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Inhibition of Protein Phosphatase 1 Translation by Preventing JNK Active ERK Contributes to Protein Translation by Preventing JNK-Dependent Inhibition of Protein Phosphatase 1 This information is current as Martha M. Monick, Linda S. Powers, Thomas J. Gross, of September 28, 2021. Dawn M. Flaherty, Christopher W. Barrett and Gary W. Hunninghake J Immunol 2006; 177:1636-1645; ; doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.3.1636 http://www.jimmunol.org/content/177/3/1636 Downloaded from References This article cites 59 articles, 43 of which you can access for free at: http://www.jimmunol.org/content/177/3/1636.full#ref-list-1 http://www.jimmunol.org/ Why The JI? Submit online. • Rapid Reviews! 30 days* from submission to initial decision • No Triage! Every submission reviewed by practicing scientists • Fast Publication! 4 weeks from acceptance to publication by guest on September 28, 2021 *average Subscription Information about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: http://jimmunol.org/subscription Permissions Submit copyright permission requests at: http://www.aai.org/About/Publications/JI/copyright.html Email Alerts Receive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at: http://jimmunol.org/alerts The Journal of Immunology is published twice each month by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc., 1451 Rockville Pike, Suite 650, Rockville, MD 20852 Copyright © 2006 by The American Association of Immunologists All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0022-1767 Online ISSN: 1550-6606. The Journal of Immunology Active ERK Contributes to Protein Translation by Preventing JNK-Dependent Inhibition of Protein Phosphatase 11 Martha M. Monick,2 Linda S. Powers, Thomas J. Gross, Dawn M. Flaherty, Christopher W. Barrett, and Gary W. Hunninghake Human alveolar macrophages, central to immune responses in the lung, are unique in that they have an extended life span in contrast to precursor monocytes. We have shown previously that the ERK MAPK (ERK) pathway is constitutively active in human alveolar macrophages and contributes to the prolonged survival of these cells. We hypothesized that ERK maintains survival, in part, by positively regulating protein translation. In support of this hypothesis, we have found novel links among ERK, JNK, protein phosphatase 1 (PP1), and the eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 2␣. eIF2␣ is active when hypophosphorylated and is essential for initiation of protein translation (delivery of initiator tRNA charged with methionine to the ribosome). Using [35S]methionine labeling, we found that ERK inhibition significantly decreased protein translation rates in alveolar macrophages. Downloaded from Decreased protein translation resulted from phosphorylation (and inactivation) of eIF2␣. We found that ERK inhibition increased JNK activity. JNK in turn inactivated (via phosphorylation) PP1, the phosphatase responsible for maintaining the hypophos- phorylated state of eIF2␣. As a composite, our data demonstrate that in human alveolar macrophages, constitutive ERK activity positively regulates protein translation via the following novel pathway: active ERK inhibits JNK, leading to activation of PP1␣, eIF2␣ dephosphorylation, and translation initiation. This new role for ERK in alveolar macrophage homeostasis may help to explain the survival characteristic of these cells within their unique high oxygen and stress microenvironment. The Journal of http://www.jimmunol.org/ Immunology, 2006, 177: 1636–1645. uman alveolar macrophages survive for long periods in (caspase 9 and BimEL) (14, 15). ERK has also been shown to the lung (1). Survival occurs even in the face of expo- contribute to cell survival via other mechanisms. In one case, ERK H sure to chemical pollutants, reactive oxygen species, in- has been shown to regulate Hdm2 protein expression (Hdm2 in- flammatory mediators, and infectious agents (2). This ability to hibits p53 accumulation) by enhancing association of Hdm2 tran- adapt to stress is crucial to their survival. We have shown that scripts with polyribosomes (16). This effect of ERK on protein human alveolar macrophages are characterized by high constitu- translation led to our present hypothesis that in human alveolar by guest on September 28, 2021 tive activity of two survival pathways, PI3K/protein kinase B (Akt) macrophages constitutive ERK activity positively regulates protein and ERK MAPK (3). The survival effects of Akt are well described translation and survival. and include inhibition of BH3-only proapoptotic proteins, Ongoing protein translation is important for the continued health caspases, and the transcription factor, FoxOa (4, 5). The survival of cells and is regulated at a number of points, including initiation, mechanisms of ERK activity are less well described and appear to elongation, and