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HHMI Bulletin February 2010 Vol. 23 No. 1

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HHMI Bulletin February 2010 Vol. 23 No. 1 HHMI BULLETIN FEB. ’10 VOL.23 • NO.01 • 4000 Jones Bridge Road Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815-6789 Howard Hughes Medical Institute www.hhmi.org Magnetic Charm Some of the more curious organisms in the bacterial world orient themselves along the lines of Earth’s magnetic field. Scientists • believe these magnetotactic bacteria use special organelles called magnetosomes, filled with magnetite crystals, to find oxygen. Using www.hhmi.org electron cryotomography, Grant Jensen and colleagues discovered that magnetosomes are membranous structures flanked by a network of cytoskeletal filaments. The filaments help position the organelles into chains, as seen in this view from inside the cell. This kind of surprising architectural complexity is seen more and more by researchers like HHMI’s Jensen and Christine Jacobs-Wagner. You can read about their work in the online Bulletin. A COMMON GOOD Years of work and scores of colleagues are v ol. behind the Nobel Prizes for Tom Steitz and Jack Szostak. 23 Grant Jensen and Dianne Newman labs / Caltech /no. in this issue The China Connection · Membrane Equilibrium · Digital Worm Atlas 01 OBSERVATI O N S pioneer experimentalist Commonly known as the “father of microscopy,” Antony van Leeuwenhoek should also be given his due as one of the first true biological experimental- ists. Modern-day counterparts Grant Jensen and Christine Jacobs-Wagner, whose examinations of bacterial architecture are described in the online version of this magazine, count themselves among his admirers. Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723) remains one of the most imperfectly understood figures in the origins of experimental biology. The popular view is that Leeuwenhoek worked in a manner that was essentially crude and undisciplined, using untried methods of investigation that were lacking in refinement and objectivity. He has often been designated as a “dilettante.” His microscopes, furthermore, have been described as primitive and doubt has been expressed over his ability to have made many of the observations attributed to him. … Research shows these views to be erro- neous. His work was carried out conscientiously, and the observations were recorded with pains- taking diligence. Though we may see evidence of his globulist understanding of organic matter (and indeed, this view has frequently been cited as evidence of his observational inadequacies), this minor preoccupation cannot detract from two firm principles that underlie his work: (a) a clear ability to construct experimental procedures which were, for their time, rational and repeat- able, and (b) a willingness both to fly in the face of received opinion—for example, over the question of spontaneous generation—and to abandon a previously held belief in the light of new evidence. In his method of analysing a problem, Leeuwen- hoek was able to lay many of the ground rules of experimentation and did much to found, not only the science of microscopy, but also the phi- losophy of biological experimentation. … Within a short time, Leeuwenhoek was beginning—not merely to observe—but to experiment. His earli- est examples of specimen preparation date from the letter of 1 June 1674. Here he prepared fine sections of elder pith, and cork, and enclosed these in a folded envelope for the Secretary of the Society, Henry Oldenburg, and his ‘curious friends’ to observe. By 7 September 1674 he 42 was working on the anatomy of the eye through This two-tailed worm won’t get very dissection, and on 4 December of that year he far without a brain. Planaria have an described work on the optic nerve. unmatched ability to regrow body parts, but when scientists muddled a signaling Ford, Brian J., 1992, From Dilettante to Diligent pathway in this planarian, strange things Experimenter, a Reappraisal of Leeuwenhoek as happened. The animal grew another tail microscopist and investigator, Biology History, 5 (3), December. in place of the head that had been pared away. The altered signaling left it with two digestive systems (green) and an extended central nervous system (red). Rink, Gurley, Elliot & Sánchez Alvarado Eduardo Recife february ’1o vol. 23 · no. o1 12 18 web only content Listen to Jim Collins talk about one of today’s hot fields: synthetic biology. / See photos from Dan Bolnick’s lab group trips to glacial lakes in British Columbia to collect stickleback fish. / Read how Christine Jacobs-Wagner and Grant Jensen are discovering detailed information about bacterial architecture. Join us at www.hhmi.org/bulletin/feb2010. 24 30 Features Departments COVER STORY PRESIDENT ’ S L ETTER La OKB B O AHE A D O F T H E C U RVE 03 Beyond Our Borders 40 Histones Wreaking Havoc 12 Jack Szostak is drawn to uncharted 4 1 CENTRIFU G E Righty, Lefty territory. His curiosity and big thinking 42 Viral Takeover 04 No Dozing Off have earned him a Nobel Prize. 