Endnotes to Dances with Devils {Original Publication Dates Appear

Endnotes to Dances With Devils

{Original publication dates appear within brackets like these}

Eric Ward, ed., Conspiracies: Real Griev- 1 ances, Paranoia, and Mass Movements, This article is adapted from working papers and the draft (Seattle, Northwest Coalition Against Mali- manuscript for Too Close for Comfort, by Chip Berlet & Matthew N. Lyons, forthcoming, Guilford Press. cious Harassment [Peanut Butter Publish- Many of the themes and ideas expressed in this paper ing], 1996). are the result of our joint work. Seminars hosted by 2 The analysis of apocalyptic demonization and millenni- historian Richard Landes, director of the Center for alism in this paper is drawn primarily from the fol- Millennial Studies (CMS), at Boston University, lowing sources: helped me frame this discussion, as did discussions For apocalypticism: Paul Boyer, When Time Shall with Sara Diamond, Fred Clarkson, Philip Lamy, Be No More: Prophecy Belief in Modern Aaron Katz, and Erin Miller. A number of people, American Culture, (Cambridge, MA: too numerous to list here, graciously made useful Belknap/Harvard University Press, 1992); comments based on earlier drafts and conference pa- Charles B. Strozier, Apocalypse: On the pers, and I thank them for their assistance. Psychology of Fundamentalism in America, Portions of this article first appeared in: (Boston: Beacon Press, 1994); Stephen O'Leary, Arguing the Apocalypse: A Theory Chip Berlet, "Apocalypse Soon: Are You Tar- of Millennial Rhetoric, (New York: Oxford geted as an Agent of the Antichrist? As the University Press, 1994); Robert Fuller, Year 2000 Approaches, the List Grows..." Naming the Antichrist: The History of an The Boston Globe, 7/19/98, Focus Section, American Obsession, (New York: Oxford p. 1. University Press, 1995); Philip Lamy, Mil- , "Mad as Hell: Right—wing Populism, lennium Rage: Survivalists, White Suprema- Fascism, and Apocalyptic Millennialism," cists, and the Doomsday Prophecy, (New paper presented at the 14th World Congress York: Plenum, 1996); Damian Thompson, of Sociology (XlVe Congres Mondial de The End of Time: Faith and Fear in the Sociologie), International Sociological As- Shadow of the Millennium. (Great Britain: sociation, in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, Sinclair-Stevenson, 1996); Richard K. Fenn, 1998. The End of Time: Religion, Ritual, and the Forging of the Soul, (Cleveland: Pilgrim , "The Ideological Weaponry of the Press, 1997). American Right: Dangerous Classes and Welfare Queens," (L'arsenal ideologique de For Christian critiques of conspiracist apoca- la droite am6ricaine: «classes dangereuses» lyptics: Gregory S. Camp, Selling Fear: et «welfare queens»), paper presented at the Conspiracy Theories and End—Times Para- international symposium, The American noia, (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, Model: an Hegemonic Perspective for the 1997); Richard Abanes, End-Time Visions: End of the Millennium?, (Le «modele ame- The Road to Armageddon?, (New York: ricain»: une perspective hegemonique pour Four Walls Eight Windows, 1998); and Tom la fin du millenaire?) sponsored by Group Sine, Cease Fire: Searching for Sanity in Regards Critiques, University of Lausanne, America's Culture Wars, (Grand Rapids, Switzerland, May 12, 1998. MI: William B. Eerdmans, 1995). , "Three Models for Analyzing Con- For a progressive challenge to apocalyptic think- spiracist Mass Movements of the Right," in ing: Lee Quinby, Anti—Apocalypse: Exercise in Geneological Criticism, (Minneapolis: Mintz, The Liberty Lobby and the American Right: Univ. of MN Press, 1994). Race, Conspiracy, and Culture (Westport, CT: For apocalyptic demonization: Elaine Pagels, The Greenwood, 1985); David H. Bennett, The Party of Origin of Satan, (New York: Vintage, Fear: The American Far Right from Nativism to the 1996); and Norman Cohn, Cosmos, Chaos Militia Movement, (New York: Vintage Books, re- and the World to Come: The Ancient Roots vised 1995, {1988}); Joel Kovel, Red Hunting in the of Apocalyptic Faith, (New Haven: Yale Promised Land: Anticommunism and the Making of University Press, 1993); James A. Aho, This America, (New York, Basic Books, 1994). Thing of Darkness: A Sociology of the En- 8 Interview with Holly Sklar, 1998; Holly Sklar, Chaos or emy, (Seattle: Univ. of Washington Press, Community: Seeking Solutions, Not Scapegoats for 1994). Bad Economics, (Boston: South End Press, 1995); A 3 Pagels, The Origin of Satan, p. 182. similar point is made in Mary E. Kelsey and Mary 4 Thierry Texeira, "Scapegoating at the End of the This can be found in a wide range of sources; see: Gerry Millennium: Symbolic Legislation and the Crisis of O'Sullivan, "The Satanism Scare," Postmodern Cul- Capitalism," paper, American Sociological Associa- ture v.l n.2 (January, 1991); Jeffrey Victor, "The tion, (ASA), San Francisco, 1998. Search for Scapegoat Deviants," The Humanist, Sep. 9 /Oct. 1992, pp. 10-13; Leonard Zeskind, "Some For ongoing detailed coverage of these diverse forms see Ideas on Conspiracy Theories for a New Historical the quarterly Millennial Prophecy Report, Millen- Period," in Ward, ed., Conspiracies; Kathleen M. nium Watch Institute, POB 34021, Philadelphia, PA Blee, "Engendering Conspiracy: Women in Rightist 19101-4021. Theories and Movements," in Ward, Conspiracies; There are also eclectic apocalyptic sects. Such Evan Harrington, "Conspiracy Theories and Para- groups can turn inward such as the Heaven's noia: Notes from a Mind-Control Conference," Gate group suicides which flowed from a Skeptical Inquirer, Sept., Oct. 1996, pp. 35^42; Ken- mixture of Biblical prophesy, the ancient neth S. Stern, "Militias and the Religious Right," predictions of Nostradamus, and science Freedom Writer, IFAS, October 1996; Robert M. fiction. The Order of the Solar Temple im- Price, "Antichrist Superstar and the Paperback ploded with group suicides in Canada, Apocalypse: Rapturous Fiction and Fictitious Rap- France and Switzerland. Sometimes groups ture," and Nicholas Stix "'Apocalypse, Shmapoca- turn outward, such as the Aum Shinrikyo lypse: You Say You Want a Revolution," in "On the sect which exploded with a gas attack on the Millennium," Deolog, Feb. 1997, online, Tokyo subway; see: Thompson, The End Of . Time; Jeffrey Kaplan, Radical Religion in America: Millenarian Movements from the 5 Lamy, Millennium Rage, pp. 86-88. Far Right to the Children of Noah, (Syra- 6 Chip Berlet, "Three Models for Analyzing Conspiracist cuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1997). Mass Movements of the Right," in Ward, ed., Con- spiracies. Useful introductory anthologies are: Thomas 7 Robbins and Susan J. Palmer, eds., Millen- Richard Hofstadter, "The Paranoid Style in American nium, Messiahs, and Mayhem: Contempo- Politics," in The Paranoid Style in American Politics rary Apocalyptic Movements, (New York: and Other Essays (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Routledge, 1997); and, Charles B. Strozier 1965); David Brion Davis, ed., The Fear of Conspir- and Michael Flynn, The Year 2000: Esssays acy: Images of Un-American Subversion from the on the End, (New York: NYU Press, 1997). Revolution to the Present, (Ithaca, NY: Cornell Uni- versity Press, 1971); Richard O. Curry and Thomas For handy guides, see Robert G. Clouse, Robert M. Brown, eds., "Introduction," Conspiracy: The N. Hosack, and Richard V. Pierard, The New Fear of Subversion in American History, (New York: Millennium Manual: A Once and Future Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1972); George Johnson, Guide, (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, Architects of Fear: Conspiracy Theories and Para- forthcoming, 1999); and Stephen Jay Gould, noia in American Politics (Los Angeles: Questioning the Millennium: A Rationalist's Tarcher/Houghton Mifflin, 1983); and Frank P. Guide to a Precisely Arbitrary Countdown, (New York: Harmony Books, 1997). See 15 David G. Bromley, "Constructing Apocalypticism," pp. also "On the Millennium," a collection of 31-45; and, Catherine Wessinger, "Millennialism articles in Deolog, Feb. 1997, online, With and Without the Mayhem," pp. 47-59; both in . Robbins & Palmer, eds., Millennium, Messiahs, and Discussions at the Center for Millennial Studies Mayhem. in 1998 have focused on the following top- 16 See generally, Cohn, Cosmos, Chaos and the World to ics: Authorities in Israel are making plans Come. for dealing with devout Christians expected 17 to flock to Jerusalem and other sites to await John M. Bozeman, "Technological Millenarianism in the (or perhaps encourage) the second coming