DOCSLIB.ORG

Emotional Practices of the Tudor Court in Early Modern Literary Culture

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Emotional Practices of the Tudor Court in Early Modern Literary Culture Copyright by Bradley James Irish 2011 The Dissertation Committee for Bradley James Irish Certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Powerful Feelings: Emotional Practices of the Tudor Court in Early Modern Literary Culture Committee: Frank Whigham, Supervisor Wayne A. Rebhorn Marjorie Curry Woods Brian P. Levack James N. Loehlin Jason Powell Powerful Feelings: Emotional Practices of the Tudor Court in Early Modern Literary Culture by Bradley James Irish, B.A., M.A. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin December 2011 Dedication To Mom and Dad, for helping me start. To Jenny and Olivia, for helping me finish. Acknowledgements My deepest debt is to Frank Whigham, my mentor, advocate, and friend; his patient guidance, unflagging encouragement, and remarkable mind have shaped my intellectual, professional, and personal development in ways impossible to enumerate. I cannot thank him enough. Wayne Rebhorn has guided me throughout the entirety of my graduate career; his careful attention to my work has greatly sharpened my thinking and my prose. Jorie Woods has inspired me with her curious, daring, and meticulous scholarship; her advice and support have been invaluable. Jason Powell has been generous beyond belief with his time, energy, and expertise; I hope one day to be able to repay him. James Loehlin has taught me much about Shakespeare—but he has taught me more about how to engage any text with an agile and penetrating eye. Brian Levack has helped me develop the skills of a professional scholar, and has enabled me to see my work in new and exciting ways. In addition to the members of my committee, my colleagues, instructors, and friends at the University of Texas at Austin have been instrumental to the development of this work. I especially thank Sam Baker, J. K. Barrett, Mary Blockley, Douglas Bruster, Elizabeth Cullingford, Ann Cvetkovich, Linda Ferreira-Buckley, Greg Foran, Beth Hedrick, Wayne Lesser, Jason Leubner, Eric Mallin, Lindsey Schell, Patricia Schaub, Molly Schwartzburg, Amy Douglas Stewart, and Hannah Wojciehowski. I have benefited enormously from the generosity of scholars elsewhere. I owe much to William Carroll, Jean Deathridge, Victoria Goodwin, Steve Gunn, Paul Hammer, Peter Herman, Paulina Kewes, Scott Lucas, Chris Martin, Steve May, Gail Kern Paster, Will v Rossiter, Gary D. Sherman, Ray Siemens, James Siemon, Alan Stewart, Owen Williams, and Heather Wolfe. I am especially indebted to the friendship of Hala Herbly, Jessica Kilgore, and Noël Clare Radley, each of whom have made finishing this project possible. This dissertation is dedicated to my family. vi Powerful Feelings: Emotional Practices of the Tudor Court in Early Modern Literary Culture Bradley James Irish, Ph.D. The University of Texas at Austin, 2011 Supervisor: Frank Whigham Uniting literary analysis, theories of affect from the sciences and humanities, and an archival-based account of Tudor history, this project examines how literature reflects and constructs the emotional dynamics of life in the Renaissance courtly sphere—with hopes of showing why emotionality, as a primary mode through which historical subjects embody and engage their world, should be adopted as a fundamental lens of social and textual analysis. Spanning the 16th Century, chapters on John Skelton and Henrician satire, Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, Sir Philip Sidney and Elizabethan pageantry, and the Essex circle demonstrate how the dynamics of disgust, envy, frustration, and dread guide literary production in the early modern court. By aligning Renaissance discourses of emotion with current trends in empirical and theoretical research, the study provides a new context for an "affective" analysis of literature. vii Table of Contents Textual Notes ................................................................................................................................................................. x Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1: The Emotional Practice of Disgust: The Rise and Fall of Thomas Wolsey .............................. 14 "FROM THE DONGE CARTE" – THE RISE OF CARDINAL THOMAS WOLSEY................................................. 15 A BRIEF HISTORY OF DISGUST ........................................................................................................................... 22 THE DISGUSTING WOLSEY .................................................................................................................................. 32 THE FALL OF CARDINAL WOLSEY ..................................................................................................................... 47 Chapter 2: The Emotional Practice of Envy: Surrey, Richmond, and the Rivalrous Emotions .............. 62 THE LIFE AND DEATH OF HENRY FITZROY ...................................................................................................... 66 THE PRACTICE OF ENVY ...................................................................................................................................... 74 THE PRACTICE OF JEALOUSY .............................................................................................................................. 