9781107016590 Index.Pdf

Home , Algeti, Arteni, Kalavan, Paravani, Sotk

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01659-0 — The Archaeology of the Caucasus Antonio Sagona Index More Information

529

INDEX

Aghavnatun 1, 57 Artik, 393 agricultural practices bird standard, 401 animal husbandry, 274 – 78 mortuary practice, 388 – 89 crop- raising, 278 – 79 Arukhlo, 94, 96 , 99 – 101 , 102 , 203 transhumance, 215 farming, 124 Agubekovo, 138 , 141 mortuary practice, 108 Akhantepe pottery, 110 , 112 metallurgy, 194 Ashik, Anton, 282 Aknashen- Khatunarkh, 94 , 103 – 04 , 108 Atsquri, 340 – 42 child burial, 108 Azykh, 40 , 44 farming, 124 ‘bear cult’, 40 pottery, 110 stone tools, 117 Baba Dervish, 220 , 261 Algeti River, 219 metalwork, 266 Alikemek Tepesi, 94, 104 – 105 , 196 , tools, 265 203 , 209 Badaani, 309, 324 – 25 , 329 bone and antler tools, 123 model vehicle, 361 – 62 obsidian, 129 – 130 Baiburtian, Evgenii, 10 – 11 pottery, 114 , 207 Bayern, Friedrich, 5 stone tools, 116 Bedeni, 332 Amiranis Gora, 220 , 238 , 246 barrows, 316 – 18 metalwork, 266 playnological research, 316 – 18 pottery, 257 , 260 wagons, 362 Anaklia, 456 , 461 Belk, Valdomar, 5 Ananauri, 313 , 329 Bell, James Stanislaus, 4 , 282 Barrow 3 , 314 – 16 Berikldeebi, 228 – 29 , 320 – 23 , 401 gold necklace, 313 buildings and settlement plan, 228 –29 wagons, 314 , 362 – 63 hearths, 228 – 29 Antonovich, Volodimir, 7 housing, 193 – 94 Aragvi River, 219 , 329 , 417 Kura- Araxes imposition over Late Chalcolithic, Ararat Plain, 103 – 04 193 , 228 Aratashen, 94 , 99 , 103 , 196 pits, 323 – 24 bone and antler tools, 120 platforms, 323 farming, 124 ‘temple’, 194 obsidian, 130 wagon, 364 pottery, 110 , 112 Bet Yerah, 223 , 242 stone tools, 117 migration, 273 Araxes River, 3 , 93 , 215 , 221 walls, 241 Areni- 1, 196 borders and frontiers, 2 , 3 – 4, 216 – 224 , 449 Arich, 361 , 367 , 370 in Kura-Araxes culture, 271 Arslantepe, 222 , 256 mountains as, 2 , 218

529

530

530 Index

Böyük Kesik, 196 Bamut, 142 , 155 , 178 infant burials, 199 Berikldeebi, 193 – 94 pottery, 187 Bodorna, 203 Buynaksk Böyük Kesik, 187 , 196 , 199 rock art, 78 –80 Brut, 154 Chegem, 173 , 176 , 181 – 82 Caucasus Mountains Chishko, 151 Greater, 1 , 2 Chobareti, 199 Lesser, 220 Dalma Tepe, 189 Chalcolithic, 132 – 212 Damtsvari Gora, 203 , 209 chronology, 133 Darkveti, 189 in the northern Caucasus, 137 – 82 Delisi, 189, 203 , 207 , 209 Maikop culture, 133 – 36 , 143 – 82 Dolinskoe, 151 , 179 architecture and settlement Galiugai, 148 , 150 –51 , 179 plans, 149 – 52 Ginchi, 137 , 138 , 141 chronology, 146 –49 Godedzor, 187 , 196 – 99 radiocarbon dates, 148 Goranamosakhlari, 203 crafts, 172 – 82 Grmakhevistavi, 207 – 08 bone objects, 182 Iasenova Poliana, 141 , 151 jewellery, 181 Iastrebov, 154 metalwork, 172 – 78 Ilanli Tepe, 203 pottery, 179 Javakhi, 203 stone objects, 181 – 82 Jinvali, 208 farming, 151 – 52 Kamennomostskaia, 137 hearths, 151 Kavtiskhevi, 153 , 200 – 03 mortuary practice Kishpek, 155 , 159 barrow burials, 145 , 152 – 69 Klady, 148 , 149 , 155 , 159 , 178 chamber types, 159 Krasnogvardeiskoe, 147 pits, 151 Kültepe (Nakhichevan), 196 Staromyshastovskii treasure, 169 Kviriastskali, 189 , 203 pre- Maikop horizon, 137 – 43 Leilatepe, 189 – 90 , 194, 199 , 203 ditches, 137 – 38 Lugovoe, 145 houses, 138 Maikop, 159 – 66 , 179 metalworking, 141 – 42 Mentesh Tepe, 185 , 187 – 89, 190 , 191 , in the southern Caucasus, 209 196 , 203 Chaf - Faced Ware horizon, 136 , 184 – 203 Meshoko, 137 , 138 – 41 , 142 architecture and settlement plans, 190 – 96 Nachivchavebi, 203 , 206 – 07 , 209 hearths, 194 Nal’chik, 137 , 142 – 43, 159, 173 , 181 metallurgy and metalwork, 189 –90 Novosvobodnaia, 144 , 152, 173 , 178, 179, mortuary practice, 196 – 203 181 , 182 barrow burials, 199 – 203 Orchosani, 176 infant jar burials, 199 Oshad kurgan, 143 pottery, 184 – 89 Ovçular Tepe, 185 , 187 , 190 , 191 – 93 , painted, 187 – 89 199, 203 stone tools, 190 Pkhaguape, 152 chronology, 182 –83 Prekupska, 149 , 179 Sioni Horizon, 136 , 203 – 09 Sadarak, 196 farming, 204 , 206 –07 Sé Girdan, 153 , 176 pottery, 207 – 08 Sereginskoe, 149 , 151 , 179 stone tools, 208– 09 Serzhen-Yurt, 145 sites Seyidli, 153 , 199 Abanoskhevi, 203 , 207 Sioni, 204 –07 , 209 Agubekovo, 137 – 38 , 141 Sos Höyük, 204 Akhantepe, 194 Soyuq Bulaq, 153 , 190 – 91 , 199 – 200 Alazani, 189, 203 , 208 Svobodnoe, 137 , 138 , 141 – 42 , 148 Alikemek Tepesi, 196 , 203 , 207 , 209 Tekhut, 196 , 207 Aratashen, 196 , 203 Treli, 207 Areni-1, 196 Tsagan-Nur, 178 Arukhlo, 203 Tsiteli-Gorebi, 189