United States," in Robbins & Palmer, eds., Millen- of Christ. Apocalyptic Christians, Muslims, nium, Messiahs, and Mayhem; See also, Millennial and Jews covet the Temple Mount. Messi- Prophecy Report, April 1996, pp. 4-20. anic Jews are looking for the flawless "red 18 In Protestantism the text has been called the book of heifer" of ancient prophecy. "Revelation," New International Version of the Holy Bible [Protestant "NIV" version] (Grand Rapids, MI: l0See: Mike A. Males The Scapegoat Generation: Amer- Zondervan Bible Publishers, 1984 [1973]); and "The ica 's War on Adolescents; (Monroe, ME, Common Revelation of St. John the Divine," The Holy Bible: Courage Press, 1996 To Reclaim a Legacy of Diver- King James Version (Iowa Falls, Iowa: World Bible sity: Analyzing the ^Political Correctness' Debates in Publishers, 1986). In Catholicism, it has been called Higher Education, (Washington, DC: National "The Apocalypse of St. John the Apostle," New Council for Research on Women, 1993); and Ellen Catholic Edition of the Holy Bible, Confraternity of Messer-Davidow "Manufacturing the Attack on Lib- Christian Doctrine Edition, (New York: Catholic eralized Higher Education," Social Text, Fall 1993, Book Publishing Company, 1957); and "The Revela- pp. 40-80; Mary E. Kelsey and Mary Thierry tion to John," The Catholic Study Bible: New Ameri- Texeira, "'Scapegoating at the End of the Millennium: can Bible, Confraternity of Christian Doctrine Symbolic Legislation and the Crisis of Capitalism, Edition, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990). paper, ASA, San Francisco, 1998. The changes in the more recent versions reflect 11 Conversations with Landes, 1997-98, based on his newer scholarship that disputes that John of Patmos working papers for the Center for Millennial Studies. was the apostle John. 12 Chip Berlet, "Who's Mediating the Storm? Right-wing 19 Lamy, Millennium Rage, p.36. Alternative Information Networks," in Linda Kintz & 20 Ibid., p.37. Julia Lesage, eds., Culture, Media, and the Religious 21 Right (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, George Johnson, Fire in the Mind: Science, Faith, and 1998). the Search for Order, (New York: Knopf, 1995), pp. 308-313. 13 Sara Diamond, Spiritual Warfare: The Politics of the 22 Christian Right, (Boston: South End Press, 1989), pp. Norman Cohn, The Pursuit of the Millennium, (New 23-25, 130-141; 231-232; Diamond, Roads to Do- York: Oxford University Press, 1970 {1957}). minion: Right—Wing Movements and Political Power 23 Boyer, When Time Shall Be No More, pp. 80-85. in the United States, (New York: Guilford, 1995), pp. 24 Gould, Questioning the Millennium. Gould also exam- 161-177, 228-256; David Cantor, The Religious ines the difference between "millenarian" groups and Right, (New York: Anti-Defamation League, 1994), pp. 22-24, 71-73, 119-129, 151-153; Fred Clarkson, "millennial" expectation. Eternal Hostility: The Struggle Between Theocracy 25 John Yemma, "Countdown to Catastrophe: Doomsday and Democracy, (Monroe, ME: Common Courage, Visions Abound as Millennium Approaches," Boston 1997), pp. 125-138; Fuller, Naming the Antichrist, Sunday Globe, December 29, 1996, p. 1, 20-21. Cit- pp. 40-190; Lamy, Millennium Rage, pp. 26-30, 63- ing Research by Richard Landes of Boston Univer- 157, 193-252. sity and Charles B. Strozier, professor of history at John Jay College in New York. 14 Tim LaHaye, Revelation: Illustrated and Made Plain, 26 (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervon, 1975). p. 9. Michael Barkun, "Politics and Apocalypticism," in Ste- phen J. Stein (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Apocalypti- cism, volume 3, (New York: Continuum, 1998), pp. There has been a tendency among social scientists to 442-60. overlook the influence of sincere and devout relig- 27 Stephen D. O'Leary, "Heaven's Gate and the Culture of ious belief on political action. In recent years, a num- Popular Millennialism," Millennial Stew (newsletter ber of researchers have attempted to seriously of the Center for Millennial Studies) Winter 1998, p. analyze religiously-motivated social movements, and 1, 3-5. Nostradamus was a sixteenth century prophet I have tended to emphasize their work in this section. who utilized astrological charts and visions to write a See: Harvey Cox, "The Warring Visions of the Re- pre-history of the world making predictions about ligious Right, Atlantic Monthly, Nov. 1995, pp. 59- events centuries in advance. The text, written in quat- 69. rains, is obscure and ambiguous. There are many 35 Peter J. Gomes, The Good Book: Reading the Bible with published commentaries claiming to unravel their Heart and Mind, (New York: William Morrow, meaning. One major prediction was the arrival of a 1996), pp. 4-52, 129-135, 161-162, 246-250, 348- great comet. His predictions do not go beyond the 353. year 2000. On renewed popularity of Nostradamus, 36 Gregory S. Camp, Selling Fear: Conspiracy Theories see, for example: Henry C. Roberts, translated, ed- and End-Times Paranoia, (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker ited, and interpreted, (updated by Robert Lawrence), Books, 1997). The Complete Prophesies of Nostradamus, (New York: Crown, 1994 {1947}); Stefan Paulus, 37 Bruce Barron, "A Summary Critique," Christian Re- Nostradamus 1999: Who Will Survive [A Comet is search Journal, Winter 1993, pp. 44-45. There are Hurtling Toward Earth...], (St. Paul, MN: Llewellyn many other examples. Gerry Rough's website, In Publications, 1997); and Jean-Charles de Fontbrune, Pursuit of Reason, is a Christian critique of con- Nostradamus: Countdown to Apocalypse, (New spiracism, especially, "Introduction: The Rise of the York: Henry Holt, 1985 {1980}). A contemporary Modern Conspiracy Theory Movement,' online, version of the comet prophecy is Tom Kay, When the ; Rough Comet Runs: Prophecies for the New Millennium, suggests four reasons for the growth of the current (Charlottesville, VA: Hampton Roads, 1997). "conspiracy theory movement:" the "socio-political movements of the 1960's and 1970's, the develop- 28 Milton William Cooper, Behold a Pale Horse, (Sedona, ment of the conspiracy theory movement itself, the AZ: Light Technology Publishing, 1991). modern prophecy movement within the Christian 29 Quinby, Anti-Apocalypse, p. 162. church, the technological development of the Inter- net." Another Christian critique of conspiracism is MSee: in the Old Testament, Isaiah 10: 1-4. That religion the article "Christians & Conspiracy Theories: A Call can oppose the status quo or seek liberation from op- to Repentance," online, pression is often overlooked or disputed. For a discussion of this, see Christian Smith, ed., Disruptive . See Religion: The Force of Faith in Social Movement also: Tom Shine, "Suspicions of Conspiracy: How a Activism, (New York: Routledge, 1997), especially Spirit of Fear can Distort Scripture and History," pp. 29-46, 67-144, Sojourners, July-Aug, 1995. 38 31 Perry Bush, "Prophetic Anger: the lingering power of Tim Callahan, Bible Prophecy: Failure or Fulfillment?, evangelical populism," Sojourners magazine, (Altadena, CA: Millennium Press, 1997). Jan./Feb. 1997, pp. 34-37. 39 James A. Aho, This Thing of Darkness: A Sociology of 32 Daniel Berrigan, Ezekiel: Vision in the Dust, (Maryk- the Enemy, (Seattle: Univ. of Washington Press, noll, New York: Orbis Books, 1997). 1994). "A Phenomenology of the Enemy," pp. 107- 33 121. Rene Girard, The Scapegoat, (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins 40 University Press, 1986). Sir James George Frazier, The Golden Bough: A Study 34 in Magic and Religion, Abridged, (New York: Mac- Frequently people of faith are described in patronizing Millan, 1922), pp. 624-686. for a comprehensive caricature or dismissed as ignorant, irrational, or even treatment of the process and social function of scape- mentally ill. The almost careless bigotry and stereo- goating in historic persecution texts of myth and re- typing of many liberal and left commentators is ob- ligion, see: Ren6 Girard, The Scapegoat, (Baltimore: jectionable on both moral and practical grounds. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986). 41 Gordon W. Allport, Nature of Prejudice, (Cambridge, 50 Davis, The Fear of Conspiracy, pp. xv-xvi. MA: Addison-Wesley, 1954), p. 244. 51 Mintz, Liberty Lobby, p. 199. 