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Countering the Islamophobia Industry Toward More Effective Strategies May 2018 Countering the Islamophobia Industry Toward More Effective Strategies May 2018 Countering the Islamophobia Industry Toward More Effective Strategies May 2018 One Copenhill 453 Freedom Parkway Atlanta, GA 30307 (404) 420-5100 www.cartercenter.org About The Carter Center The Carter Center was founded in 1982 by former U.S. President Jimmy Carter and his wife, Rosalynn, in partnership with Emory University, to advance peace and health worldwide. A not-for-profit, nongovernmental organization, the Center has helped to improve life for people in 80 countries by resolving conflicts; advancing democracy, human rights, and economic opportu nity; preventing diseases; and improving mental health care. Please visit www.cartercenter.org to learn more about The Carter Center. © 2018 by The Carter Center. All rights reserved. Contents Foreword Reflections on Countering Islamophobia Online Former U.S. President Jimmy Carter ..............4 Sahar Khamis ................................73 Introduction Voices From the Ground I: Grass-Roots Perspectives The Carter Center Works to Understand Islamophobia and Right-Wing Movements in and Counter the Rise of Islamophobia the United States: From Theories to Action Houda Abadi .................................5 Chip Berlet ..................................78 The Islamophobia Industry in Focus Multilayered Approach on Islamophobia: A Contribution Toward Developing a Anti-Muslim Hate Groups: A Primer Sustainable and Strategic Response Heidi Beirich ..................................8 Dodik Ariyanto ...............................83 The Islamophobia and Israel Lobby Narratives of Securitization: Islamophobia Industries: Overlapping Interconnection and and Counterterrorism Policies in Anti-Racist Policy Recommendations Educational Institutions in the UK Rabab Abdulhadi .............................14 Tania Saeed ..................................88 The Making of Contemporary Toward a Counter-Islamophobia Toolkit: Drawing Identy-Based Islamophobia on Best Practices in the European Union Saïd Bouamama ..............................23 Amina Easat-Daas ............................94 Islamophobia as Law and Policy Voices From the Ground II: Developing a Islamophobia: Toward a Legal Sustainable and Strategic Response to Islamophobia Definition and Framework Islamophobia: From Challenge to Opportunity Khaled A. Beydoun ...........................28 Debbie Almontaser ...........................99 Countering Violent Extremism: Harming Countering Islamophobia Civil Rights and Hurting Communities Arno Michaelis ..............................103 Based on a False Promise of Success Manar Waheed ..............................40 Turning Challenges Into Opportunities in Our Current Environment Reducing a Threat to a Nuisance: A Holistic Soumaya Khalifa .............................108 Strategy to Counter Islamophobia Edward Ahmed Mitchell. 46 How Muslims Can Change Others’ Inaccurate Perceptions Four Things to Learn From France When Youssef Chihab ..............................114 Combating Islamophobia at a Policy Level Marwan Muhammad .........................55 The Mosque and the Building of Ramparts Against Islamophobia Countering Islamophobia in the Media: Community Hatim Achikhan .............................118 Media Practices and Oppositional Politics Expanding the Definition of Islamophobia: Conclusion Idology, Empire, and the War on Terror Developing a Sustainable and Strategic Deepa Kumar ................................61 Response to Islamophobia: Lessons From South Africa’s Anti-Apartheid Struggle Countering Islamophobia Is a Ambassador (Ret.) Ebrahim Rasool ............123 Civil Society Responsibility Hatem Bazian ................................65 Foreword By President Jimmy Carter I have watched with concern the unprecedented whose communities have suffered oppression rise of anti-Muslim hate crimes and hate speech. and discrimination. From surveillance and imprisonment, with In September of 2017, The Carter Center fewer procedural safeguards against anti-Muslim convened an international symposium of scholars, legislation, Muslims have been subjected to journalists, civil society actors, and religious leaders discriminatory and unconstitutional practices. to develop a strategic and sustainable response Such actions not only infringe on the freedom of to Islamophobia. We concluded that all people Muslims to practice their faith, but also marginalize of good will have a responsibility to speak out them as engaged citizens. and hold accountable those who seek to divide Respect for human rights and the elimination us by derogating others. We must use the laws of discrimination are essential to advancing global that enshrine human and civil rights to combat