Descargar La GRN De La Especificación Del Endomesodermo Del Erizo De Mar En Su Última Actualización

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Descargar La GRN De La Especificación Del Endomesodermo Del Erizo De Mar En Su Última Actualización Vivette Garda Deister (Ciudad de México, 1975) estudió biología en la Facultad de Ciencias de la UNAM, donde muy pronto se interesó por los aspectos históricos y filosóficos de esta disdplina. Obtuvo la maestría en filosofía de la ciencia en 2005 y el grado de doctora en esta misma área en 2009, también en la UNAM. Ha realizado estancias de investigación en el Departamento de Filosofía de la Universidad de California, en Davis, en el Instituto Max Planck de Historia de la Cienda de Berlín y en el Departamento de Investigaciones Educativas del CINVESTAV- IPN. Está vinculada al Laboratorio de Estudios Sociales de la Ciencia de la Facultad de Ciencias de la UNAM, donde se ha desempeñado como docente desde 2002. De 2010 a 2013, fue investigadora asodada en antropología social en la Universidad de Manchester, Inglaterra. Su investigadón combina la historia, la filosofía y los estudios sociales de la biología reciente y contemporánea. INTERRUPTORES, BATERÍAS Y REDES CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS FILOSÓFICOS, POLÍTICOS Y SOCIALES VICENTE LOMBARDO TOLEDANO DIRECCIÓN GENERAL Marcela Lombardo Otero SECRETARÍA ACADÉMICA Raúl Gutiérrez Lombardo COORDINACIÓN DE INVESTIGACIÓN Cuauhtémoc Amezcua COORDINACIÓN DE SERVICIOS BIBLIOTECARIOS Javier Arias Velázquez COORDINACIÓN DE PUBLICACIONES Y DIFUSIÓN Fernando Zambrana Primera edición 2013 © CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS FILOSÓFICOS, POLÍTICOS Y SOCIALES VICENTE LOMBARDO TOLEDANO Calle V. Lombardo Toledano num. 51 Exhda. de Guadalupe Chimalistac México, D. F., c.p. 01050 tel: 5661 46 79; fax: 566117 87 [email protected] www.centrolombardo.edu.mx ISBN 978-607-466-057-9 SERIE ESLABONES EN EL DESARROLLO DE LA CIENCIA La edición y el cuidado de este libro estuvieron a cargo de la secretaría académica y de las coordinaciones de investigación y de publicaciones del CEFPSVLT Vivette García Deister INTERRUPTORES, BATERÍAS Y REDES EL MANEJO DE COMPLEJIDAD EN LA REGULACIÓN GENÉTICA Centro de Estudios Filosóficos, Políticos y Sociales Vicente Lombardo Toledano A Juan, coautor de las cosas importantes en mi vida INDICE PRÓLOGO v n INTRODUCCIÓN GENERAL 1 1. EL LUGAR DE LA REGULACIÓN GENÉTICA EN LA HISTORIA DE LA BIOLOGÍA 1.1. INTRODUCCIÓN 21 1.2. TRANSICIONES EN LA HISTORIA DE LA BIOLOGÍA MOLECULAR 27 1.3. TENDENCIAS Y HERRAMIENTAS HISTORIOGRÁFICAS 33 1.4. LA CIENCIA ORGANIZADA ALREDEDOR DE PROBLEMAS: VISIÓN QUE PERSISTE 37 2. HISTORIAS DEL OPERÓN 2.1. INTRODUCCIÓN 43 2.2. PASTEURIANOS Y RENEGADOS 45 2.3. INVESTIGAR LA LISOGENIA EN EL ÁTICO, O CÓMO INGRESAR EN LA IGLESIA DEL FAGO 54 2.4. «NO LO LLAMES CRECIMIENTO BIFÁSICO, LLÁMALO D1AUX1E» 61 2.5. INDUCCIÓN ERÓTICA Y COITO INTERRUMPIDO 68 2.6. JACOB, MONOD Y EL INTERRUPTOR 76 3. GENES EN BATERÍA Y OTROS AUSENTES EN LA HISTORIA DE LA REGULACIÓN GENÉTICA 3.1. INTRODUCCIÓN 85 3.2. EL ECLIPSE DEL OPERÓN Y LA PREGUNTA SOBRE EL DESARROLLO 88 3.3. ADN-SATÉLITE: UNA ESTRUCTURA EN BUSCA DE UNA FUNCIÓN 92 3.4. EL MODELO EXCÉNTRICO DE BRITTEN Y DAVIDSON 95 3.5. EL PAISAJE DE LA REGULACIÓN 108 3.6. GENES PARTIDOS Y REGULACIÓN: DOS ESCUELAS DE PENSAMIENTO 112 4 . «CECIN'ESTPAS UN ÉLÉPHANT»: HISTORIAS ACTUALES (Y FUTURAS) DE LA REGULACIÓN GENÉTICA 4.1. INTRODUCCIÓN 123 