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L'imaginaire Du Complot: Discours D'extrême Droite En France Et Aux Etats-Unis Jamin, Jérôme

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L'imaginaire Du Complot: Discours D'extrême Droite En France Et Aux Etats-Unis Jamin, Jérôme www.ssoar.info L'imaginaire du complot: discours d'extrême droite en France et aux Etats-Unis Jamin, Jérôme Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Monographie / phd thesis Zur Verfügung gestellt in Kooperation mit / provided in cooperation with: OAPEN (Open Access Publishing in European Networks) Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Jamin, J. (2009). L'imaginaire du complot: discours d'extrême droite en France et aux Etats-Unis. (IMISCoe Dissertations). Amsterdam: Amsterdam Univ. Press. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-271046 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer CC BY-NC-ND Lizenz This document is made available under a CC BY-NC-ND Licence (Namensnennung-Nicht-kommerziell-Keine Bearbeitung) zur (Attribution-Non Comercial-NoDerivatives). For more Information Verfügung gestellt. Nähere Auskünfte zu den CC-Lizenzen finden see: Sie hier: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.de IMISCOE jamin Le nationalisme, la xénophobie, le racisme et l’antisémitisme, l’opposition aux élites, DISSERTATIONS la stigmatisation des étrangers, les discours anti-immigrés, mais aussi l’autoritarisme, l’idéologie ‘loi et ordre’ (Law and Order), l’antiparlementarisme et l’anticommunisme constituent quelques-uns des termes les plus souvent utilisés dans la littérature L’imaginaire du complot consacrée au populisme et à l’extrême droite. En fonction des partis politiques concernés, des contextes institutionnels et des particularités nationales et géographiques, ils prendront une dimension centrale ou secondaire selon qu’il s’agira de caractériser un L’imaginaire du complot courant populiste ou un parti d’extrême droite. Sur base d’une comparaison entre la France et les Etats-Unis, l’ouvrage vise à démontrer que l’ensemble de ces concepts entretiennent tous à des degrés divers un rapport fondamental avec un ‘imaginaire du Discours d’extrême droite en complot’, c’est-à-dire avec un monde de significations structuré et cohérent (normes, significations, images, symboles, valeurs et croyances) qui privilégie la théorie du France et aux Etats-Unis complot pour expliquer la politique et l’histoire. jrme jamin Licencié en Philosophie et docteur en Science politique, Jérôme Jamin est chercheur au Centre d’études de l’ethnicité et des migrations (CEDEM) de l’Université de Liège. “Dans ce livre brillant, étayé par une documentation considérable parfaitement maîtrisée, Jérôme Jamin met à l’épreuve une hypothèse originale et forte sur les discours populistes et nationalistes contemporains, qu’il rapporte à un commun imaginaire conspirationniste, structuré par l’idée-force du ‘complot mondial’. Il renouvelle ainsi l’analyse de ‘l’extrême droite’ à travers une comparaison rigoureuse entre le cas français et le cas étatsunien, tout en nous donnant les moyens de repenser la démocratie, par-delà ce qu’en disent ses faux amis comme ses ennemis déclarés.” Pierre-André Taguieff, Directeur de Recherche Institut d’Etudes Politiques de Paris, Sciences Po “L’analyse innovante de Jérôme Jamin explique pourquoi la logique du bouc émissaire et la théorie du complot sont si populaires dans les discours d’extrême droite au-delà des différences de contextes politiques et culturels. Ce travail montre comment ce type de discours parvient à attirer tant de gens dans des combats politiques démagogiques et, surtout, socialement destructeurs.” Chip Berlet, Political Research Associates, Somerville, Massachusetts et coauteur de Right-Wing Populism in America 978 90 8964 048 2 · .. Amsterdam University Press L’imaginaire du complot IMISCOE International Migration, Integration and Social Cohesion in Europe The IMISCOE Network of Excellence unites over 500 researchers from European institutes specialising in studies of international migration, integration and social cohesion. The Network is funded by the Sixth Framework Programme of the European Commission on Research, Citizens and Governance in a Knowledge-Based Society. Since its foundation in 2004, IMISCOE has developed an integrated, multidisciplinary and globally comparative research project led by scholars from all branches of the economic and social sciences, the humanities and law. The Network both furthers existing studies and pioneers new research in migration as a discipline. Priority is also given to promoting innovative lines of inquiry key to European policymaking and governance. The IMISCOE-Amsterdam University Press Series was created to make the Network’s findings and results available to