531

Index 531

Tsiteli Sopeli, 208 Natsiskvilari, 456 Tsopi, 203 , 207 , 208 Nigvzianij, 471 Urvan, 154 Nosiri, 452 , 461 Ust’- Dzheguta, 147 Ochkhomuri, 454 , 456 Ust- Dzhugutinskii, 149 , 179 Patriketi, 453 Veselogo, 137 , 142 Pichori, 452 , 454 – 56 , 461 – 63 Vesiolaia Roshcha, 141 Pilenkovo, 460 Vorontsov, 137 Primorskoe, 458 Zamankul, 154 Shukura, 458 terminology, 132 – 33 Tsiteli, 458 Chantre, Ernest, 7 , 423 , 425 , 432 , 446 Ureki, 446 , 466 , 471 Chernykh, E. N., 13 , 141 – 42, 172 , Vereshaginskaya Gora, 458 359 , 378 Zhivali, 459 Chobareti, 199 , 238 – 40 Zvandripsh, 458 burials, 243 , 246 tin, 467 – 68 Chalcolithic infant burial, 199 tomb types, 456 – 58 grave goods, 246 pits, 240 de Marigny, Taitbout, 282 pottery, 238 – 39 , 260 de Monpierre, Dubois, 282 radiocarbon dating, 239 de Morgan, Jacques, 6, 41 , 419 stamp seal, 239 Delisi, 203 stone tools, 266 metalwork, 189 Chovle Gora pottery, 207 pottery workshop, 409 stone tools, 209 Cmi, 125 – 26 Didi Gora, 344 , 409 Colchian culture, 449 – 74 pottery, 352 – 54 and the Ancient Greeks, 449 – 50 ditches copper- to- iron hypothesis, 471 – 73 in the Chalcolithic, 137 – 38 drinking, 474 in Colchian culture, 452 , 453 hoards and the destruction of wealth, 459 – 61 in the Neolithic, 106 – 08 Colchian axe, 459 – 60 Djruchula Klde, 50 , 55 – 56 , 57 iron, 468 – 71 tools, 55 associated ritual, 469 Dmanisi, 35 – 39 pottery, 461 – 63 fossil hominin remains, 35 – 38 Proto- and Ancient Colchian, 450 in the pre- Pottery Neolithic, 90 relationship to Koban, 465 – 67 stone tools, 41 – 43 settlements, ditches and canals, 451 – 56 Dolbezhev, V. I., 7 canal system, 451 – 52 Dolinskoe, 151, 179 ditches, 452 , 453 pits, 151 dune settlements, 453 – 54 dolmens, 281 – 97 mound sites, 453 associated settlements, 295 Pichori, 454 – 56 decoration, 291 sites features, 284 –91 Anaklia, 456 , 461 funerary customs, 291 –93 Anaklia dikha-gudzuba, 452 deposition through portals, 291 –93 Brili, 458 multiple burials, 291 Chorokhi, 471 grave goods, 293 – 95 Dablagomis Nazichvara, 461 Novosvobodnaia type, 282 Ergeta, 459 , 471 distinguishing traits, 295 Eshera, 458 sites Gagra, 458 , 466 Aderbievka, 290 Goradziri, 458 Adignalovo, 290 Guadikhu, 458 , 466 Bagovskoi, 293 Khutsubani, 458 , 466 Deguaksko, 295 Korochi, 460 Dzhubga, 286 – 87 Lekhaindrao dikha-gudzuba, 453 Gelendzhik, 282, 290 , 295 Namamu, 452 Guzeriplski, 290 Namcheduri, 452 , 453 Krasnaia Palyana, 293 Naokhvamu, 452 Novosvobodnaia, 289