4.2. BIOCOMPLEJIDAD, BIOINFORMÁTICA Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA 126 4.3. DE ERIZOS, HUMANOS Y ROBOTS: EL CONTEXTO DE PRODUCCIÓN EN EL LABORATORIO DE ERIC DAVIDSON 139 4.4. REDES DE COMPUTADORAS, REDES SOCIALES, REDES DE REGULACIÓN GENÉTICA 152 5. A MANERA DE CIERRE 157 APÉNDICES I. HISTORIA ILUSTRADA DEL OPERÓN 161 II. CUADRO: EL PAISAJE DE LA REGULACIÓN (1969-1974) 167 NOTAS 169 GLOSARIO 187 ÍNDICE DE NOMBRES 203 BIBLIOGRAFÍA 207 PRÓLOGO El trabajo de investigación que dio lugar a este libro transcurrió a lo largo de los años 2006 a 2009 en tres instituciones de gran prestigio académico, cada uno de los cuales aportó experiencias invaluables y me dio a conocer perspectivas y dinámicas de investigación muy distintas que me han ayudado a articular un estilo interdisciplinario propio. En la Facultad de Ciencias de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Edna Suárez dirigió con agudeza y generosidad intelectual la tesis doctoral que está en el origen de este libro. El Instituto de Investigaciones Filosóficas me acogió como estudiante asociada de 2006 a2008. En sus seminarios de investigación presenté los primeros avances de mis indagaciones y recibí las primeras críticas a mi trabajo.En la Universidad de California, en Davis, tuve la oportunidad de trabajar con James Griesemer durante cinco meses (enero a mayo de 2006) y las conversaciones que ahí sostuvimos sobre distintos procesos biológi­ cos influyeron notablemente en la elección de mis estudios de caso. Por conducto de Edna Suárez (sin cuya gestión de la complejidad mi tránsito por el mundo académico habría sido hasta ahora menos afortunado), realicé tres estancias de investigación en el Departamento HI del Instituto Max Planck de Historia de la Ciencia de Berlín, que dirigía entonces Hans-Jórg Rheinberger. Durante esos periodos, distribuidos a lo largo de los años 2007, 2008 y 2009, se configuró la mirada historiográfica que subyace en este libro. Mi paso por esos recintos académicos, donde en distin­ tos momentos me dejé sobrecoger por la perspectiva filosófica, la histórica o la sociológica, dio como resultado la amalgama inter­ disciplinaria con la que se abordan aquí las prácticas de la regula­ ción genética. La historia de esas prácticas es, sin lugar a dudas, una historia de la ciencia reciente. Aunque la noción de regulación, en sus distintas acepciones, tenga varios siglos de antigüedad (por ejem- VIII / INTERRUPTORES. BATERÍAS Y REDES pío, Gaude Bernard utilizó una noción de regulación en sus estudios fisiológicos durante el siglo xdc ), la regulación entendida como el control de la expresión genética tiene apenas unos cin­ cuenta años. Ello significa que cualquier intento por narrar su historia habrá de encontrarse con dificultades ya bien conocidas para los historiadores. Concuerdo con Rheinberger en que si nos armamos de una conciencia de la historicidad del arte propio del historiador, estaremos mejor equipados para enfrentar el reto que representan la biología reciente y la contemporánea en el enten­ dimiento de la dinámica de las ciencias. Desde mi punto de vista, esta conciencia se materializa en la forma de un razonamiento híbrido, y es por ello que emito la siguiente nota precautoria: el lector tiene en sus manos un ornitorrinco. Como el ensayo-cen­ tauro de Alfonso Reyes y la crónica-ornitorrinco de Juan Villoro, el objeto que el lector tiene en sus manos no está exento de hibridaciones. De los estudios de la ciencia obtiene el particularis­ mo histórico y social —lo opuesto a «la visión desde ninguna