42 Landes, "Scapegoating," Encyclopedia of Social His- 52 O'Leary, Arguing the Apocalypse, pp. 20-60. tory, Peter N. Steam, ed., (New York: Garland Pub. 53 Inc., 1994), p. 659. Neumann has argued against us- Zeskind, "Some Ideas on Conspiracy Theories," p. 16. ing the term scapegoating when discussing con- See also: pp. 11, 13-15, 16-17. spiracist movements, but I support the Landes' 54 Ibid., 13-14. definition; Franz Neumann, "Anxiety in Politics," in 55 S. L. Gardiner, "Social Movements, Conspiracy Theo- Richard O. Curry and Thomas M. Brown, eds., Con- ries and Economic Determinism: A Response to Chip spiracy: The Fear of Subversion in American His- Berlet," in Ward, Conspiracies, p. 83. tory, (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1972), 56 p. 255. Conversation with Herman Sinaiko, Professor of Hu- 43 manities, University of Chicago, (1997). For an interesting approach linking Jungian psychology 57 to interventions against scapegoating in dysfunctional On growing right/left conspiracism, see Michael Kelly, small organizations and groups, see Arthur D. Col- "The Road to Paranoia," The New Yorker, June 19, man, Up From Scapegoating: Awakening Con- 1995, pp. 60-70; Janet Biehl, "Militia Fever: The sciousness in Groups, (Wilmette, IL: Chiron, 1995). Fallacy of "Neither Left nor Right," Green Perspec- 44 tives, A Social Ecology Publication, Number 37, Conversation with Susan M. Fisher, M. D. clinical pro- April 1996; Michael Albert, "Conspiracy?...Not!," fessor of psychiatry of Univ. of Chicago Medical Venting Spleen column, Z Magazine, Jan., 1992, pp. School and Faculty, Chicago Institute for Psycho- 17-19; Michael Albert, "Conspiracy?...Not, Again," analysis, (1997). Venting Spleen column, 2 Magazine, May,. 1992, pp. 45 Michael Billig, Fascists: A Social Psychological View of 86-88; See also: the special issue on "Conspiracy," the National Front, (New York: Harcourt Brace Jo- Skeptic, Vol. 4, No. 3, 1996. vanovich, 1978), pp. 313-316. 58 Kintz & Lesage, Culture, Media, and the Religious 46 See discussions in Jaroslav Krej i, "Neo-Fascism—West Right. Detailed articles on the general theme of right- and East," in Luciano Cheles, Ronnie Ferguson, and wing media can be found in Afterimage (Visual Michalina Vaughan, eds. The Far Right in Western Studies Workshop, Rochester, NY), special issue on and Eastern Europe, 2nd edition, (New York: Long- "Fundamentalist Media," 22:7&8, Feb./March 1995; man Publishing, 1995), pp. 2-3; David Norman and Extra! (Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting), Smith; "The Social Construction of Enemies: Jews special issue on "The Right-Wing Media Machine," and the Representation of Evil," Sociological Theory, March/April 1995. Jim Danky and John Cherney, 14:3, Nov. 1996, pp. 203-240; Billig, Fascists, pp. "Beyond Limbaugh: The Hard Right's Publishing 296-350; Elisabeth Young-Bruehl, The Anatomy of Spectrum," Reference Services Review, Spring 1996, Prejudices, (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University pp. 43-56. Press, 1996), pp. 163-339. An excellent review of the For radio conspiracism, see Leslie Jorgensen, psycho-social aspects of authoritarianism and the "AM Armies," pp. 20-22 and Larry Smith, Frankfurt school theories is in Social Thought & Re- "Hate Talk," p. 23, Extra! March/April search, 1998,21:1&2. 1995; Marc Cooper, "The Paranoid Style," 47 Gordon W. Allport, "Demagogy," in Richard O. Curry The Nation, April 10, 1995, pp. 486-492; and Thomas M. Brown, eds., Conspiracy: The Fear William H. Freivogel, "Talking Tough On of Subversion in American History, (New York: Holt, 300 Radio Stations, Chuck Harder's Show Rinehart and Winston, 1972), pp. 263-276. Airs Conspiracy Theories," St. Louis Post 48 Dispatch, May 10, 1995, p. 5B; Brian E. Davis, The Fear of Conspiracy, pp. xiv—xv, 1. Albrecht, "Hate Speech," The Plain Dealer 49 Although they often disagree with my conclusions, my (Cleveland), June 11, 1995, pp. 1, 16-17; thinking on conspiracism has been shaped by com- David McHugh and Nancy Costello, "Radio ments and critiques from S. L. Gardiner, Loretta host off the air; militia chief may be out," Ross, Leonard Zeskind, Devin Burghart, and Robert Detroit Free Press, 4/29/95, p. 6A; James Crawford. Latham, "The Rise of Far Right/Hate Pro- gramming on the Shortwave Bands," Vista, 71 R. Po-chia Hsia, The Myth of Ritual Murder: Jews and the Newsletter of Radio for Peace Interna- Magic in Reformation Germany, (New Haven, CT: tional, October 1994, pp. 2-4, find Far Right Yale University Press, 1988); Heiko A. Oberman, Radio Review online at The Roots of Anti-Semitism: In the Age of Renais- . (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1984, {German edition For Internet, see: Devin Burghart, "Cyberh@te: A 1981}). Reappraisal," The Dignity Report (Coalition 72 Andrew Gow, lecture, "Jewish Shock-Troops of the for Human Dignity), Fall, 1996, pp. 12-16; Apocalypse," Center for Millennial Studies sympo- David Futrelle, "CyberHate," In These sium, "The Apocalyptic Other," November, 1997. Times, May 15, 1995, p. 17; Wayne Mad- 73 sen, The Battle for Cyberspace: Spooks v. Oberman, The Roots of Anti-Semitism, pp. 118-122. Civil Liberties and Social Unrest," Cover- Pagels, Origins of Satan, p. 180; for additional background on Christian anti-Semitism, see Frederic Co- ; tAction Quarterly, Winter 1996-97; Todd J. ple Jaher, A Scapegoat in the New Wilderness: The Schroer, "White Racialists, Computers, and Origins and Rise of Anti-Semitism in America, (Cam- the Internet," paper, ASA, Toronto, 1997. A bridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994), pp. regularly updated list of links to web pages 13-82; Leonard Dinnerstein, Anti-Semitism in Amer- of various groups on the right is posted by ica, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), p. Political Research Associates, at 3—34; Pagels, The Origins of Satan, p. xx; Fuller, Naming the Antichrist, pp. 40-73; Jerome A. Chanes, and by Hatewatch at . Antisemitism in America Today: Outspoken Experts 59 Fuller, Naming the Antichrist, pp. 56-61, 63. Explode the Myths, (New York: Birch Lane 60 Carol F. Karlsen, The Devil in the Shape of a Woman: Press/Carol Publishing, 1995). Witchcraft in Colonial New England, (New York: W. 74 A good short summary of the Illuminati/Freemason and W. Norton, 1998), pp. 46-116. Protocols conspiracies and their role in the contem- 61 Fuller, Naming the Antichrist, pp. 5. 31. porary racist right can be found in James Ridgeway, Blood in the Face (New York: Thunder's Mouth 62 Paul Caras, The History of the Devil and the Idea of Evil, Press, 1990). On the Illuminati Freemasons, see (New York: Gramercy/Random House, 1996 [1900]), Davis, The Fear of Conspiracy, pp. 9-22; Hofstatder, p. 280. The Paranoid Style, pp. 10-18; Bennett, The Party of 63 Ibid., p. 282. • Fear, pp. 22—26,48—51; George Johnson, Architects 64 Conn, The Pursuit of the Millennium, especially pp. 144- of Fear: Conspiracy Theories and Paranoia in 147, 163-169. American Politics (Los Angeles: Tarcher/Houghton 65 Mifflin, 1983), pp. 31-84. On the Protocols, see Caras, The History of the Devil, p. 306; See also Peter Cohn, Warrant for Genocide. Stanford, The Devil: A Biography, (New York: 75 Henry Holt, 1996). Davis, The Fear of Conspiracy, pp. 9-22; Hofstatder, The Paranoid Style, pp. 10-18; Bennett, The Party of 66 Pagels, The Origin of Satan, p. xviii. Fear, pp. 22-26,48-51. 67 Conn, The Pursuit of the Millennium, pp. 77-78. 76 Johnson, Architects of Fear, pp. 31-84. 68 Norman Cohn, Warrant for Genocide: The Myth of the 77 John Robison, Proofs of a Conspiracy—against All the Jewish World Conspiracy and the Protocols of the Religions and Governments of Europe, carried on in Elders ofZion, (London: Serif, 1996 [1967]), pp. 2-3. the secret meetings of Freemasons, Illuminati and 69 Caras, The History of the Devil, pp. 306-307. When Reading Societies, fourth edition with postscript, some Freemasons constructed a history linking their (Boston: Western Islands, 1967 [1798]). order to the Knights Templar, they inherited the 78 Abbe Augustin Barruel, Memoirs Illustrating the History charges of satanic conspiracy. of Jacobinism, second edition revised and corrected, 70 Henry Charles Lea, The Inquisition of the Middle Ages, English translation by Robert Clifford, reprinted in abridged, (New York: Macmillan, 1961), pp. 687- one volume, (Fraser, MI: Real-View-Books, 1995 767. [1797-98]). 79 Ibid., p. 396; Robison, Proofs, pp. 11-56; Johnson, Ar- Protocols of the Meetings of the Learned Elders of chitects of Fear, pp. 43-50 Zion with Preface and Explanatory Notes. 80 Robison, Proofs, p. 9. 