84 FINDING GRIEF ...................................................................................................................................................... 89 Chapter 3: The Emotional Practice of Frustration: Leicester, Sidney, and the 1570s ............................. 95 WHY SO FRUSTRATED? ....................................................................................................................................... 98 INTO THE WILD ..................................................................................................................................................109 The Forester ..............................................................................................................................115 Robin Hood ................................................................................................................................119 The Wildman ............................................................................................................................125 Hercules ......................................................................................................................................134 LEICESTER AND SIDNEY, ENTERTAINERS .......................................................................................................141 Kenilworth, 1575 .....................................................................................................................141 Woodstock, 1575 .....................................................................................................................151 The Lady of May, 1578 ..........................................................................................................155 IN FROM THE WILD ............................................................................................................................................165 viii Chapter 4: The Emotional Practice of Dread: The Earl of Essex and the 1590s ...................................... 170 THE LAST FAVORITE ..........................................................................................................................................177 COSMIC DREAD ...................................................................................................................................................182 SOCIAL DREAD ....................................................................................................................................................193 The Earl of Essex and His Friends .....................................................................................198 The Earl of Essex and His Enemies ....................................................................................211 INNER DREAD ......................................................................................................................................................231 References .................................................................................................................................................. 243 ix Textual Notes List of Abbreviations: AEP George Puttenham, The Art of English Poesy, ed. Frank Whigham and Wayne A. Rebhorn (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2007). A&P Frank Whigham, Ambition and Privilege: The Social Tropes of Elizabethan Courtesy Theory (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984). BL The British Library, London. CP Cecil Papers, Hatfield House, Hertfordshire. CSPF Calendar of State Papers, Foreign Papers, of the Reign of Elizabeth, ed. Allan James Crosby et al., 23 vols. (London, 1863-1950). CSPS Calendar of State Papers, Spanish, ed. G.A. Bergenroth et al., 13 vols. (London, 1862-1954). CSPV Calendar of State Papers and Manuscripts Relating to English Affairs, Existing in the Archives and Collections of Venice and in Other Libraries of Northern Italy, ed. Rawdon Brown et al., 40 vols. (London, 1864– 1947). Folger Folger Shakespeare Library, Washington D.C. HMC Salisbury Calendar of the Manuscripts of the Most Honourable
Load more

Recommended publications
  • And the Henrician Reformation
    Robert Radcliffe’s Translation of Joannes Ravisius Textor’s Dialogi (1530) and the Henrician Reformation ágnes juhász-ormsby Memorial University Joannes Ravisius Textor’s Dialogi aliquot festivissimi (1530) exerted considerable influence in England in the 1530s. The English Textor movement was spurred primarily by the dialogues’ effectiveness in advancing and popularizing specific religious changes promoted by the government as part of the unfolding Henrician Reformation. Around 1540, the master of Jesus College School in Cambridge, Robert Radcliffe, dedicated a collection of prose translations of Textor’s three dialogues—A Governor, or of the Church (Ecclesia), The Poor Man and Fortune (Pauper et fortuna), and Death and the Goer by the Way (Mors et viator)—to Henry VIII. Radcliffe’s translations, especially the politically charged A Governor, demonstrate that not only his strategically selected source texts but also his method of translation helped him position himself in influential court circles and shape his image as a humanist scholar, schoolmaster, and translator.1 Les Dialogi aliquot festivissimi (1530) de Joannes Ravisius Textor ont exercé une influence importante en Angleterre pendant les années 1530. Le succès du mouvement anglais de Textor est principalement dû à l’efficacité avec laquelle les dialogues mettent de l’avant et popularisent des transformations religieuses spécifiques que promouvait le gouvernement dans le contexte du déploiement de la Réforme d’Henri VIII. Autour de 1540, le maître du Jesus College de Cambridge, Robert Radcliffe, a dédié une collection de traduction en prose des trois dialogues de Textor — A Governor, or of the Church (Ecclesia), The Poor Man and Fortune (Pauper et fortuna), et Death and the Goer by the Way (Mors et viator) — à Henri VIII.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Italy in Milton's Early Poetic Development