termination. The primary rate-limiting step is ini- be cell type and system specific. Although ERK has been linked to tiation of translation, and this is regulated at multiple checkpoints apoptosis in a few cases (6), in the majority of studies, ERK ac- (17). Stresses, including DNA damage, misfolded proteins, nutri- tivity is linked to cell survival, and the specific mechanisms of its ent deprivation, and viral infection, induce a temporary shutdown survival activity are unknown (3, 7–11). of the translation machinery (17). In addition to the temporary ERK is a member of the MAPK family of serine/threonine ki- shutdown of translation induced by stress, a prolonged shutdown nases. It is activated by phosphorylation of a tyrosine ϫ threonine of protein translation accompanies apoptosis generated by many motif (TEY) and in turn phosphorylates downstream substrates stimuli (18, 19). The prolonged survival of alveolar macrophages containing a consensus proline-directed serine or threonine site suggests ongoing functional translation machinery. (PX(S/T)P) (12, 13). Among known ERK substrates are a number The two main pathways leading to initiation of translation are of proapoptotic proteins that are inhibited by ERK activity the eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF)3 4E pathway that brings mRNAs with 5Ј caps to the ribosome and the eIF2 pathway that is responsible for bringing the initiator methionyl-tRNA (Met- University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine and Veterans Administration Medical tRNA met) to the start site. ERK activity is already linked in some Center, Iowa City, IA 52242 i systems to translation initiation via a described effect on Mnk1 Received for publication January 25, 2006. Accepted for publication May 11, 2006. phosphorylation of eIF4E (20). In contrast to the described link The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance between ERK and eIF4E, there is no described link between ERK with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. 1 This work was supported by a Department of Veterans Affairs Merit Review grant; National Institutes of Health Grants HL-60316, HL-077431, and HL079901-01A1; and Grant RR00059 from the General Clinical Research Centers Program, National 3 Abbreviations used in this paper: eIF, eukaryotic initiation factor; Met-tRNA met, Center for Research Resources, National Institutes of Health. i initiator methionyl-tRNA; Cdk, cyclin-dependent kinase; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; 2 Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Martha M. Monick, Division of GCN2, general control nonderepressing 2 kinase; HRI, heme-regulated inhibitor ki- Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, Room 100, Eckstein Medical nase; MKP, MAPK phosphatase; PARP, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase; PERK, pro- Research Building, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA tein kinase R-like ER kinase; PKR, protein kinase R; PP1, protein phasphatase 1; 52242. E-mail address: [email protected] PVDF, polyvinylidene difluoride. Copyright © 2006 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc. 0022-1767/06/$02.00 The Journal of Immunology 1637 signaling and the eIF2 pathway (17, 21–23). In preliminary stud- (9101) were obtained from Cell Signaling Technology, and JNK (559309) ies, we found no effect of ERK on the eIF4E pathway in human from Calbiochem. Cleaved caspase 7 (9491) and 9 (9509) and cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) (9541) and eIF2-␣ (nonphospho) alveolar macrophages, but we did find that ERK activity modu- ␣ ␣ (9722) Abs were also obtained from Cell Signaling Technology. PP1 lated the phosphorylation state of eIF2 (dephosphorylation of (sc-6105), JNK2 (7345), PP1␣ agarose conjugate (sc-6105-AC), HRP-con- serine 51 is required for activity). jugated Abs anti-rabbit (sc-2004), anti-mouse (sc-2005), and anti-goat (sc- Four kinases have been described that can phosphorylate serine 2020) were all obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology. We tried a num- 51 on eIF2␣ and decrease protein translation after stress (24). Pro- ber of MAPK phosphatase-7 (MKP-7) Abs, including ones from Abcam (ab15698), Imgenix (IMX-3042), and an Ab provided by M. Collins (Royal tein kinase R (PKR) is activated by dimerization following expo- sure to dsRNA (25). Heme-regulated inhibitor kinase (HRI) is ac- tivated by low heme levels (26). PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) senses endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress (27) and general control nonderepressing 2 kinase (GCN2) responds to amino acid deprivation (28). Activation of any of these kinases can lead to eIF2␣ phosphorylation on serine 51 and decreased protein translation. The exceptions to this block in translation are a few stress-related proteins
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