93 Walter Laquer, Russia and Germany, (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1990 {1965}), chapter 81 Robison's first edition appeared as Barruel's third vol- 4-6. On how the Protocols went from Russia to Ger- ume, first edition, was going to press; but Robison many, see: Heiden, Der Fuehrer, pp. 18-22. had not yet seen Barruel's work. In their second edi- tions, both author's acknowledge the other, and Bar- 94 Cohn, Warrant, pp. 167-168. ruel engages in some criticisms of Robison informal 95 Ibid. p. 169. treatment of quotes. See Barruel, Memoirs Illustrat- 96 Laqueur, Black Hundred, pp. 34, 205, 208-209. ing the History of Jacobinism, pp. 396-398 97 Interview with Landes, 1998. 82 Barruel, Memoirs, p. 185. 98 George Marsden, Understanding Fundamentalism and 83 Ibid., p. 780. Evangelicalism. (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. 84 Robison, Proofs, pp. 57, 272-273 Eerdmans Pub. Co., 1991.), pp. 9-61. Fuller, Naming 85 Bennett, The Party of Fear, pp. 22-26. the Antichrist, pp. 108-133. 99 86 Fuller, Naming the Antichrist, pp. 96-100. Bennett, The Joel Kovel, Red Hunting in the Promised Land: Anti- Party of Fear, pp. 35-53. For an example of mid- communism and the Making of America, (New York, 1850s anti-Catholic Propaganda, see E. Hutchinson, Basic Books, 1994). Startling Facts for the Know Nothings, (New York, 100 William Preston, Jr., Aliens and Dissenters: Federal self-published, 1855). Suppression of Radicals, 1903-1933, (New York: 87 Cohn, Warrant for Genocide, pp. 25-45. Harper Torchbooks, 1963). 101 88 Ibid., pp. 84-117; Konrad Heiden, Der Fuehrer: Hitler's Frank Donner, Age, pp. 47-48. Rise to Power," (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1944), 102 Nesta H. Webster, World Revolution: The Plot Against pp. 1-10. Civilization, (London: Constable, 1921); , 89 Cohn, Warrant for Genocide, pp. 302-306. Secret Societies and Subversive Movements (London: Boswell Printing, 1924); , The French 90 Curtiss, Appraisal, pp. 32-60; Cohn, Warrant, pp. 66-83; Revolution, (Orig. pub., 1919). Republished by Walter Laqueur, Black Hundred: The Rise of the Ex- Noontide Press, 1988. For this and other such works, treme Right in Russia, (New York: HarperPerennial, see Singerman, Antisemitic Propaganda. 1993), pp. 29-44. Curtiss provides an appendix with 103 many sample paragraphs illustrating "parallels be- Singerman, Antisemitic Propaganda, entry 0101, p. 29, tween passages from Joly's Dialogue and the Proto- citing Colin Holmes, Anti-Semitism in British Soci- cols as given in Nilus...." Comparisons that ety, 1876-1939, (New York: Holmes and Meier, demonstrated the plagiarism first appeared in a Lon- 1979), pp. 147-150; Cohn, Warrant for Genocide, pp. don newspaper. Cohn appends a similar but more 168-170. complete analysis. Laqueur's translation of the title 104 Mintz, Liberty Lobby, pp. 17-22; Father Denis Fahey's as "The Big in the Small" is more intuitively useful The Mystical Body of Christ in the Modern World, than the typical "The Great in the Little." (Dublin: Browne and Nolan, 1935); Gertrude Coo- 91 Johnson, Architects of Fear, pp. 32-43. One of the most gan's Money Creators: Who Creates Money? Who comprehensive discussions of conspiracist theories Should Create It?, (Chicago: Sound Money Press, throughout history, albeit in fictional form, is con- 1935). tained in the novel by Umberto Eco, Foucault's Pen- 105 Mintz, Liberty Lobby, p. 17. dulum, (New York: Ballantine Books, 1990). I06Ribuffo, Old Christian Right, pp. 16-17, 167, 196-197, 92 Based on several different translations of the Protocols 211; Bennett, Party of Fear, p. 269. of the Learned Elders ofZion under a variety of 107 Elizabeth Dilling, The Red Network: A "Who's Who" names, on file at PRA, primarily, Victor E. Mardsen, and Handbook of Radicalism for Patriots, (Chicago: The Protocols ofZion, "Translated from the Russian self-published, 1934); Elizabeth Dilling, The Roose- Text," (Britain: 1934). Republished by Ford's velt Red Record and its Background, (Chicago: self- Dearborn Independent, with full inside title: The published, 1936). See also: excerpt from Dilling's (Rossmor, CA & Seal Beach, CA: Concord Press, The Roosevelt Red Record and its Background, in 1972); reissued revised in hardcover: Gary Allen and Davis, Fear of Conspiracy, pp. 273-276; human Larry Abraham, None Dare Call It Conspiracy, (Se- rights activist Susan DeCamp traced some current attle, WA: Double A Publications, 1983); revised and conspiracist theories circulating in Montana and other expanded as sequel: Larry Abraham, Call it Conspir- Rocky Mountain states back to Dilling's books at a acy, (Seattle, WA: Double A Publications, 1985). workshop presentation, "Conspiracy, Identity & the The latter book featured a prologue by Christian Re- Religious Right," Northwest Coalition Against Mali- constructionist Gary North. cious Harassment symposium, October 1998. 118 Mary M. Davison, The Profound Revolution, (Omaha, 108 New Dealers in Office, (Indianapolis: The Fellowship Nebraska: The Greater Nebraskan, 1966), pp 1-18, Press, circa 1941); for background on popular anti- 26-28, 84, 86-87. Davidson went on to form the Semitism during this period, see Dinnerstein, pp. Council for Statehood, similar in ideology to the 105-149. Committee of the States. 109 Ribuffo, The Old Christian Right, pp. 2-24, 58-72, 83- 119 Mary M. Davison, Twentieth Century Snow Job, 116, 175-177. (Lighthouse Point, FL: Council for Statehood, circa 110 Chart from William Dudley Pelley's Liberation, 1970). 8/21/38; as cited in Singerman, Antisemitic Propa- 120 Dennis King, Lyndon LaRouche and the New American ganda, p. xxx. Fascism (New York: Doubleday, 1989), p. 282. 111 Mintz, The Liberty Lobby, pp. 47-64; Johnson, Archi- 121 One book mixes the themes: Eustace Mullins, The Fed- tects of Fear, pp. 78-80, 135-136. eral Reserve Conspiracy, second edition, (Union, NJ: 1 '2 Emanuel M. Josephson, Rockefeller, 'Internationalist': Christian Educational Association, 1954). See also: The Man Who Misrules the World. (New York: Eustace Mullins, Mullins on the Federal Reserve, Chedney Press, 1952). See Mintz, Liberty Lobby, pp. (New York: Kaspar and Horton, 1952); Eustace 61-64, 82-83. See also Ed Merta, "Birth of a Con- Mullins, The World Order: Our Secret Rulers, sec- spiracy Theory," unpublished paper following the ond edition, (Staunton, VA: Ezra Pound Institute of trail of the conspiracist view of the Council on For- Civilization, 1992); Eustace Mullins, The Secret eign Relations. On file at PRA. Holocaust (Word of Christ Mission, no date). See also: listings on Mullins in Robert Singerman, An- 113 Dan Smoot, The Invisible Government. (Boston and tisemitic Propaganda: An Annotated Bibliography Los Angeles: Western Islands, 1962). and Research Guide, (New York: Garland Publish- 114 Mary M. Davison, The Secret Government of the United ing, 1982), including, Eustace Mullins, The Biologi- States, (Omaha, Nebraska: The Greater Nebraskan, cal Jew, (Staunton, VA: Faith and Service Books, ca. 1962), pp. 1-5. For a study of the role of women in 1968); Eustace Mullins, "Jews Mass Poison Ameri- battling globalism, see Abby Scher, Cold War on the can Children, Women's Voice (Chicago), June 1955, Home Front: Middle Class Women's Politics in the p. 11; Eustace Mullins, Impeach Eisenhower! (Chi- 1950s, doctoral thesis, sociology, New School for cago, Women's Voice, ca. 1955). Social Research, 1995. 122 Chip Berlet, "Cardinal Mindszenty: heroic anti- 115 Phyllis Schlafly, A Choice Not An Echo (Alton, IL: Pere communist or anti-Semite or both?", The St. Louis Marquette Press, 1964), pp. 111-121. Journalism Review, April, 1988. "6 Carroll Quigley, Tragedy and Hope: A History of the 123 See for example the implicit anti-Black prejudice in, World in Our Time, republished by GSG Associates, Alan Stang, It's Very Simple: The True Story of Civil (New York: MacMillan, 1966); Mintz, Liberty Rights, (Boston: Western Islands, 1965), especially Lobby,pp. 145-146. pp.209-214. 117 Cleon Skousen The Naked Capitalist, (Salt Lake City, 124 Mintz, Liberty Lobby, pp. 59-61; The Noontide Press, UT: self published/Reviewer, 1970). Skoussen's book catalogs, 1989 and 1995. Phyllis Schlafly's ,4 subtitle is, A Review and Commentary on Dr. Carroll Choice, Not an Echo, echoes Carr's conspiracist view Quigley's Book: Tragedy and Hope—A History of the of the Bilderberger symposiums, but without the World in Our Time. Gary Allen with Larry Abraham, overt anti-Semitism. None Dare Call It Conspiracy, paperback edition,