    Italia Conquistata: The Role of Italy in Milton’s Early Poetic Development Submitted by Paul Slade to the University of Exeter as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in English in December 2017 This thesis is available for Library use on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. I certify that all material in this thesis which is not my own work has been identified and that no material has previously been submitted and approved for the award of a degree by this or any other University. Signature: ………………………………………………………….. Abstract My thesis explores the way in which the Italian language and literary culture contributed to John Milton’s early development as a poet (over the period up to 1639 and the composition of Epitaphium Damonis). I begin by investigating the nature of the cultural relationship between England and Italy in the late medieval and early modern periods. I then examine how Milton’s own engagement with the Italian language and its literature evolved in the context of his family background, his personal contacts with the London Italian community and modern language teaching in the early seventeenth century as he grew to become a ‘multilingual’ poet. My study then turns to his first published collection of verse, Poems 1645. Here, I reconsider the Italian elements in Milton’s early poetry, beginning with the six poems he wrote in Italian, identifying their place and significance in the overall structure of the volume, and their status and place within the Italian Petrarchan verse tradition.
    [Show full text]
  • University Microfilms. Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan
    7 0 -m -,1 1 9 WILLIS, Craig Dean, 1935- THE TUDORS AND THEIR TUTORS: A STUDY OF SIXTEENTH CENTURY ROYAL EDUCATION IN BRITAIN. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1969 Education, history University Microfilms. Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan © Copyright by Craig Dean W illis 1970 THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED THE TUDORS AND THEIR- TUTORS: A STUDY OF SIXTEENTH CENTURY ROYAL EDUCATION IN BRITAIN DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University SY Craig Dean W illis, B.A., M.A. IHt- -tttt -H-H- The Ohio State U niversity 1969 Adviser t School of Education ACKNOWLEDGMENTS To Dr. Robert B. Sutton, my major adviser, I owe a major debt of gratitude for his guidance, encouragement, and scholarly qualifies* I also wish to thank the members of the reading committee for their contribution; and in particular, I want to express appreciation to Dr. Richard J. Frankie and the late Dr. Earl Anderson for their professional and meaningful assistance. It is appropriate to thank the administrative officers at Ohio Wesleyan University for their encouragement and willingness to let me arrange my work around my graduate studies. Persons of particular help were Dr, Allan C. Ingraham, Dr. Elden T. Smith, Dr. Emerson C. Shuck, and Dr. Robert P. Lisensky. My family has been of invaluable assistance to me, and it is to them that I dedicate the study of the education of the Tudor family. My parents, J. Russell and Glenna A. W illis, have helped in many ways, both overt and subtle.
    [Show full text]
  • Orthographies in Early Modern Europe
    Orthographies in Early Modern Europe Orthographies in Early Modern Europe Edited by Susan Baddeley Anja Voeste De Gruyter Mouton An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libra- ries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access. More information about the initiative can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libra- ries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access. More information about the initiative can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org ISBN 978-3-11-021808-4 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-021809-1 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-021806-2 ISSN 0179-0986 e-ISSN 0179-3256 ThisISBN work 978-3-11-021808-4 is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 License, ase-ISBN of February (PDF) 978-3-11-021809-1 23, 2017. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/. e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-021806-2 LibraryISSN 0179-0986 of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ae-ISSN CIP catalog 0179-3256 record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-3-11-028812-4 e-ISBNBibliografische 978-3-11-028817-9 Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliogra- fie;This detaillierte work is licensed bibliografische under the DatenCreative sind Commons im Internet Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs über 3.0 License, Libraryhttp://dnb.dnb.deas of February of Congress 23, 2017.abrufbar.