532

532 Index

dolmens (cont.) Grmakhevistavi, 207 – 08 , 229 , 254 Pshada, 282 pits, 229 Psynako, 293 Gubs rockshelter, 50 Shepsi, 291 Gudabertka, 219 , 231 , 233 , 243 Starchik, 295 Gumbashi, 427 – 29 Vepkhniaia Eshera, 293 Güzelova, 222 , 260 Zhane, 284 –85 pottery, 261 in the Talish region, 420 Soviet classii catory systems, 287 – 91 Hacı Elamxamlı, 94 , 102 Markovin, Vladimir Ivanovich, 287 – 91 pottery, 110 , 114 types hearths, 224 , 321 composite, 290 in the Chalcolithic, 194 monolithic, 291 hobs (or portble andirons) plinth, 289 –90 at Chobareti, 238 trough-shaped, 290 – 91 in Kura-Araxes culture, 228 , 250– 53 Dvoinaya, 67 at Berikldeebi IV, 229 ornamented bone, 72 at Kültepe (Nakhichevan), 237 shells, 72 at Norabats, 237 Dzudzuana Klde, 63 –66 , 93 at Ozni, 236 Sakajia points, 65 at Sos Höyük, 242 textiles, 63 at Yanik Tepe, 236 in the Late Bronze Age–Iron Age I, 385 Elar, 236 , 246 in Maikop culture, 150 – 51 metalwork, 267 in the Neolithic, 101 Elburz Mountains, 223 history of archaeological research, 4 –15 ethnogenesis, 11 , 13 , 29 , 382 Koban region, 7 Post Perestroika (1991–present), 14 – 15 i eld survey, 15 , 216 , 222 i eld survey, 15 i gurines radiocarbon analysis, 15 animal, 182 Post World War II, 11 – 14 human, 108 –10 ethnogenesis, 11 Filimonof , Giorgi, 7 new approaches, 13 – 14 Friche, V. M., 8 traditional methods, 13 Russian imperial period, 4 – 7 Gagida River, 454 Soviet archaeology, 7 –11 Galiugai, 150 – 51 Marxist-Leninist ideology, 7 –10 pottery, 179 Stalinist period, 10 – 11 radiocarbon dates, 148 hoards and caching, 459 –61 Gamdlistskaro Hovk 1 , 50 , 54 sacred space, 414 – 16 Middle–Upper Palaeolithic Gantiadi ‘transition’, 57 metalworker’s grave, 393 tools, 56 Gegharot, 220, 383 , 385 sacred space, 410 – 13 Iasenova Poliana, 141 , 151 Georgian National Museum, 14 Ilanly Tepe, 94 , 104 – 05 , 203 Ginchi, 137 , 138 , 141 , 376 Imiris Gora, 94 , 99 , 102 pottery, 138 bone and antler tools, 120 Gobustan, 72 , 74 – 78 pottery, 112 , 114 associated ritual, 77 – 78 stone tools, 117 dating, 75 – 77 Irganchai, 335 , 338 imagery, 75 wagons, 363 Godedzor burial, 196 – 99 Jinisi, 342 – 44 pottery, 187 , 189 Godin Tepe, 223 , 276 –77 Kabardinka, 429 evidence of ritual, 249 Kalakent Göytepe, 95 , 96 , 99 , 105 belts, 401 bone and antler tools, 120 , 123 Kalantar, Ashkharbek, 10 grain, 101 Kalavan 1 , 66 Great Liachvi River, 435 burials, 244