10 125 Kenneth Goff, One World a Red World, pamphlet, tin Lipset and Earl Raab, The Politics of Unreason: (Colorado: self-published, 1952), pp. 56-57, 62. Right-Wing Extremism in America, 1790-1970 (New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1970). 126 Kenneth Goff, Reds Promote Racial War, pamphlet, (Colorado: self-published [Soldiers of the Cross], Transitional works would include: Donald I. Warren, The 1958), pp. 13-16,25-33. Radical Center: Middle Americans and the Politics of Alienation, (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre 127 Gordon Lindsay, Will the Antichrist Come Out of Rus- Dame Press, 1976); and William H. Riker, Liberal- sia?, (Dallas: Voice of Healing Publications, 1966), ism Against Populism: A Confrontation Between the inside cover. Theory of Democracy and the Theory of Social 128 Dr. W. S. McBirnie, The Real Power Behind Commu- Choice, (Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, 1988 nism, pamphlet, (Glendale, CA: Center for American {1982}). Research and Education, n.d., circa 1968), p. 15. 135 For criticism of the original academic idea that a con- 129 John Stormer, The Death of a Nation, (Florissant, MO: spiracist "radical right" is somehow far outside the Liberty Bell Press, 1968), pp. 152-174. electoral system (called centrist/extremist theory or 130 John Stormer, None Dare Call It Treason, (Florissant, the pluralist school), see Michael Rogin, The Intel- Missouri: Liberty Bell Press, 1964); on religious re- lectuals and McCarthy: The Radical Specter, (Cam- newal experience, see "About the Author," page pre- bridge, MA: MIT Press, 1967), pp. 261-282; Curry ceding the table of contents. and Brown, eds., "Introduction," Conspiracy, pp. vii- 131 xi; Ribuffo, The Old Christian Right, pp. 237-257; Gary H. Kah, En Route to Global Occupation Margaret Canovan, Populism (New York: Harcourt (Lafayette, LA: Huntington House Publishers, 1991); Brace Jovanovich, 1981), pp. 46-51 179-190; Pat Robertson, The New World Order: It Will Change Jerome L. Himmelstein, To The Right: The Trans- the Way You Live, (Dallas: Word Publishing, 1991); formation of American Conservatism, (Berkeley: Donald S. McAlvany, Toward a New World Order, Univ. of California Press, 1990), pp. 1-5, 72-76, The Countdown to Armageddon, Oklahoma City, 152-164. Diamond, Roads to Dominion, pp. 5-6, OK: Hearthstone Publishing/Southwest Radio 40-41; Michael Kazin, The Populist Persuasion: An Church of the Air. 1990); Dee Zahner, The Secret American History, (New York: Basic Books, 1995), Side of History: Mystery Babylon and the New World pp. 190-193; William B. Hixson, Jr., Search for the Order, (Hesperia, CA: LTAA Communications, American Right Wing: An Analysis of the Social Sci- 1994); Dave Hunt, Global Peace and the Rise of the ence Record, 1955-1987, (Princeton: Princeton Uni- Antichrist, videotape, (Dave Hunt, 1990);"What's versity Press, 1992), pp. 10-48, 77-123, 273-292; Behind the New World Order, " booklet, (Jemison, })• AL: Inspiration Books Est, 1991). See also: Michael P. Federici, The Challenge of 132 Boyer, When Time Shall Be No More, p. 312. Populism: The Rise of Right-Wing Democ- 133 Portions of this section first appeared in "Three Models ratism in Postwar America, (New York: for Analyzing Conspiracist Mass Movements of the Praeger, 1991); and, Allen D. Hertzke, Ech- Right," in Ward, Conspiracies. oes of Discontent: Jesse Jackson, Pat Rob- 134 Richard Hofstadter, The Age of Reform: From Bryan to ertson, and the Resurgence of Populism, F. D. R. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., Random (Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly House, Inc., 1955); Richard Hofstadter, Anti-Intel- Press, 1993). lectualism in American Life. (New York: Alfred A. For statistical data that refutes claims made by Knopf, 1963); Arnold Forster and Benjamin R. Ep- centrist/extremist theory about the social stein, Danger on the Right. (New York: Random base of the "radical right," see Rogin, The House, 1964); Daniel Bell, ed., The Radical Right: Intellectuals and McCarthy; Fred W. Grupp, The New American Right Expanded And Updated, Jr., "The Political Perspectives of Birch So- (Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, Doubleday & ciety Members;" and James McEvoy, III, Company, Inc., 1964); Richard Hofstadter, "The , "Conservatism or Extremism: Goldwater Paranoid Style in American Politics," in The Para- Supporters in the 1964 Presidential Elec- noid Style in American Politics and Other Essays tion;" both in Robert A. Schoenberger, ed., (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1965); Seymour Mar- The American Right Wing: Readings in Po- litical Behavior, (New York: Holt, Rinehart 141 Amy Elizabeth Ansell, New Right, New Racism: Race & Winston, 1969); and Charles Jeffrey and Reaction in the United States and Britain, (New Kraft, A Preliminary Socio-Economic & York: NYU Press, 1997), pp. 49-73; Anna Marie , State Demographic Profile of the John Birch Smith, New Right Discourse on Race & Sexuality, Society, (Cambridge, MA: Political Re- (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1994), pp. search Associates, 1992). See also: Dia- 18-70. mond: "How 'Radical' Is the Christian 142 People can be straight, gay, lesbian, transgender, or Right?" The Humanist, (Watch on the Right column), March/April 1994. bisexual—this is descriptive rather than an ethnic reference; but when referring to an ethnic identity, 136 For an introduction to various contemporary academic movement, or specific organization, I will refer to the views, see: Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClung Gay and Lesbian Rights movement, the Lesbian Mueller, eds., Frontiers in Social Movement Theory, Avengers group, and the Digital Queers group. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1992); and 143 Sidney Tarrow, Power in Movement: Social Move- See for example Allen, None Dare Call it Conspiracy, ments, Collective Action and Politics, (New York: p. 125. Cambridge University Press, 1994); John Lofland, 144 Bennett, The Party of Fear, pp. 48-182; John Higham, Social Movement Organizations: Guide to Research Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nattvism on Insurgent Realities, (New York: Aldine de 1860-1925 (New York: Atheneum, 1972); Diamond, Gruyter, 1996. Roads to Dominion, pp. 140-160. See also: Carl Boggs, Social Movements and Po- 145 Billig, Fascists, p. 296. litical Power: Emerging Forms of Radical- 146 Frank P. Mintz, The Liberty Lobby and the American ism in the West, (Philadelphia: Temple Right: Race, Conspiracy and Culture, (Westport, CT: University Press, 1986); and Bert Klander- Greenwood Press, 1985); note that there is much on mans, The Social Psychology of Protest, the John Birch Society in this book. For more on the (Oxford: Blackwell, 1997). JBS, see: William V. Moore, The John Birch Society: 136 Christian Smith, "Correcting a Curious Neglect, or A Southern Profile, paper. Southern Political Science Bringing Religion Back In," in Christian Smith, ed., Association, 1981; J. Allen Broyles, The John Birch Disruptive Religion: The Force of Faith in Social- Society: Anatomy of a Protest, (Boston: Beacon Movement Activism, (New York: Routledge, 1996), Press, 1964); Diamond, Roads, pp. 52-59, 140-141, p.3. 147-148; Gene Grove, Inside the John Birch Society, (Greenwich, CT: Fawcett, 1961). 137 Sara Diamond: "How 'Radical' Is the Christian Right?" 147 The Humanist, (Watch on the Right column), Mary Rupert, "The Patriot Movement and the Roots of March/April 1994; Diamond, Opposition Research Fascism," in Susan Allen Nan, et. Al. eds., Windows Column, "Shifting Alliances on the Right," Z Maga- to Conflict Analysis and Resolution: Framing our zine November 1993; Diamond, "The Christian Right Field, (Fairfax, VA: Institute for Conflict Analysis Seeks Dominion: On the Road to Political Power and and Resolution, 1997); Peter Fritzsche, Rehearsals Theocracy," in Chip Berlet, ed., Eyes Right! Chal- for Fascism: Populism and Political Mobilization in lenging the Right Wing Backlash, (Boston: South Weimar Germany.(New York: Oxford University End Press, 1995), pp. 44-49. Press, 1990), pp. 149-150. 148 138 Catherine McNicol Stock, Rural Radicals: Righteous This paragraph reflects the ideas of Matthew N. Lyons Rage in the American Grain, (Ithaca, NY: Cornell in working papers for Too Close for Comfort. For a University Press, 1996), pp. 15-86. related argument regarding Britain, see Michael Bil- lig, "Rhetoric of the Conspiracy Theory: Arguments 139 Gary Allen, None Dare Call it Conspiracy, p. 125. in National Front Propaganda," Patterns of Preju- 140 Gary Allen, Rockefeller: Campaigning for the New dice, 22:2, 1988. World Order, pamphlet from an article in the JBS 149 Tarso Luis Ramos, "Feint to the Left: The Growing magazine, American Opinion, February 1974; a Popularity of Populism," Portland Alliance, (Ore- similar theme was promoted by the Lyndon gon), Dec. 1991, pp. 13, 18. See also Chip Berlet, LaRouche network, see: King, Lyndon LaRouche, pp. Right Woos Left: Populist Party, LaRouchian, and 38-40, 125.