    [Show full text]
  • This Dissertation by Kathryn Anne Chenoweth Is Accepted in Its
    This dissertation by Kathryn Anne Chenoweth is accepted in its present form by the Department of French Studies as satisfying the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Date________ _________________________________ Réda Bensmaïa, Advisor Date________ _________________________________ Virginia Krause, Advisor Recommended to the Graduate Council Date________ _________________________________ Tom Conley, Reader Approved by the Graduate Council Date________ _________________________________ Sheila Bonde, Dean of the Graduate School Writing in French et non autrement, 1529-1592 By Kathryn Anne Chenoweth A.A., Bard College at Simon’s Rock, 2000 B.A., Wesleyan University, 2002 A.M., Brown University 2005 A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of French Studies at Brown University Providence, Rhode Island May 2010 - ii - © Copyright 2010 by Kathryn Anne Chenoweth - iii - CURRICULUM VITAE Kathryn Anne Chenoweth was born December 3, 1980 in Dayton, Ohio. She attended Bard College at Simon’s Rock and Wesleyan University as an undergraduate, graduating from Wesleyan with High Honors in the College of Letters Program in 2002. She received her Ph.D. in French Studies from Brown in 2010. Her teaching appointments have included a lectureship at the University of Massachussets, Boston and a position as Collegiate Assitant Professor and Harper-Schmidt Fellow at the University of Chicago. - iv - ACKNOWLEDGMENTS It has been my privilege to write this dissertation under the co-direction of Professors Virginia Krause and Réda Bensmaïa. I thank them for all their generosity and confidence, careful reading and guidance, their prodding and trust over these past years. I could not have asked for better models of intellectual sensitivity and academic rigor to follow.
    [Show full text]
  • THE INVENTION of the CRITIC in ENGLAND, 1570-1640 William
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Carolina Digital Repository THE INVENTION OF THE CRITIC IN ENGLAND, 1570-1640 William McCullough Russell A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of English and Comparative Literature. Chapel Hill 2009 Approved by: Jessica Wolfe Reid Barbour Mary Floyd-Wilson Darryl Gless Ritchie Kendall © 2009 William McCullough Russell ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT WILLIAM McCULLOUGH RUSSELL: The Invention of the Critic in England, 1570-1640 (Under the direction of Jessica Wolfe) This dissertation examines the social and intellectual forces that shaped the idea of the literary critic in early modern England. Histories of criticism too often neglect critical identity, fastidiously tracing the development of such concepts as imitation yet taking for granted the idea of the critic as stable and transparent. This study complicates that idea by historicizing it in the very period when the word critic first began to signify an expert in literary judgment. Revising reductive assessments of this era of criticism as the sum of its classical parts, I argue that the idea of the critic in early modern England was negotiated in a discourse equally responsive to classical precedent and to the economic, political, and religious circumstances of a rapidly changing national landscape. Such pivotal moments as the erection of public theaters in London, the Marprelate controversy, the tide of anti-intellectualism rising from what Gabriel Harvey called “the world of business,” and the English chapter of the scientific revolution forced English critics from Sidney to Jonson to reevaluate the basis and scope of critical authority.