533

Index 533

Kalavan 2 , 50 Scythian inl uence, 434 , 435 Middle– Upper Palaeolithic ‘transition’, 57 sites Kamennomostskaia, 137 Belorechenski, 431 Kamiltepe, 94 , 105 , 117 Chmi, 431 beads, 123 Dvani, 438 farming, 124 Ergeta, 446 pottery, 112 , 114 Galiat- Faskau, 431 Karashamb, 318 , 333 , 351 Gumbashi, 427 – 29 silver goblet, 345 – 47 Kabardinka, 429 Kavtiskhevi, 153 Kamenomost, 431 barrow burials, 200 –03 Karabashevo, 431 Khizanaant Gora, 219 , 235 , 237 , 254 Kislovodsk, 431, 434 , 442 metalwork, 266 Koban, 430, 431 , 432 , 434 , 445 , 446 pottery, 257 Komarovo, 430 stone tools, 266 Kumush, 430 Khrami River, 128 , 219 , 333 Kvasatali, 431 , 438 Khramis Didi Gora, 94 – 6 , 99 , 123 Lisa Zemo-Ojola, 438 beads, 123 Lugovoe, 434 bone and antler tools, 120 Mairtup 2 , 434 i gurines, 108 – 10 Mineral Baths area, 430 stone tools, 117 Muzhichi, 430 , 431 viticulture, 125 Nesterovskaia, 430 Kiketi, 219 , 260 Nuli, 431 , 438 burials, 246 –47 Perkal’sko, 429 Kizinka River, 282 Pokunsyrt, 429 Klady, 149 , 155 , 178 Serzhen-Yu r t , 426 – 27 , 429 , 434 , 435 , 441 , 444 barrows Styrfaz, 429, 430 , 438 , 442 ornamentation, 159 Tli, 429 , 430 , 434 , 435 – 36 , 441 , 442, 445 , 446 child burial in a jar, 159 Uchkulanskoe, 426 radiocarbon dates, 148 Ullubaganaly, 429 , 430 Klejn, Leo, 7 , 10 , 14 Ureki, 446 Kmlo- 2, 90 – 91 Verkhnaia Rutkha, 431 ‘Kmlo tool’, 90 Zaiukovo, 431 Koban, 434, 445 , 446 Zol’skoe, 426 burial types, 430 , 431 , 432 Tli and the central region, 435 – 36 Koban culture, 423 – 48 warrior symbols, 435 architecture and settlement plans, 426– 29 Kodori River, 282 costumes and rank, 434 Köhne Shahar geographical extent, 424 walls, 241 – 42 Koban burial ground, 432 Komarovo metals and metalwork, 438 – 46 burial types, 430 exchange networks, 438 – 39 Konstantinovka, 376 – 77 importance of bronze, 439 Kotias Klde, 67 – 71 , 93 jewellery and costume accessories, 442 – 46 brown bears, 70 bangles, bracelets and arm-rings, 445 diet, 70 belts and buckles, 445 – 46 Neolithic burial, 93 i bulae, 444 – 45 Krupnov, Evgenii Ignatevich, 12 , 143 , 425 pendants, 446 Kuban River, 144 , 282 rings and spirals, 442 –44 Kudaro, 39 – 40 , 45 , 67 vessels, 446 Kuftin, Boris Alekseyevich, 11 , 215 , 220 , 236 , 306 , weapons, tools and horse trappings, 440 – 42 333 , 336 , 344 – 45 , 348 – 49 , 385 , 425 bronze axes, 441 Kültepe (Nakhichevan), 94, 96 , 104 , 196 , 230 , 236 , daggers, 440 – 41 237 , 371 horse harness, 442 bone and antler tools, 123 spearheads, 441 – 42 metals, 123 mortuary practice, 429 – 31 mortuary practice, 108 periodisation, 425 – 26 pottery, 114 radiocarbon dates, 426 Kura- Araxes culture pottery, 446 – 47 in the Amuq Plain and the Levantine Coastal relationship to Colchis, 424 – 25 Region, 223

534

534 Index

Kura- Araxes culture (cont.) sites in Armenia, 220 – 21 Ada Blur, 237 , 241 in Azerbaijan, 221 Agarak, 237 choice of land, 218 Ajgevan, 267 in Cyprus, 224 Alaverdi, 267 developmental stages, 224 – 61 Altıntepe, 222 expansion and diversii cation, 227 – 61 Amiranis Gora, 220 , 238 , 246 , 257 , 260 , 266 architecture and settlement plans, 230 – 53 Aparan III, 220 burials, 243 – 48 Aradetis Orgora, 243 barrow burials, 247 – 48 Arslantepe, 222 , 223 , 256 , 272 , 277 – 78 grave goods, 243 Astkhadzor, 221 horseshoe-shaped tombs, 246 –47 Baba Dervish, 220 , 261 , 265 , 266 pit graves, 243 –44 Barmaksizi, 220 small cairns, 247 Berikldeebi IV, 228 – 29 stone-lined tombs, 244 – 46 Beshtasheni, 220 , 257 fortii cations and protective Bet Shean, 223 walls, 241 – 42 Bet Yerah, 223 , 241 , 242 , 273 freestanding wattle-and- daub Bulanık, 221 structures, 231 – 35 Chirkeisk, 238 similarities with tent Chobareti, 220, 238 – 40 , 243, 246 , communities, 235 260 , 266 rectangular houses, 237 – 38 Dangreuli Gora, 219 round houses, 235 – 37 Diarjan, 223 l oors, 236 Didube, 219 , 257 sacred spaces, 248 –53 Doğ ubayazit, 221 hearths, 250 – 53 Dusheti, 219 semi-subterranean structures, 240 –41 Dvin, 243 terraced settlements, 240 Dzaghina, 243 pottery, 253 – 61 Dzyanberd, 237 Late Ceramics, 256 – 61 Elar, 236 , 246 , 267 central, 257 – 60 Ernis, 221 northern, 257 Galgalatli, 236 southern, 260 – 61 Garakepektepe, 237 formative period, 227 –56 Garni, 237 Early Ceramics 253 – 56 Gegharot, 220 Burnished Wares, 256 Gemitiulitshch I and II, 241 Enduring Chaf - Face Wares, 254 Geoy Tepe, 223 , 260 Monochrome Ware, 253 – 54 Ghaitmazi, 219 problems in identifying, 226 Gijlar Tepe, 218 , 231 in Eastern Anatolia, 221 – 22 Godin Tepe, 223 , 249 in Georgia, 218 – 20 Grmakhevistavi, 229 in western Georgia, 219 Gudabertka, 219 , 231 , 233 , 243 in Iran, 223 Güzelova, 222 , 260 , 261 Khirbet Kerak culture, 223 Harich, 238 , 257 longevity, 214 I ğ dır, 221 metalworking, 225 Ilto, 243 migration, 216 , 270 – 73 Kalavan- 1, 244 explanations for, 272 – 73 Kamo, 221 role in economy, 273 – 79 Karaz, 222 , 260 animal husbandry, 274 – 78 Karnut I, 220 crop- raising, 278 – 79 Khinisli, 246 mining, 261 – 65 Khizanaant Gora, 219 , 231 , 235 , 237 , 243, 254, Gosha, 261 257 , 266 Kedabeg, 261 Kiketi, 219 , 246 –47 , 260 Sakdrisi, 261 – 65 Koda, 219 ritual behaviour, 265 Köhne Shahar, 241 – 42 Sotk, 261 Koreti, 247 , 268 regionalism, 215 Kosi Choter, 220 salt and salt mining, 269 – 70 Kul Tepe (Hadishahr), 223 Duzda ğ ı, 269 – 70 Kültepe (Nakhichevan), 230 , 236 , 237