12 Other Neo-fascist Overtures to Progressives and 160 ISRP web page, URL: Why They Must Be Rejected, report, revised, (Cam- , 10/6/98. bridge, MA: Political Research Associates, revised, 161 Revelation, 20-22. Whether Christ returns at the begin- 1994 {1991}); , "Friendly Fascists," The ning or the end of this thousand year period is dis- Progressive, June 1992; and, , "Big Stories, puted among pre-millennialists and post- Spooky Sources," Columbia Journalism Review, millennialists. Fuller, Naming the Antichrist, pp. 6-7; May/June 1993. Marsden, Understanding Fundamentalism and Evan- 150 Biehl, "Militia Fever;" Matthew Kalman and John gelicalism, pp. 40, 112-114; Diamond, Spiritual Murray, "The Icke Man Cometh," New Moon, No- Warfare, pp. 130-138, 240; Michael Barkun, Relig- vember 1995. ion and the Racist Right: The Origins of the Chris- 151 See, generally, Daniel Pipes, The Hidden Hand: Middle tian Identity Movement, (Chapel Hill, NC: University East Fears of Conspiracy, (New York: St. Martins, of North Carolina Press, 1994), p. 75-79, 104-105, 1998); Patricia A. Turner, / Heard it Through the 213. Grapevine, Rumor in African-American Culture, 162 Boyer, When Time Shall Be No More, pp. 80-112. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993); 163 Marsden, Understanding Fundamentalism and Evan- Berlet, Right Woos Left. gelicalism, pp. 60, 147, 163; Martin, With God on 152 Howard Goldenthal, "Khadafy Connections," Now (To- OurSide,vp.\4-\5. ronto), 7/4/91, p. 14. 164 For general background, see Himmelstein, To The 153 Jonathan Mozzochi and L. Events Rhinegard, Rambo, Right, Diamond, Roads to Dominion; Martin, With Gnomes and the New World Order: The Emerging God on Our Side. Politics of Populism, (Portland, OR: Coalition for 165 Fred Clarkson, Eternal Hostility, pp. 77-123. Human Dignity, 1991). 166 Some analysts use the term "dominionism" solely to 154 For a critique of conspiracist anti-giobalism, see Mark refer to forms of Reconstructionism, but others use it Rupert, "Globalization and the Reconstruction of as I do here, in the broader sense of exclusionary Common Sense in the US," in S. Gill and J. Mittel- Christian nationalism. man, eds., Innovation and Transformation in Inter- national Studies, (Cambridge: Cambridge University 167 Boyer, When Time Shall Be No More, 254-290. Press, 1997). 168 Joel Kovel, Red Hunting in the Promised Land: Anti- 155 Diamond, Roads, pp. 127-131, 179-180. On fusionism, communism and the Making of America, (New York, see Himmelstein, To The Right, pp. 43-60. His dis- Basic Books, 1994); Didi Herman, TheAntigay cussion of the practical problems of uniting the three Agenda: Orthodox Vision and the Christian Right, strands into a conservative movement is especially (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997), pp. useful and perceptive. 19-24, 35-44, 125-128, 170-172, 169 156 Chip Berlet and Margaret Quigley, "Theocracy & Johnson, Architects of Fear, pp. 169-173; Diamond, White Supremacy: Behind the Culture War to Re- Spiritual Warfare, pp. 84-87, 233; Berlet and Quig- store Traditional Values," in Berlet, Eyes Right, ley, "Theocracy & White Supremacy," in Berlet, pp.15-43. Eyes Right!, pp. 32-33. 170 157 Laura Elizabeth Saponara, Ideology at Work: Deci- George M. Marsden, Understanding Fundamentalism phering the Appeal of New Right Discourse, Master and Evangelicalism, pp. 109. See also: Diamond, of Arts Thesis, University of Texas at Austin, 1997, Roads, pp. 246-248; William Martin, With God on p. 27. Our Side: The Rise of the Religious Right in America, (New York: Broadway Books, 1996), pp. 194-198, 158 See generally, Diamond, Spiritual Warfare. 331-333, 344-347,); Thompson, The End Of Time, 159 William H. Marshner and Enrique T. Rueda, The Mo- pp. 310-312. rality of Political Action: Biblical Foundations, 171 Stormer, None Dare Call It Treason; Stormer, None (Washington, DC: the Free Congress Research and Dare Call It Treason...25 Years Later, paperback, Education Foundation, 1983), pp. 35-48. (Flourissant, MO: Liberty Bell Press, 1992 {hardcover, 1990}).

13 172 Martin, With God on Our Side, pp. 194-197; Dallas A. website articles, "Oops, I Guess I Wasn't Ready," Blanchard, The Anti-Abortion Movement and the Rise ; and Kurt of the Religious Right, (New York: Twayne Publish- Seland, "The Post Rapture Survival Guide," ers, 1994), p. 97. For examples of Christian antago- . nism toward secular humanism, see Francis A. 183 Hal Lindsey, with C. C. Carlson, The Late Great Planet Schaeffer, A Christian Manifesto, revised, (West- Earth, (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing chester, IL: Crossway Books, 1982 [1981]), pp. 117- House, 1970). 130; Franky Schaeffer, A Time for Anger: The Myth 184 of Neutrality, (Westchester, IL: Crossway Books, See the analysis of Lindsey in O'Leary, Arguing the 1982), pp. 15-25, 76-78; John W. Whitehead, The Apocalypse, pp. 134-171. Stealing of America, (Westchester, IL: Crossway 185 Billy Graham, Approaching Hoofbeats: The Four Books, 1987), pp. 31-59; Tim LaHaye, The Battle for Horsemen of the Apocalypse, (Minneapolis, MN: the Mind, (Old Tappan, NJ: Fleming H. Revell, Grason, 1983), pp. 222-224. 1980), pp. 141-179. 186 Boyer, When Time Shall Be No More, pp. 148-149, 327; 173 Christian Anti-Communism Crusade, newsletter, April referencing John F. Walvoord, Armageddon, Oil And 1,1998, p. 2. The Middle East Crisis. What The Bible Says About The Future Of The Middle East And The End Of 174 David A. Noebel, Understanding the Times: The Story Western Civilization. (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan of the Biblical Christian, Marxist/Leninist and Secu- Publishing House, 1990 {1974}). lar Humanist Worldviews, (Manitou Springs, CO: 187 Summit Ministries Press, 1992). Johnson, Architects of Fear, pp. 28-29; F. H. Knelman, Reagan, God and the Bomb, (Buffalo, NY: Prome- 175 The author purchased curricular materials during a tour theus Books, 1985); pp. 175-190; Boyer, When Time of Summit Ministries in 1997. On file at PRA. Shall Be No More, p. 162. 176 Documentation, including correspondence between 188 Grace Halsell, Prophecy and Politics: Militant Evan- Welch, his aide, and a donor outlining the procedure, gelists on the Road to Nuclear War, (Wesport, CT: at PRA in file: "John Birch Society, Nonprofit Lawrence Hill, 1986). For a Christian manual on how Funding Conduits." to survive the nuclear Armageddon through bomb 177 Pat Robertson, The New World Order, 1992, p. 36. shelters, see: Arthur Robinson & Gary North, Fight- 178 Ibid., pp. 261-62. ing Chance: Ten Feet to Survival, (Cave Junction, 179 OR: Oregon Institute of Science and Medicine, Michael Lind, "On Pat Robertson: His Defenders", The 1986). New York Review of Books, April 20, 1995, pp. 67- 189 68; and accompanying article: Jacob Heilbrunn, "On Ruth W. Mouly, The Religious Right and Israel: The Pat Robertson: His Anti-Semitic Sources", pp. 68-71. Politics of Armageddon, (Chicago: Midwest Re- search [now Political Research Associates], 1987). 180 See generally Camp, Selling Fear. 190 Lamy, Millennium Rage, p. 155. See also: Boyer, When 181 "Armageddon Books," Cliffside Publishing House, Time Shall Be No More, pp. 327-331. General Catalog, Fall/Winter 1996; 191 , 11/13/98. Sara Diamond, "Political Millennialism within the Evangelical Subculture," in Charles B. Strozier and 182 For an interesting discussion of this trend, see: Joel Michael Flynn, The Year 2000: Essays on the End, Schalit and Charlie Bertsch "Millennial Revelations: (New York: NYU Press, 1997), p. 210. Religious Extremism and the Preparations For a 192 Secular Apocalypse," Deolog, Feb. 1997, online, Paul Boyer, lecture and seminar, Boston University, . A fascinating development is the post-rapture 193 Fuller, Naming the Antichrist, p. 5. There are still some ministry, which creates evangelical outreach materi- Protestant apocalyptics that see the Vatican as con- als to be "left behind" after the authors are raptured trolled by the Devil, see: "Conclusive Proof From up into heaven; see: Peter and Paul Lalonde's work The Bible That The Pope Is The Antichrist," including the popular video, "Apocalypse: Caught in . the Eye of the Storm;" ; and the