parte» que recomendaba Thomas Nagel; de la historiografía, el método de la casuística; de la sociología, el consejo ortopédico (dice Latour que una sociología de la ciencia está lisiada desde el principio si cree que los resultados de la sociología van a explicar los de las demás ciencias); de la filosofía, la sospecha sistemática y la pregunta inicial. Alguna vez dijo un filósofo que escribir un libro interdisciplinario está destinado al fracaso. Confío en que este trabajo sea un intento decoroso por desmentirlo, y asumo los riesgos que conlleva semejante tarea. AGRADECIMIENTOS Muchas personas participaron directa o indirectamente en la elaboración de esta obra, desde su etapa germinal hasta que se concretó en el texto que aquí se presenta: Víctor Anaya, Antonio Arellano, Ana Barahona, Christina Brandt, Martín Bonfil, Silvia Caianello, Juan Antonio Cruz, Erica García, Elihu Gerson, James Griesemer, Mathias Grote, Carlos López Beltrán, Matilde Luna, Laura Manríquez, Sergio Martínez, Christian Reiss, Hans-Jorg Rheinberger, Mariana Salcedo, María Jesús Santemases, Edna Suárez, Peter Taylor, Darío Vasconcelos, Stefan Wilier. A todos les agradezco su orientación, sus críticas y su entusiasmo. INTRODUCCIÓN GENERAL De las tres metáforas utilizadas para describir los procesos de regulación genética en los seres vivos —los interruptores, las baterías y las redes—, sólo la primera ocupa un lugar preponde­ rante en la historia de la biología molecular. Al operón, modelo que se basa en el mecanismo de un interruptor, se le han dedicado varios volúmenes desde su publicación, en 1961, mientras que el modelo de genes en batería, publicado por primera vez en 1969, ha recibido muy poca atención de los historiadores de la ciencia. Las redes de regulación genética, en cambio, son un tema en boga que ha capturado el interés de biólogos, historiadores y filósofos de la ciencia. ¿A qué responde este tratamiento diferenciado de los modelos de regulación genética en los estudios de la ciencia? El objetivo de este libro es dar respuesta a esta interrogante. Más que describir con detalle los procesos biológicos de la regulación genética, me aboco a rastrear, con un enfoque interdisciplinario que abarca el análisis histórico, filosófico y social, los distintos contextos de producción de estos tres modelos. Ya sea porque a través de estos modelos se ha buscado, en diferentes momentos, dar cuenta de la complejidad biológica, ya sea porque el mismo esfuerzo de generar estos modelos implica la puesta en marcha de estrategias de gestión de la complejidad (biológica y social), este análisis pretende ser una modesta contribución a la tarea ya comenzada desde la filosofía de la ciencia (aunque sigue siendo una tarea poco desarrollada) de pensar el manejo de la complejidad en las prácticas científicas. La estrecha relación que, como muestro a lo largo de este libro, existe entre arribar a un modelo de regulación genética y manejar la complejidad nos invita a refle­ xionar sobre este último concepto, que a veces parece tan escurridizo. Hay tantas caracterizaciones de «complejidad», como filósofos, científicos, historiadores y sociólogos dispuestos a investigarla. 2 / INTERRUPTORES, BATERÍAS Y REDES Me he enfrentado a las nociones de sistemas complejos de Von Bertalanffy (1968) y de Simon (1962); a los sistemas sociales com­ plejos de Luhmann (2007); a las clasificaciones de complejidad que ofrecen Wimsatt (1974), Rheinberger (1997a) y Mitchell (2003).
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