peace and democracy. When we turn a blind eye Islamophobia as they have been used to combat to discrimination against our Muslim neighbors, other forms of discrimination. we cannot claim to remain true to our American It is the Carter Center’s mission to wage peace, values, and if we tolerate discrimination against fight disease, and build hope for all people. In those of another faith, we undermine our own this guidebook we offer strategies, best practices, cherished religious freedom. and toolkits to fight the spread of Islamophobia None of us can ignore the challenge that rising and to build a culture of respect for universal Islamophobia presents to our nation. We must human rights. resolve to fight fear and abuse with solidarity and a commitment to justice — especially for those 4 DON’T TOUCH! Introduction The Carter Center Works to Understand and Counter the Rise of Islamophobia Houda Abadi Carter Center Conflict Resolution Program Hate crimes in the United States against Muslims condemnation. It is the constant not-so-random or people who look as if they may be Muslim are stops at airport checkpoints. It is the recently at an all-time high. According to the Southern renewed travel ban. It is FBI surveillance and Poverty Law Center, from 2015 to 2016 the policing of the Muslim community. It is when number of anti-Muslim hate groups in the U.S. merely speaking Arabic is mistaken for an grew 197 percent and anti-Muslim hate crimes surged 67 percent. From January to July 2017, there were 63 attacks on mosques. In June 2017, Nabra Hassanen, a 17-year-old Islamophobia is not a Muslim problem, but an affront Virginia girl walking back to her community mosque after visiting IHOP with her friends, was to our common humanity. It is a fundamental violation attacked and killed. The month prior, two men of human rights and human dignity. on the commuter train in Portland, Oregon, were stabbed and killed after trying to defend two young women in Muslim garb who were being harassed. Unfortunately, the list goes on much longer. extremist threat. It is asking Muslims to apologize Since 9/11, Islam has been unfairly demonized for crimes they did not commit. It is calling for a and Muslims stigmatized. Muslim youths in the Muslim registry. It is a politician assuring worried West have grown up scrutinized, shamed, and voters that former President Obama is not a bullied because of their religion. During the 2016 Muslim but is in fact “a very nice man” — as if the U.S. electoral campaign, Islamophobic rhetoric two were mutually exclusive. was an accepted form of bigotry used to spread Islamophobia is not a Muslim problem, but an fear and garner votes. Anti-Muslim bigotry in the affront to our common humanity. It is a funda- United States draws upon a significant network of mental violation of human rights and human funding. The surge in anti-Muslim violence came dignity. It is deeply interconnected with racism, amid a year marked both by Daesh (aka ISIS) xenophobia, and other forms of dehumaniza- atrocities and by Islamophobic political rhetoric. tion, often serving those who seek to maintain Yet the most numerous victims of Daesh have prevailing power structures. Responding to been Muslims. Muslims are thus beset by both the Islamophobia is vital and a moral responsibility for hijacking of their religion by groups such as Daesh policymakers; civil rights advocates across religious, and the rise of Islamophobia. racial, and ethnic lines; and interfaith movements Islamophobia is more than harsh talk; it is and organizations. a systemic and institutional form of racism. It is the silencing of Muslim voices. It is selective 5 Experts Symposium Discussions on The views expressed in the articles of this publi- Countering the Islamophobia Industry cation are those solely of the authors and do not necessarily represent the opinions of The Carter Developing effective responses to the rise of Center. Islamophobia has been at the core of the Carter Center’s project to prevent violent extremism The Islamophobia Industry in Focus since its inception. The Center believes that extremism knows no religious, national, or ethnic Islamophobia is not just an arbitrary and unin- boundaries. Daesh and Islamophobia are two formed fear of Muslims. Islamophobia is, in large faces of the same coin, and combating one means part, the function of an anti-Muslim industry, combating the other. Both portray the West and a well-funded and well-connected network of the entire Muslim community as being fundamen- individuals (Pamela Geller, David Horowitz), tally divided along existential fault lines. And both institutions (American Freedom Law Center, are wrong. Jihad Watch, the Clarion Institute), and donors In September 2017, the Center convened a (Sheldon Adelson, the Bradley Foundation). three-day
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