05 Through Stickleback Eyes A S K A S C IENTIST COVER STORY 06 Kiddie Chemistry 43 Could transplanting part of an V I E W F R O M T H E TO P UPFRONT animal’s eye into a human improve 18 An uncanny way with crystals led Tom the human’s night vision? Steitz to a clear view of the ribosome’s 08 Restoration Hardware structure—and to the Nobel Prize. 01 GPS for the Nematode U OSEP C L 44 PERSPECTIVES A N D O PINIONS Nano-Motion Pictures T INH E C H A C O NNECTION 34 NT O A B E NE 24 China-born, U.S.-trained scientists Ann Stock are helping foster innovation and 36 Q&A—What’s the best science talk 46 News of recent awards and other revitalize research in their native land. you’ve ever attended? notable achievements CHRONICLE OBSERVAT IONS A M T TER OF E Q UILIBRIUM S C I E N C E E D UC AT ION 30 Researchers are getting at the cell’s Pioneer Experimentalist 38 SMART in More Ways Than One busy internal membranes by studying 39 2009 Holiday Lectures on Science: human diseases. Exploring Biodiversity V I S I T T H E B U L L E T I N O N L I N E FOR ADDITIONAL CONTENT AND ADDED FEATURES: www.hhmi.org/bulletin COVER IMAGE: C H RISTO P H ER S I LAS N E AL contributors EMILY FORGOT (“A Matter of Equilibrium,” page 30) is the appropriately curious moniker of London-based graphic artist Emily Alston. Embracing the odd, the everyday, and the some- times surreal, Emily Forgot’s playful visual language continues to innovate, evolve, and surprise (1) with each new illustration. She prides herself on approaching all projects with creative thought, originality, humor, and beauty, whether the work is a commissioned piece or a flight of her own fancy. (1) After a decade of working at the lab bench, Los Angeles-based LAUREN GRAVITZ (“Renovation Hardware,” page 10) changed direction with a degree in journalism. Now a freelance science journalist, she spends more time than she’d like trying to wrest control of her keyboard from her parrot. Her writing has appeared in Discover, The Economist, and Technology Review, among (3) (2) other publications. (2) A portrait and lifestyle photographer based in San Diego, California, LOU MORA (Yishi Jin, page 10) loves creating pictures as much as he loves surfing, chocolate chip cookies, and long walks on the beach. (3) When he was 20, CHARLIE SCHMIDT (“SMART in More Ways Than One,” page 38) took a year away from school to travel the world. After finishing a degree in political science and then a (4) master’s degree in public health, he fell into freelance writing at the ripe old age of 33. Since then, he’s written for Science, Discover, the Washington Post, and numerous other publications. He lives in Portland, Maine, where he also enjoys performing with his band, The Joint Chiefs. (4) HHMI TRUSTEES HHMI OFFICERS James A. Baker, III, Esq. Robert Tjian, Ph.D. / President Senior Partner / Baker Botts L.L.P. Craig A. Alexander / V.P. & General Counsel Ambassador Charlene Barshefsky Peter J. Bruns, Ph.D. / V.P. for Grants & Special Programs Senior International Partner Jack E. Dixon, Ph.D. / V.P. & Chief Scientific Officer WilmerHale Avice A. Meehan / V.P. for Communications & Public Affairs Joseph L. Goldstein, M.D. Edward J. Palmerino / V.P. for Finance & Treasurer Regental Professor & Chairman, Department of Molecular Genetics Gerald M. Rubin, Ph.D. University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas / V.P. & Director, Janelia Farm Research Campus Landis Zimmerman / V.P. & Chief Investment Officer Hanna H. Gray, Ph.D., Chairman President Emeritus & Harry Pratt Judson HHMI BULLETIN STAFF Distinguished Service Professor of History Mary Beth Gardiner The University of Chicago / Editor Cori Vanchieri / Story Editor Garnett L. Keith Jim Keeley / Science Editor Chairman / SeaBridge Investment Advisors, L.L.C. Former Vice Chairman & Chief Investment Officer Andrea Widener / Science Education Editor The Prudential Insurance Company of America Patricia Foster / Associate Director of Communications Paul Nurse, F.R.S. for Web & Special Projects President / The Rockefeller University Sarah C.P. Williams / Assistant Editor Alison F. Richard, Ph.D. Maya Pines / Contributing Editor Vice-Chancellor The University of Cambridge ADITID O N AL CO N TR I BU T O R S Cay Butler, Michelle Cissell, Clayton S. Rose, Ph.D. Nicole Kresge, Heather McDonald Senior Lecturer, Harvard Business School Former Head of Global Investment Banking, J.P. Morgan & Co. VSA Partners, NYC / Concept & Design Finlay Printing Kurt L. Schmoke, Esq. / Printing & Binding Dean / Howard University School of Law Anne M. Tatlock Director, Retired Chairman & CEO Fiduciary Trust Company International Telephone (301) 215.8855 • Fax (301) 215.8863 • www.hhmi.org ©2010 Howard Hughes Medical Institute The opinions, beliefs, and viewpoints expressed by authors in the HHMI Bulletin do not necessarily reflect the opinions, beliefs, viewpoints, or official policies of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
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