14 194 "700 Club," 7/23/98 and 12/27/94, author's notes made 201 Vicki Frierson and Ruthanne Garlock, Christian Be while watching programs. Watchful: Hidden Dangers in the New Coalition of 195 Cover story and series of articles on Y2K from a Chris- Feminism, Humanism, Socialism, Lesbianism, pam- tian perspective by Joel Belz, Roy Manard, Chris phlet, (Dallas: Texas Eagle Forum, 1978); on file at Stamper, and Lynn Vincent, in World (God's World PRA. Publications), 8/22/98. See also: "Y2K: Playing the 202 Quinby, symposium presentation, "The Millennial Millennium Card," Culture Watch, The DataCenter, Cusp: Western Cultures at 1000, 1500,2000 and Be- Sept. 1998, for a very useful roundup of the topic. yond," sponsored by the Center for Millennial Stud- 196 Author attended the workshop; speakers were Michael ies, Boston, October 12, 1996. In the classic sci-fi Hyatt, author of The Millennium Bug: How to Sur- film Five Million Years to Earth an ancient Martian vive the Coming Chaos and the Day the World Shut space ship is unearthed at the aptly-named Hobbes Down, and prominent Lousiana Republican Dr. Billy End Underground station in London. When its pas- McCormack of the University Baptist Church. Jerry senger comes to life it appears as the Devil, complete Falwell, Pat Robertson, Larry Burkett, Jack Van with little horns. A women falls under its spell, and Impe, and many other Christian evangelical leaders using superhuman powers supplied by the Devil, at- tempts to stop the male heroes planning to block the have added apocalyptic fuel to the Y2K furnace; see: fiery apocalypse using logic and science. Falwell's video, "Y2K: A Christian's Guide to the Millennium Bug." online, 203 "Vision 2000: Frequent Questions," Official PK Web . Site, URL: , See also: the site maintained by the Inspiration Net- 7/17/98. work, . 204 Ferrini Productions, "10.4.97 Promise Keepers," video, 197 See Gary North's web page, URL: (Boston: Center for Millennial Studies, 1997); inter- views by author at Promise Keepers Mall rally. (9/16/98). North's apocalyptic predictions about Y2K 205 Steven L. Gardiner, "Promises to Keep: the Christian and the need for survivalist-style preparations echoes Right Men's Movement," Dignity Report, 3:4, Fall, his previous stance on surviving nuclear war during 1996; Linda Kintz, Between Jesus and the Market: the Reagan years: Robinson & North, Fighting The Emotions that Matter in Right-Wing America, Chance. (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1997), pp. 198 Dennis Behreandt, "Millennium Mayhem," The New 111-139; Connie Anderson, Visions of Involved Fa- American, 9/14/98, p. 14; for coverage of hard right therhood: Pro-Feminists and "Promise Keepers, " fears about Y2K see "Y2Kaos," Intelligence Report., paper, ASA, Toronto, 1977, Family & Kinship Ses- Southern Poverty Law Center, Fall 1998 (#92); and sion (#113); ASA 1998 roundtable on Promise Keep- Berlet, Y2K and Millennial Pinball: How Y2K ers, with papers presented by Mary Strieker; Amy Shapes Survivalism in the US Christian Right, Patriot Schindler and Jennifer Carrol Lena; R. Lorraine Ber- and Armed Militia Movements, and Far Right," pa- notsky and Joan M. Bernotsky, with discussion per, Center for Millennial Studies at Boston Univer- leader Jennifer Reich sity, 1998. 206 Interview with Promise Keepers leader Randy Phillips 199 Dave Hunt, Global Peace and the Rise of Antichrist; on "Late Edition," CNN, 10/5/97; 10 am ET, from (Eugene, OR: Harvest House, 1990); Peter LaLonde, transcript, p. 9. One World Under Antichrist: Globalism, Seducing 207 Lee Quinby, "Coercive Purity: The Dangerous Promise Spirits and Secrets of the New World Order; of Apocalyptic Masculinity," in Charles B. Strozier (Eugene, OR: Harvest House, 1991); William T. and Michael Flynn, The Year 2000: Essays on the James, ed., Foreshocks of Antichrist; (Eugene, OR: End, (New York: NYU Press, 1997), pp. 154-156; Harvest House, 1997);Arno Froese, How Democracy —- note, however, that conservative evangelical women Will Elect the Antichrist: The Ultimate Denial of can find spheres of influence and agency within the Freedom, Liberty and Justice According to the Bible, constraints of submission, see Brenda E. Brasher, (West Colombia, SC: Olive Press, 1997). Fundamentalism and Female Power, (New Bruns- 200 Catholic Study Bible, commentary on Revelation, p. wick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1998). 399.

15 Christian Right demonization of gays and lesbians in the 218 Victor Balaban, "The Virgin and the Millennium: same style as anti-communism and anti-Semitism is Marian Sightings in the United States," lecture, Cen- described in Didi Herman, The Antigay Agenda. See ter for Millennial Studies and Boston University also: Jean Hardisty "Constructing Homophobia," in School of Theology, 1/20/98. Berlet, Eyes Right!, pp. 86-104; Arlene Stein, "When 219 Charles Martel, "The Antichrist," The Fatima Crusader, the Culture War Comes to Town: An Ethnography of Summer 1994, pp. 6-9. Contested Sexuality in Rural Oregon," paper, ASA 220 98; and "Whose Memories? Whose Victimhood? Ibid. p. 9. Contests for the Holocaust Frame in Recent Social 221 "Father Coughlin, a great apostle of social justice who Movement Discourse," Sociological Perspectives, courageously denounced the bankers' debt-money Vol. 41, No. 3, 1998, pp. 519-540; Surina Khan, Cal- system," The Michael Journal, May-June 1995, p. culated Compassion: How the Ex-Gay Movement 10; and various undated Michael Journal reprints Serves the Right's Attack on Democracy, handed out in the Boston area from 1995-1998, on (Somerville, MA: Political Research Associates, file at PRA; see Denis Fahey's pamphlet, The Rulers 1998). of Russia, reprinted in 1940 by Coughlin's Social 208 Justice Publishing, in which Fahey claims a "Judaeo- Diamond, "Political Millennialism," in Strozier and Bolshevist" influence over both capitalism and com- Flynn, The Year 2000, pp., 206-210. munism. 209 Richard K. Fenn, The End of Time: Religion, Ritual, 222 and the Forging of the Soul, (Cleveland, Pilgrim William T. Still, New World Order, (Lafayette, LA: Press, 1997), pp. 127-149. Huntington House, 1990). 210 Find charges and response at URL: 223 Ibid., Introduction. . 224 Ibid., back cover. 211 Church on the Web, Video List URL: 225 Ibid., pp. 140-141, 148-149. http://www.churchontheweb.com/bookshop/paganinv 226 Ibid., back cover. asion/8.html. 227 212 Chen Seymour, Committee of the States: Inside the Texe Marrs, Big Sister Is Watching You: Hillary Radical Right, (Mariposa, CA: Camden Place Com- Clinton And The White House Feminists Who Now munications, 1991). Control America—And Tell The President What To 228 Do, (Austin, TX: Living Truth Publishers, 1993.). James Corcoran, Bitter Harvest: The Birth of Paramili- For Clinton Chronicles: Patrick Matrisciana, ed., The tary Terrorism in the Heartland, (New York: Viking Clinton Chronicles, fourth edition, (Hemet, CA: Penguin, 1995 [1990]). Jeremiah Books, 1994). See also: the related Clinton 229 Mark Rupert, Globalization and the Reconstruction of Chronicles video. Common Sense in the US, in S. Gill and J. Mittel- 213 An exceptional and detailed survey of Catholic apoca- man, eds., Innovation and Transformation in Inter- lypticism can be found in Michael W. Cuneo, The national Studies, (Cambridge, Cambridge University Smoke of Satan, Conservative and Traditionalist Dis- Press, 1997). See also Rupert's marvelous Web page, sent in Contemporary American Catholicism, (Ox- "A Virtual Guided Tour of Far Right Anti-Globalist ford: Oxford University Press, 1997). See also: Ideology," URL: Thompson, The End Of Time, pp.175-190. Useful An important study of socio- Steve Askin, A New Rite: Conservative Catholic Or- economic factors is Deborah Kaplan, "Republic of ganizations and Their Allies, (Washington, DC: Rage: A Look Inside the Patriot Movement," paper, Catholics for Free Choice, 1994). ASA 98. 230 214 The Fatima Crusader, Summer 1992, p. 2. Kenneth S. Stern, A Force Upon the Plain: The Ameri- 215 can Militia Movement and the Politics of Hate, (New Charles Martel, "Why Sr. Lucia Went Public," Fatima York: Simon & Schuster, 1996); Lamy, Millennium Family Messenger, April-June 1992, pp. 2-4, 44-48. Rage. 216 Cuneo, The Smoke of Satan, pp. 44-46, 172. 231 Chip Berlet & Matthew N. Lyons, "Militia Nation," The 217 Ibid., pp. 154-177. Progressive, June 1995, pp. 22-25; Scott McLemee,