535

Index 535

Kvatskhelebi, 219 , 231 , 243 –44 , 246 , 249, Beshtasheni, 385 257 , 268 Gegharot, 383 , 385 , 409 , 410 – 13 Mayisyan, 248 Knole, 386 Mchadijvari Gora, 236 Mekhchri, 393 Mentesh Tepe, 220 , 221 , 247 Sabechdavi, 385 – 86 Mets Sepasar, 220 menhirs, 386 Mingechaur, 241 Shaori, 386 Mokhra Blur, 221 , 230 , 236 – 37 , 241 , 260 Tsaghkahovit, 383 – 85 , 409 Nachivchavebi, 243 , 246 menhirs, 416 Natsargora, 219 , 257 metals and metalworking, 391 – 403 Norabats, 237 i gurines, 401 Nor ş untepe, 222 horse harnesses, 403 Osman Bozu, 247 iron artefacts Ovçular Tepe, 221 , 225 Sevan daggers, 393 Ozni, 220 , 236 , 257 jewellery, 398 – 401 Pulur, 222 , 237 – 38 , 250 , 261 belts, 398 – 401 Sachkhere, 219 , 268 tin bronze, 391 Samshvilde, 220 , 237 , 243, 244 , 246 weapons Sapar- Kharaba, 247 battle- axe, 393 Shengavit, 218 , 221 , 236 , 241 , 242 , 250 , 266 , 268 daggers, 395 Sos Höyük, 222 , 230 , 242 , 252, 256 , 260 , swords, 393 – 95 261 , 266 other weapons, 395 Tagavarnist, 220 mortuary practice, 383 , 385 , 388 – 91 Takhtidziri, 246 pottery, 403 – 10 Talin, 243 , 248 , 254 , 269 sacred spaces, 410 – 16 Tash Bashi, 220 settlements, 386 –88 Ta ş kun Mevkii, 222 , 251 Samtavro and Shida Kartli, 417 – 19 Tepecik, 222 mortuary practice, 418 Tetri Tskaro, 220 , 237 settlements, 419 Tiselis Seri, 243 , 244, 266 , 267 sites Treligorebi, 219 Amarat, 419 Tsartsisgora, 268 Aparan II, 389 Tsikhiagora, 231 , 233 – 35 , 250 , 257 Armaziskhevi, 417 Urbnisi, 243 Artik, 388 – 89, 393 , 401 Velikent, 219 , 240 – 41 Berikldeebi, 401 Yanik Tepe, 218 , 223 , 235 , 236 Chovle Gora, 409 Zveli, 220 Cönü, 419 , 420 social organisation, 231 Cucu Tuk, 419 terminology, 215 – 16 Didi Gora, 409 tools and artefacts, 265 – 69 Gamdlistskaro, 414 – 16 metal, 266 – 69 Gantiadi, 393 trace analysis, 268 – 69 Hnaberd, 389 stone and bone, 265 – 66 Hovil, 419 , 420 Kura- Araxes interl uve, 86, 93 , 130 , 183 , 214 , 272 Kalakent, 401 Kura River, 93 , 215 , 219 , 417 , 418 Khjabagher, 389 Kvatskhelebi, 219 , 231 – 33 , 243, 244, 246 , 268 Kraveladi, 419 , 420 burials, 243 –44 Kvemo Sasireti, 393 , 401 evidence of ritual, 249 Lchashen, 401 pottery, 257 Marlik, 420 Melaani, 398 , 414 Lake Sevan, 221 , 416 Meligele, 414 Lake Urmia, 223 Mistail, 419 Late Bronze Age–Iron Age I, 378 – 422 Monidigah, 419 Lchashen- Tsitelgori horizon, 382 –416 Mouci Yeri, 398 archaeological investigations Sajoge, 386 –88 University of Tübingen, 409 Samtavro, 401 , 417 – 18 , 419 fortresses, 382 – 86 Shilda, 413 archaeological investigations Tli, 398 Project ArAGATS, 383 Tqisbolo Gora, 409 , 410 Tsalka expedition, 385 Treligorebi, 418 , 419