    [Show full text]
  • “Shakespeare”And
    “SHAKESPEARE” AND I BURGHLEY’S LIBRARY: Bibliotheca Illustris: Sive Catalogus Variorum Librorum Eddi Jolly ❦ Holofernes: O thou monster Ignorance, how deformed dost thou look! Nathaniel: Sir, he hath never fed of the dainties that are bred in a book; He hath not eat paper, as it were; he hath not drunk ink; his intellect is not replenished; he is only an animal only sensible in the duller parts. Love’s Labour’s Lost: IV.2 VIDENCE of the literacy of the William Shakespeare of Stratford-upon- Avon is minimal. It is suggested that perhaps the so-called “hand D” in the play Sir Thomas More in the British Library is Shakespeare’s (Schoen- baum 214), while in 1949, McLaren suggested that the annotations in a 1551 Halle’s Chronicles were in Shakespeare’s hand (10). According to which scholar you read, he may or may not have attended petty school. According to Nicholas Rowe (1709), he attended a free school (Butler 7) which may or may not have been the grammar school and he may or may not have left at about age thirteen when his father was beginning to have some financial problems (Muir 1). According to Rowe, “the narrowness of his circumstances and the want of his assistance at Home forc’d his Father to withdraw him from thence.” Later scholars such as Park Honan see Shakespeare still at school aged fifteen (47). Views vary so widely, of course, because there are no records whatsoever that give place names or dates for his pre- sumed education nor do the records at Oxford and Cambridge mention him.
    [Show full text]
  • An Offer of Help Resistivity and Auger Survey on Silk Hill
    November 2020 Dear Member It is that time again, the time to write, edit and distribute the month’s Newsletter soon comes around. I hope that this edition finds you well. The present Covid-19 situation continues but there are some signs of hope. Progress is being made with at least two vaccines and the results sound very promising. But I don’t want us to be dominated by this invisible pest. So, for the next hour (or 5 minutes depending upon your attention span) enjoy reading all about, among other things the previous owner of Lindley House which may result in a bit of a discussion. I have received an article from our friend Walter Baynes, and it can be seen that Walter is well skilled in producing excellent articles when he is not busy elsewhere. I did manage to get out and about between lockdowns (although it did rather feel as I was putting my head above the parapet) and have also been researching the Heraldic Shields I started off last month. I know just how disappointed you will be without a quiz, so I have included some for you. Don’t forget to send me any ideas, suggestions, articles, jokes, photographs, indeed anything you like. I will include them in the bulletins or the monthly Newsletter as and when they arrive. I have been royally entertained by a number of you with your jokes and videos. Thank you very much to all who have submitted items. Come along, don’t be shy! Better get on with it! I am working on a big quiz for December so any contributions would be very welcome.
    [Show full text]
  • Hellish Enfleshment Embodying Anti-Catholicism in Early Modern
    Hellish Enfleshment Embodying Anti-Catholicism in Early Modern English Culture Doctor of Philosophy Lachlan Malone B.C.A. (Hons) 2015 Abstract This dissertation focuses on a term that I call “hellish enfleshment”: early modern English descriptions of Catholicism that connect anti-papal sentiment to the human body. I examine this term in the work of preachers, poets, political writers, monarchs, and playwrights who not only approach anti-Catholic discourse through corporeal metaphors, but also attempt to link Catholicism with malevolence, disease, political dissension, and discordant sound. Exploring the significance of the human body in anti-papal writing, I investigate how a range of early modern texts located in differing spheres enflesh dramatists’ conceptions of the Catholic body in their immediate historical setting. The embodiment of anti-Catholic discourse, I argue, occurs within the early modern English playhouse, as it is in this locale that playwrights attempt to affect playgoers’ bodies through sensory phenomena inexorably shaped by contemporary anti-Catholic attitudes. Examining several dramas that explicitly embody anti-papal discourse, the majority of this thesis analyses texts that engage with early modern corporeality through literal and metaphoric allusions to the body: Barnabe Barnes’s The Devil’s Charter (1607), Thomas Dekker’s The Whore of Babylon (1606), the anonymous Lust’s Dominion (c. 1600), and Shakespeare’s Hamlet (c. 1600). These plays, I argue, engage with the human body or reflect on its role in regard to fashioning anti-Catholic sentiment. Throughout this thesis, I attempt to examine discrete moments and cultural idiosyncrasies in these playtexts, utilising contemporary religious, medical, and political works to investigate the experiential qualities of an anti-Catholic discourse whilst contextualizing this evidence through references to early modern literature.
