro- academic institutions, and non-profit organizations. Members of the tect: Using New Military Capabil- Institute’s Board of Directors serve as ex-officio members of the council. ities to Stop Mass Killings.” Composed of about 50 members, the council will assist the Institute Bernath was part of a panel co- in public outreach, helping the organization refine and deliver its mes- sponsored by RI and the Institute sages, raise its public profile, and broaden its base of support with rele- on July 31. His fellow panelists vant constituencies and communities in Washington, D.C., and across included the report co-author the country. David Gompert of RAND; Jane The council will meet twice a year in Washington, D.C. The inau- Holl Lute (who began her new gural meeting was held in February. job as UN assistant secretary general for peacekeeping operations the next day); and William Nash, Balkan Legal Progress plans to establish a similar Council on Foreign Relations. ichael Hartmann, senior fel- state-level war crimes court. The report acknowledges the Mlow, traveled to the Balkans While international judges and responsibility and the right to pro- in June and July to review progress prosecutors are still being tect and examines the power to on the legal front. Hartmann was appointed to this court, protect: the military materiel and the first UN-appointed interna- resource limitations are likely capabilities that can be trans- tional public prosecutor for Koso- to impact implementation. formed for use in the non-military vo (February 2000–January 2003). ❑ A new republic prosecutor and environment of humanitarian During his recent trip he updated special prosecutor were interventions. his research on the need for and appointed in Serbia after the Meeting participants acknowl- use of international judges and assassination of Prime Minister edged several issues that must be prosecutors. Zoran Djindjic. They are dig- addressed in these interventions. In Kosovo, Bosnia and Herze- ging into the fight against For example, the responsibility, govina, and Serbia, Hartmann organized crime with new legal the right, and the ability to inter- spoke with international and local tools but would like to also vene do not necessarily translate judges and prosecutors, members have the tools of anonymous into the authority to intervene. of the UN Mission in Kosovo witnesses and immunity. Also, prevention is still preferable, (UNMIK), international criminal ❑ In Kosovo, the new director of even though it receives little tribunal staff, and members of the UNMIK’s Department of Jus- attention and prevention capacity media and non-governmental tice reorganized the interna- does not match intervention organizations, among others. He tional prosecutors and pro- capacity. Finally, military inter- also traveled to The Hague to talk posed changes in the law to vention is only the first step. Once with members of the International gain control over their legal the fighting has been halted, the Criminal Tribunal for the Former actions—including decisions to political and economic environ- Yugoslavia (ICTY). charge and indict—to ensure ment must be addressed, which Hartmann summarized his uniformity and prioritization of often requires a long-term com- findings at an Institute brief- scarce international judicial mitment. ing on July 22: resources. ❑ In March 2003 Bosnia estab- ❑ The ICTY in The Hague con- lished a special panel of its tinues to study the possibility state-level court to fight orga- of “give backs” of cases to nized crime and corruption. It Bosnia and other jurisdictions. he following Institute publications are available free of charge. They can be downloaded from our To order, call 800-868-8064 web site at www.usip.org/pubs. Print copies can be (U.S. only) or 703-661-1590 ordered online or you can call 202-429-3832, fax 202-429-6063, or write the Institute’s Office of Public Outreach.

■ Use and Abuse of Media in Vulnerable Societies, by Mark Frohardt and Jonathan Temin (Special Report from usip press 110, October 2003) ■ Zimbabwe and the Prospects for Nonviolent Political Change (Special Report 109, August 2003) Publications ■ Islamist Politics in Iraq after Saddam Hussein, by THEORY AND PRACTICE Graham E. Fuller (Special Report 108, August 2003) New ■ Teaching Guide on Rebuilding Societies after Conflict (National Peace Essay Contest, July 2003) ■ Democratic Constitution Making, by Vivien Hart Getting It ecent (Special Report 107, July 2003) Done ■

R The Road Ahead: Lessons in Nation Building from Post-Agreement Japan, Germany, and Afghanistan for Postwar Iraq, Negotiation and by Ray Salvatore Jennings (Peaceworks 49, May International 2003) Regimes ■ A Comprehensive Resolution of the Korean War Bertram I. Spector (Special Report 106, May 2003) and ■ Unfinished Business in Afghanistan: Warlordism, I. William Zartman, Reconstruction, and Ethnic Harmony (Special Report editors 105, April 2003) ■ Establishing the Rule of Law in Iraq, by Robert Perito JULY 2003 (Special Report 104, April 2003) 332 pp. • 6 x 9 ■ Can Faith-Based NGOs Advance Interfaith $17.50 (paper) Reconciliation? (Special Report 103, March 2003) 1-929223-42-0 ■ $39.95 (cloth) After Saddam Hussein: Winning a Peace If It Comes 1-929223-43-9 to War, by Ray Salvatore Jennings (Special Report 102, February 2003) Each case study explores how international ■ Contributions to the Study of Peacemaking, regimes accomplish their goals—goals that 1996–2001, by Anne-Marie Smith (Volume 7, February 2003) constantly shift as problems change and the powers of member-states shift.

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