536

536 Index

Late Bronze Age–Iron Age I (cont.) sites Tsitelgori, 391 , 401 Apianchi, 67 , 72 Udabno, 409 –10 Atsinskaia Peshchera, 67 Vanu Barra, 420 Badynoko, 71 , 72 Veri, 420 Chakhati, 67 Talish Tradition, 419 – 21 Chokh, 67 cultural connections, 420 – 21 Chygai, 67 – 68 , 71 dolmens, 420 Darkveti, 67 , 71 in western Georgia, 379 Dvoinaya, 67 – 68 , 71– 72 Lchashen Dzhampala, 67 wagons, 363 – 64 Edzani, 67 learned societies Entseri, 67 Caucasus Archaeological Committee, 5 Gudaleti, 67 Imperial Archaeological Commission, 5 Iashtkhva, 67 Archaeological Commission Reports , 5 Kholodnyi, 67 , 72 Society of Amateurs of Caucasian Archaeology, 5 Kotias Klde, 67 – 71 ‘Fifth Archaeological Congress (the Koz’ma-Nokho, 67 Caucasus)’, 5 Kudaro, 67 Leilatepe, 189 , 194 , 203 Kvachara, 67 grain storage, 194 Kvedi, 67 infant burials, 199 Mekegi, 67 metalworking, 194 Sagvardjile, 66 , 67 Lenkoran region, 419 , 420 Sosruko, 71 , 72 Liakhvi River, 219 Tsona, 67 Liubin, Valerii Petrovich, 39 , 49 , 88 Zaikovo, 71 Lori Berd, 333 , 349 , 351 , 352 , 369 Zurtaketi, 67 Lugovoe, 145 Mezmaiskaya Cave, 50, 51 – 52 , 61 Lusakert 1 , 50 , 57 evidence for the Upper Palaeolithic, 62 genome research, 59 Magharo, 309 , 311 infant burial, 51 Maikop Middle Bronze Age, 298 – 377 pottery, 179 chronology, 299 –304 princely burials, 159 –66 radiocarbon dates, 301 silver goblets, 166 Early Bronze Age IV/Middle Bronze Marr, Nikolai, 8 – 9 , 11 Age I, 305 – 32 Martkopi, 309 –13 Bedeni barrows, 313 – 20 Masson, V. M., 13 Bedeni crafts and technology Matuzka Cave, 47 , 50 , 51 , 52 pottery, 325 – 26 bears, 51 stone items, 326 Melaani woodworking, 326 jewellery, 398 Bedeni sacred spaces, 329 sacred space, 414 Bedeni settlements, 320 – 25 Meligele economic subsistence, 329 – 32 sacred space, 414 Martkopi and Early Trialeti Meliset-Bek, L., 385 barrows, 309 –13 menhirs, 385 – 86 pottery, 311 at Koban culture sites, 427 Middle Bronze Age II, 332 – 65 Mentesh Tepe, 94 , 96 , 196 , 203 , 220 , 221 Brili cemetery, 354 – 57 burials, 247 axes, 355 chronology, 303 gold work, 349 – 51 farming, 124 metal containers, 348 – 49 housing, 191 pottery, 354 metalwork, 190 burial, 352 pottery, 185 , 187 settlement, 352 – 54 Meshoko, 137 , 138 – 41 settlements, 342 – 44 diet, 142 silver goblets, 344 – 48 Meskheti, 339 – 40 interpretation, 348 Mesolithic, 66 – 72 tools and weapons, 351 – 52 climate variability, 66 – 67 Trialeti complex, 332 – 38