    [Show full text]
  • French As a Subject for Study in Early Tudor England
    " ... towardes the better attaynyng of thys langage ... " French as a Subject for Study in Early Tudor England Robyne K. Conway B.Bus, B.A.{Hons}, M.A.{Philosophy), Grad.Dip.(History) 14,466 words A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts {Coursework) in History History and Classics Program School of Humanities University of Tasmania December 2014 I declare that all material in this thesis is my own work except where there is clear acknowledgement or reference to the work of others and I have complied with and agreed to the University statement on Plagiarism and Academic Integrity on the University website at http ://www.students.utas.edu. au/plagiarism/ Date: 16/12/2014 I declare that I have not submitted this thesis for any other award. Date: 16/12/2014 I place no restriction on the loan or reading of this thesis and no restriction, subject to the law of copyright, on its reproduction in any form. Date: 16/12/2014 Robyne Conway 14 Honora Avenue New Town, Tasmania Australia, 7008 0468 357 826 Acknowledgements My supervisor Professor Michael Bennett has provided thought-provoking and inspiring guidance and feedback throughout the very long development of this thesis and indeed my entire venture into the study of history. I am very grateful for the lights he shone for me every time I got lost in the big picture. I would also like to thank Dr Elizabeth Freemen for her enthusiastic facilitation of my fascinating two-week exploration of the reading habits of nuns.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Introduction 1
    N OTES 1 Introduction 1 . W i l l i a m W h a t e l y , A Bride-bush, or a Wedding Sermon (London: William Iaggard for Nicholas Bourne, 1617), pp. 18, 36. 2 . J o h n A y r e ( e d . ) , The Sermons of Edwin Sandys, Parker Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1842), pp. 324–5. 3 . J o h n A y r e ( e d . ) , The Catechism of Thomas Becon, Parker Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1844), p. 345. 4 . M a r t i n I n g r a m , Church Courts, Sex, and Marriage in England, 1570–1640 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), p. 11. 5 . M a r t i n I n g r a m , “ ‘ S c o l d i n g W o m e n C u c k e d o r W a s h e d ? ’ A C r i s i s i n Gender Relations in Early Modern England,” Women, Crime, and the Courts in Early Modern England , ed. Jenny Kermode and Garthine Walker (London: UCL Press, 1994), pp. 49, 65–6. 6 . R . H . H e l m h o l z ( e d . ) , Select Cases on Defamation to 1600 , vol. 101 (London: Selden Society, 1985), p. 26. 7 . Ingram, “Scolding,” pp. 58–60; Alison Wall, Power and Protest in England, 1525–1640 (London: Arnold, 2000), pp. 148–9. 8 . M a r g a r e t S o m m e r v i l l e , Sex and Subjection: Attitudes to Women in Early Modern Society (London: Arnold, 1995), pp.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix: Mary's Letters
    APPENDIX: MARY’S LETTERS his appendix contains an edition of Mary’s extant manuscript letters. Wherever I could, I have attempted to give the reader as close a sense Tof the material letter as possible by indicating page breaks, layout, handwriting, and so forth (except for the line breaks in the letter’s body). I have regularized Mary’s use of i/j and u/v and silently expanded abbreviations, but otherwise have maintained her original punctuation and capitalization. Mary’s hand is distinctive, neither secretary nor italic, though it is very similar to her brother’s. In Man and Monarch, David Starkey suggests that both Tudors learned their script from their mother, Elizabeth of York (8, 83). Unlike her brother, Mary seems not to have minded writing letters— many of these are entirely in her own hand, which I have indicated with the designation “holo- graph.” Those letters written in another hand but which bear her signature have been labeled “autograph.” Unless otherwise indicated, the addresses written on the verso of the autograph letters are in the scribal hand. The letters contained in the British Library’s Cotton collection suffered greatly from a fire in 1731; my conjectures for missing words are supplied in brackets. Occasional footnotes are marked with numbers in brackets. A key to textual symbols follows: [x] editorial additions * indicates lost words * . * indicates several lost words x deleted in original ^x^ added in original All transcriptions are mine, their presence included by generous permission of the libraries listed in each headnote. I have also provided translations of the French letters, striving to render Mary’s language as literally as I could.
    [Show full text]