researchers, policymakers and practitioners, the media and other interested stakeholders. High-quality manuscripts authored by IMISCOE members and cooperating partners are published in one of four distinct series. IMISCOE Research advances sound empirical and theoretical scholarship addressing themes within imiscoe’s mandated fields of study. IMISCOE Reports disseminates network papers and presentations of a time- sensitive nature in book form. IMISCOE Dissertations presents select phd monographs written by imiscoe doctoral candidates. IMISCOE Textbooks produces manuals, handbooks and other didactic tools for instructors and students of migration studies. IMISCOE Policy Briefs and more information on the Network can be found at www.imiscoe.org. L’imaginaire du complot Discours d’extreˆme droite en France et aux Etats-Unis Je´roˆme Jamin IMISCOE Dissertations Previously published solely in English, the IMISCOE-AUP Dissertations Series is pleased to publish this outstanding work in French. Cover design: Studio Jan de Boer, Amsterdam Layout: The DocWorkers, Almere ISBN 978 90 8964 048 2 e-ISBN 978 90 4850 633 0 NUR 741 / 763 © Je´roˆme Jamin / Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam 2009 All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the written permission of both the copyright owner and the author of the book. Table des matie`res Préface 11 Introduction 15 Question et enjeux de la question 19 Méthodologie générale 21 1 Le cadre conceptuel 22 1.1 Le conspirationnisme 22 1.2 L’imaginaire 24 1.3 Le populisme et l’extrême droite 26 2 Une construction ‘idéaltypique’ de l’imaginaire conspirationniste 28 3 L’analyse des données par déduction théorique et induction empirique 28 4 L’objet d’étude choisi 29 5 L’approche théorique 32 6 L’approche empirique 33 6.1 Etats-Unis et France 35 I Le conspirationnisme dans les discours politiques 41 1 Conspirationnisme, populisme et extrême droite 43 2 Complot et théorie du complot 43 3 Le schéma narratif idéal de la théorie du complot 45 3.1 La première catégorie d’acteurs 45 3.1.1 Diabolisation 47 3.1.2 Préjugés et stéréotypes 48 3.1.3 La logique du bouc émissaire 48 3.2 La deuxième catégorie d’acteurs 51 3.3 La troisième catégorie d’acteurs 52 4 Les exemples paradigmatiques du discours conspirationniste 55 4.1 Les Illuminés de Bavière et le complot maçonnique 56 4.2 Le complot juif, judéo-maçonnique et judéo-bolchévique 58 4.2.1 Les Protocoles des Sages de Sion 59 4.2.2 Nazisme et antisémitisme 61 4.2.3 Antisémitisme et négationnisme 63 6 L’IMAGINAIRE DU COMPLOT 4.3 Le complot mondialiste et américano-sioniste 66 5 Epistémologie et fondements métaphysiques de la théorie du complot 71 5.1 Les postulats et les fondements ontologiques 72 5.2 L’herméneutique de la suspicion 74 5.3 Une nouvelle théorie de la connaissance: des principes et des causalités radicales 77 6 Les enjeux de la théorie du complot 81 6.1 Un monde complexe mais cohérent 81 6.2 Religion, démonologie et diabolectique 84 7 La formulation idéaltypique de l’imaginaire conspirationniste 86 II Approche déductive et théorique 89 AQu’est-ce que le populisme? 91 1 Populisme: définition générale 91 2 Populisme: caractéristiques idéologiques 93 2.1 Le peuple 94 2.1.1 Une majorité plébéienne 94 2.1.2 Un peuple homogène 95 2.1.3 Un peuple laborieux 96 2.1.4 Métaphysique du peuple: essai d’interprétation 99 2.2 Les élites 101 2.2.1 Une minorité élitiste 101 2.2.2 Une élite cosmopolite 102 2.2.3 Une minorité usurière 103 2.2.4 Métaphysique de l’élite: essai d’interprétation 104 2.3 La tension entre le peuple et les élites 105 2.3.1 Une vision duale du combat social et politique 105 2.3.2 Une interprétation polémique du combat politique 106 2.3.3 Des identités négatives 107 2.4 Le guide charismatique 108 2.4.1 Un homme du peuple 108 2.4.2 Un homme providentiel 110 2.4.3 Un leader charismatique 110 2.5 Eclipser le politique 112 2.5.1 Un appel à la démocratie 112 2.5.2 Réduire la distance entre le peuple et le pouvoir 113 2.5.3 Eclipser le temps et la politique 114 BQu’est-ce que l’extrême droite? 117 1 Etudier l’extrême droite 117 1.1 Les multiples facettes d’une catégorie d’analyse 119 TABLE DES MATIÈRES 7 1.2 La droite et la gauche 120 1.3 L’extrémisme politique 122 2 Définir l’extrême droite 122 3 L’univers idéologique de l’extrême droite 123 3.1 L’inégalitarisme 124 3.1.1 Inégalitarisme biologisant 127 3.1.2 Inégalitarisme culturel 129 3.1.3 Conclusions sur l’inégalitarisme 133 3.2 Le nationalisme 135 3.2.1 Nationalisme et phobies 139 3.2.2 Conclusions sur le nationalisme 141 3.3 Le radicalisme 141 3.3.1 L’anti-isme 142 3.3.2 Radicalisme et démocratie 144 3.3.3 L’idéologie Law and Order 146 4 Tradition et modernité 147 C Conclusion partielle 153 1 Populisme et conspirationnisme 153 2 Extrême droite
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