537

Index 537

burial customs and tomb Masuk, 373 architecture, 334 – 36 Mentesh Tepe, 303 stone- built chambers, 336 Meskheti, 339 – 40 human remains, 338 Metsamor, 376 mound types, 334 Miatli, 372 , 376 ritual roads, 336 – 38 Namgalamitsa, 338 Middle Bronze Age III, 365 – 72 Natsargora, 325 Apsheron Peninsula, 371 – 72 Nerkin Naver, 333 , 351 Karmirberd (Tazakend) horizon, 367 – 69 Sabit Akhcha, 334 , 335 , 339 , 362 Kizyl Vank horizon, 370 – 71 Sabit Tqemlara, 362 Sevan- Uzerlik horizon, 369 – 70 Sachkhere, 306 – 09 sites Sadachlo, 362 Abanoskhevi, 320 Saduga, 351 Akhcha, 340 Samgori, 305 , 313 Ananauri, 313 , 314 – 16 , 329 , 362 – 63 Sarachlo, 364 Aparan- III, 331 Shor Tepe, 371 Arich, 361 , 367 , 370 Shulaveri, 320 , 325 Artashavan, 332 Siltrak, 375 Atsquri, 340 – 42 Stanica Suvorovskaia, 372 – 73 , 375 Badaani, 309, 324 – 25 , 329 , 361 – 62 Stepanakert, 309 Bedeni, 316 – 18 , 332 , 362 Tetri Kvebi, 336 , 363 Bel’ty, 375 Tli, 377 Berikldeebi III, 320 – 23 Tqemlara, 332 , 357 , 362 Beshtasheni, 325 Tqisbolo Gora, 335 – 36 , 342 – 44 , 352 , 363 Chachkari, 340 Trialeti, 311 , 325 Chikhistskali, 362 Tsaghkasar-1, 331 Chirkei, 372 Tsaghvli, 331 Choch, 376 Tsartsisgora, 306 Cholodnorodnikovsk, 372 , 375 Tsikhiagora, 309 , 324 Chorocholi, 377 Tsnori, 313 , 318 – 20 , 362 Didi Gora, 344, 352 Ust’ Dzhugutinskii, 372 , 375 Dumeila, 340 Utamish, 362 , 363 , 376 Elar, 367 Uzerlik Tepe, 333 , 369 Gadachrili- Gora, 320 Vanadzor, 333 Galgalatli, 376 Velikent, 375 Gatyn Kale, 372 , 376 Verin-Naver, 367 Gegharot, 331 Zeiani, 311 , 362 Gental, 376 Zhinvali, 329 Ginchi, 376 Zurtaketi, 338 – 39 Ilto, 320 , 325 the North Caucasian culture, 372 – 77 Irganchai, 335 , 338 , 362 – 63 catacomb tombs, 373 –75 Jinisi, 342 – 44 stone cist tombs, 375 – 76 Kamo (Nor-Bayazet), 367 wooden tombs, 376 –77 Karashamb, 318 , 333 , 344 – 47 , 351 wagons and carts, 357 – 65 Keti, 335 animal remains, 364 – 65 Ketileti, 340 in the Caucasian Bronze Age, 359– 64 Kishpek, 372 , 375 origins and distribution, 357 – 59 Kobala, 376 Mil Steppe, 96 , 247 Konstantinovka, 376 – 77 Mingechaur, 240 – 41 Koreti, 306 Mokhra Blur, 221 , 230 , 236 – 37 Kramebi, 320 pottery, 260 , 261 Kültepe (Nakhichevan), 371 tower, 236 Kyzburun, 372 , 377 walls, 241 Lchashen, 367 mortuary practice Lechinkai, 372 barrow burials, 152 – 69 , 199 – 203 , 391 , 431 , 458 Lori Berd, 333 , 349 , 351 , 352 , 369 cairns, 243 Magharo, 309 – 11 catacombs, 373 – 75 Manas, 375 cremation, 334 Martkopi, 309 – 13 cromlechs, 388 , 389 , 431