16 "Public Enemy," In These Times, May 15, 1995, pp. Meeting of Radicalism, Religion," Salt Lake City 14-19; Chip Berlet, "The Violence of Right-Wing Tribune, June 21, 1998, online, Populism," Peace Review, 7-314 (1995: Journals Ox- . 232 Jason Vest, "The Spooky World of Linda Thompson," 242 Mary Rupert, "The Patriot Movement and the Roots of Washington Post, May 11, 1995, pp. Dl, D8-D9. Fascism," in Susan Allen Nan, et. al. eds., Windows 233 Not all survivalists are part of white supremacist or anti- to Conflict Analysis and Resolution: Framing our Semitic movements, but many are. Field, (Fairfax, VA: Institute for Conflict Analysis 234 and Resolution, 1997), p. 96. Jess Walter, Every Knee Shall Bow: The Truth and 243 Tragedy of Ruby Ridge and the Randy Weaver Fam- James A. Aho, The Politics of Righteousness: Idaho ily, (New York: Regan Books, 1995), pp. 64-87. Christian Patriotism, (Seattle: Univ. of Washington 235 Press, 1990). Stern, in footnote 4 of "Militias and the Robert K. Spear, Surviving Global Slavery: Living Un- Religious Right," puts it this way: der the New World Order, (Leavenworth, KS: Uni- versal Force Dynamics, 1992); Spear, Creating Some commentators do not distinguish between Covenant Communities, (Leavenworth, KS: Univer- Christian Identity and Christian Patriotism sal Force Dynamics, 1993). because, on the American far right, most 236 who are Identity adherents are also Chris- James D. Tabor and Eugene V. Gallagher, Why Waco? tian Patriots. Cults and the Battle for Religious Freedom in Amer- ica, (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995); But it is important to distinguish the two. Identity Dick J. Reavis, The Ashes of Waco: An Investigation, comes from a 19th century belief called (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995); Kenneth "British Israelism." One can be an Identity Samples, Erwin de Castro, Richard Abanes, & Robert adherent in Australia, Canada, et cetera. Lyle, Prophets of the Apocalypse: David Koresh & Christian Patriots, on the other hand, only Other American Messiahs, (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker exist in America, and one can be a Christian Books, 1994). Patriot without subscribing to Identity religion. For example, James Nichols, brother 237 Quinby, Anti-Apocalypse, pp. 155-162;); Thompson, of accused Oklahoma City-bomber Terry The End Of Time, pp. 278-321; Mark S. Hamm, Nichols, is a Christian Patriot who flirted Apocalypse in Oklahoma: Waco and Ruby Ridge Re- with, but was talked out of, Identity theology venged, (Boston: Northeastern University Press, by a Methodist friend 1997); 244 238 Barkun, Religion and the Racist Right, pp. 47-49, 60- Devin Burghart and Robert Crawford, Guns and Gav- 70,106-107, 116-118,205. els: Common Law Courts, Militias & White Suprem- 245 acy, (Portland, OR: Coalition for Human Dignity, Christian Identity is inherently a racialized religious 1996). philosophy, but the degree of white supremacy and 239 anti-Semitism can vary depending on the views of Ted Daniels, "Another Standoff: The Montana Free- each autonomous local group. Here we use Identity man," Millennial Prophecy Report, April 1996, p. 1- to refer to the highly bigoted neonazi form of Chris- 4; Mark Pitcavage, "Every Man a King: The Rise and tian Identity. See also: Patrick Minges, "Apocalypse Fall of the Montana Freemen, The Militia Watchdog Now! The Realized Eschatology of the 'Christian website, May 1996. Identity' Movement, paper, American Academy of 240 Letter from JBS American Opinion Book Services, in Religion Conference, 1994; Leonard Zeskind, The promotional catalog of anti-UN materials, August "Christian Identity"Movement, (Atlanta, GA: Center 1998, on file at PRA. for Democratic Renewal/Division of Church and So- ciety, National Council of Churches, 1987). For early 241 Robert Unruh, Authorities Speculate Fugitives May examples of how British Israelism came to America, Have Slipped Away-Again," Associated Press, see: J. H. Allen, Judah 's Sceptre and Joseph's Birth- 6/5/98; "Authorities Tracking Two People They Be- right, fifteenth edition, (Haverhill, MA: Destiny lieve Could Be Fugitives," Associated Press, 7/10/98; Publishers, 1917 {1902}); and W. G. Mackendrick David Foster, "Vast Manhunt Comes up Empty, As- (The Roadbuilder), The Destiny of Britain and sociated Press, 8/8/98; Greg Burton, "Cop Killing: A

17 America, new revised edition, (Toronto: McClelland 261 Antony C. Sutton & Patrick M. Wood, Trilaterals Over & Stewart, 1922). Washington, (Scottsdale, AZ: The August Corpora- 246 Minges, "Apocalypse Now!" tion, 1979), find graphic in back coupon section. 262 247 All major Christian religious institutions denounce C. Wright Mills, The Power Elite, New York: Oxford Christian Identity. University Press, 1956. G. William Domhoff, The Powers That Be: Processes of Ruling Class Domina- 248 Nord Davis, Jr., Desert Shield and the New World Or- tion in America, (New York: Vintage Books, 1979, der, Northpoint Tactical Teams, 1990, appearing as [1978]); Domhoff, Who Rules America Now: A View the September-October 1990 issue of On Target, the for the '80 's, (New York: Touchstone/Simon & Northpoint Team Report. Schuster, 1986, [1983]); Holly Sklar, ed., Trilateral- 249 The Militia News, (Afton, TN), Christian Civil Liberties ism: The Trilateral Commission and Elite Planning Association, 1994, p. 1. for World Management, (Boston: South End Press, 1980); Sklar, Reagan, Trilateralism and the Neolib- 250 Ibid., p. 2. erals: Containment and Intervention in the 1980s, 251 Ibid., p. 3. ... (Pamphlet No. 4), (Boston: South End Press, 1986); 252 Thomas Halpern and Brian Levin, The Limits of Dis- Sklar, Chaos or Community? sent: The Constitutional Status of Armed Civilian 263 Antony C. Sutton, Wall Street and the Rise of Hitler, Militias, (Amherst, MA: Aletheia Press, 1996), pp. 2- (Seal Beach, CA: '76 Press, 1976), pp. 170-171. 4, 42-52; Stern, A Force Upon the Plain, pp. 107- 264 118, 135-138; Richard Abanes, American Militias: Author's conversations with Domhoff and Sklar at aca- Rebellion, Racism & Religion, (Downers Grove, IL: demic conference panels on power structure research. InterVarsity Press, 1996), pp. 22, 43-71. One presumes Mills would have objected as well. 265 253 Author's review of documents admitted into evidence Interview with Landes, 1998. in the Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols trials. 266 O'Leary, Arguing the Apocalypse; pp. 221-222. The author was subpoenaed and questioned as an ex- 267 Leslie Jorgenson, a freelance reporter in Colorado first pert by the defense in the Nichol's trial but never reported Duran's tie to militia-oriented talk radio. See called to testify. McVeigh adopted neonazi beliefs her article "AM Armies" in the March/April 1995 is- while Terry Nichols, on the other hand, appears more sue of Extra! where she discusses the Chuck Baker of a generic constitutionalist. See also Hamm, program in detail. William E. Clayton, Jr., "Colorado Apocalypse in Oklahoma, and Joel Dyer, Harvest of Man Charged with Trying to Kill Clinton," Houston Rage: Why Oklahoma City is Only the Beginning, re- Chronicle, 11/18/94, p. 1. vised, (New York: Westview, 1998 [1997]). 268 Chip Berlet, "Armed and Dangerous," The Boston 254 Andrew Macdonald, [pseudonym of William Pierce] Globe, 1/6/95, Op-Ed, p. 23. Chip Berlet, "Clinic The Turner Diaries, (Washington, DC: National Alli- Violence, The Religious Right, Scapegoating, Armed ance Books, 1978). Militias, & the Freemason Conspiracy," The Body 255 O'Leary, Arguing the Apocalypse; pp. 4-14, 178-179, Politic, in two parts, 5:2 February 1995, and 5:3, 218-224; Richard Landes, working papers for the March 1995. Center for Millennial Studies, on file at PRA. 269 The New American is published by the John Birch Soci- 256 Fuller, Naming the Antichrist, pp. 9-10, 191-200. ety based in Appleton, WI. The Fatima Crusader is 257 Lamy, Millennium Rage, p. 265; Thompson, in The End published by the National Committee for the Na- Of Time, also ties End Times belief to periods of so- tional Pilgrim Virgin of Canada, and distributed in cietal stress, pp. 71-72, 178. the US by the Servants of Jesus and Mary Fatima Center in Constable, New York. 258 Peter Worsley, The Trumpet Shall Sound: A Study of 270 "Cargo " Cults in Melanesia, second, augmented, Charles E. Rice, "The Death Penalty Dilemma," New edition, (New York: Schocken Books, 1968, pp. American, April 4, 1994, p. 24. Rice, in another pub- xxxix-xliii, 225-243. lication, suggests considering a Biblical passage in- 259 terpreted by some as sanctioning death for Kaplan, Radical Religion in America, p. 171. homosexuality. 260 Fuller, Naming the Antichrist, p. 168.

18 271 The author was subpoenaed and questioned as an expert by the defense in the Salvi trial but never called to testify. The discussion is based on conversations with professionals with a direct knowledge of Salvi's mental health status. 272 Jacob Weisberg, "Playing with Fire," New York magazine, May 8, 1995, pp. 30-35. 273 Fenn, The End of Time, p. 224. 274 Ibid., pp. 196-227; for a discussion of how this dynamic can enforce oppressive race and gender hierarchies, see Abby L. Ferber, White Man Falling: Race, Gen- der, and White Supremacy, (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1998). 275 Discussions with Lauren Langman and Carl Boggs regarding various papers they presented at the Ameri- can Sociological Association and International Sociological Association meetings in 1997 and 1998.

Corrections: Due to the inadvertent deletion of a paragraph break, the genre of a book by Tim Callahan is misrepresented in the original Public Eye "Dances with Devils" article. The following is far more clear and accurate:

Even skeptics can attempt to be respectful of Christianity as is author Tim Callahan who debunks the idea that the Bible can be used as a crystal ball in the 1997 Bible Prophecy: Failure or Fulfillment? The danger comes not from Christianity, but from Christians who combine Biblical literalism, apocalyptic timetables, demonization, and oppressive prejudices.