538

538 Index

mortuary practice (cont.) sites dolmens, 281 – 97 Ada Blur, 130 horseshoe-shaped tombs, 243 , 246 –47 Aknashen-Khatunarkh, 94 , 103 – 04 , 108, 110 , infant burials, 199 116 – 17 , 124 ossuaries, 458 Alikemek Tepesi, 94, 104 – 05 , 114 , 116 , 123 pit graves, 196 , 243, 244, 418 , 430 , 458 Anaseuli, 91 , 92 small cairns, 247 Aratashen, 94 , 99 , 103 , 110 , 112 , 117 , 120, stone- built vaults, 430 – 31 123 – 24, 125 , 130 stone cist graves, 243 , 244, 375 – 76, 431 , 458 Arukhlo, 94, 96 , 99 – 101 , 102, 108 , 110 , 112 , stone- lined tombs, 243 , 244 – 46 123 , 124 use of cinnabar, 164 Baba Dervish, 116 use of red ochre, 142 – 43 , 166 , 314 , 373 Berdshen, 130 wooden tombs, 376 – 77 Cmi, 125 – 26 Mount Aragats, 220 , 221 , 383 , 416 Dangreulis Gora, 94 Mount Gegham, 416 Darkveti, 91 Mugan steppes, 94 , 104 – 05 , 123 , 221 Dmanisi, 90 museums and collections, 6 Dzudzuana Klde, 93 Georgian National Museum, 6 , 14 Gadachrili Gora, 94, 96 , 112 Mushakan-1, 41 Gargalar Tepe, 110 , 116 , 123 Göytepe, 94, 95 , 96 , 99 , 101 , 105 , Nachivchavebi, 206 – 07 , 209 , 243 , 246 110 , 120 , 123 burials, 246 Gurianta, 92 Nagutni sites Hacı Elamxamlı, 94, 102, 110 , 114 in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic, 88 Ilanly Tepe, 94 , 104 – 05 Nal’chik, 137 , 159 , 173 Imiris Gora, 94 , 99 , 102, 104 , 106, 110 , 112 , 114 , grave goods, 143 117 , 120 jewellery, 181 Kamiltepe, 94, 105 , 106, 112 , 114 , 117 , mortuary practice, 142 – 43 123 , 124 Namamu, 452 Keti, 130 Natsargora, 325 Khramis Didi Gora, 94 , 95 , 96 , 99 , 101 , 108 –10 , Neolithic, 84 – 131 117 , 120 , 123 , 125 dating, 84 –85 Khutsubani, 92 obsidian, 126 – 29 Kistriki, 91 , 92 patterns of procurement, 129 – 30 Kmlo-2, 90 – 91 Pottery Neolithic, 93 – 130 Kobuleti, 92 in the central and northern Caucasus, 125 – 26 Kotias Klde, 93 in the central and southern Caucasus, Kültepe (Nakhichevan), 94, 96 , 104 – 05 , 108, 93 – 125 114 , 123 ‘Shulaveri-Shomutepe’ culture, 93 – 94 Mamati, 91 architecture and settlement plans, 95 – 108 Mashtots Blur, 130 courtyards, 102 –03 Masis Blur, 94 , 130 ditches, 106 – 08 Mentesh Tepe, 94 , 96 , 124 beads, 123 Nagutni, 88 bone and antler tools, 120 – 23 Nizhnyaya Shilovka, 91 , 92 depictions of people, 108 – 10 Odishi, 91 , 92 farming, 123 – 25 Paluri, 91 , 92 animal husbandry, 124 Paravani 1 , 90 crop-raising, 124 Sagvardzhile, 91 , 93 viticulture, 124 – 25 Samele Klde, 93 metals and metallurgy, 123 Samertskhle Klde, 93 mortuary practice, 108 –10 Shaori, 90 pottery, 110 – 16 Shomutepe, 94 , 96 , 101 , 110 , 116 , 120 coarse plain wares, 110 – 14 Shorsu, 104 painted wares, 114 – 16 Shulaveri, 94 , 95 , 96 , 99 , 101 , 102, 110 , 112 , 116 , stone tools, 116 – 20 120 , 124 Pre- Pottery Neolithic, 88 – 93 Tekhut, 94, 103 , 114 – 16 , 123 in the central and southern Caucasus, 88 – 91 Tkaia- Lebiqvi, 91 in western Georgia and the Black Sea Toyre Tepe, 116 region, 91 – 93 Tsopi, 94

539

Index 539

Urta, 91 , 92 genome research, 59 – 60 Verin Naver, 130 in the Middle–Upper Palaeolithic Nor Geghi ‘transition’, 57 – 61 Lower– Middle Palaeolithic transition, 47 – 49 reassessment of behaviour, 60 – 61 Norabats, 237 site preference, 49 Novosvobodnaia, 144 , 152, 173 – 76, 178 , 179 in the southern Caucasus, 52 – 54 burials, 166 – 69 stone tools, 49 – 50 , 52 jewellery, 179 Middle– Upper Palaeolithic ‘transition’, 57 – 61 stone objects, 181 , 182 stone tools, 61 sites obsidian, 126 – 30 Aghavnatun 1 , 57 sources and procurement, 90 Akhshtyrskaia Caves, 44 Aïkasar, 128 Azykh, 40 , 44 Aragats, 128 Barakaevskaya Cave, 50 Arkayasar, 128 Baranakha, 50 Arteni, 116 , 128 , 129 – 30 Djruchula Klde, 50 , 54 , 55 – 56 , 57 Atis, 116 Dmanisi, 35 – 39 Chikiani, 54 , 68 , 92 , 127 , 128 , 130 Dzudzuana Klde, 63 – 66 Dalar, 128 Gubs rockshelter, 50 Damlik, 128 , 130 Gvardjilas Klde, 66 Eni- Ël, 40 , 128 Hovk 1 , 50 , 54 , 56 , 57 Gegham, 130 Il’skaya, 50 Geghasar, 116 , 130 Kalavan 1 , 66 Gutansar, 116 , 128 , 130 Kalavan 2 , 50 , 57 Hatis, 116 , 128 – 29 , 130 Kamennomostskaya Cave, 62 Kamakar, 128 Kudaro, 39 – 40 , 45 Kars, 116 Lusakert 1 , 50 , 57 Kelbadzhar, 127 , 129 , 130 Matuzka Cave, 47 , 50 , 51 Khorapor, 129 Megvimevi Rockshelter, 66 Mets Arteni, 128 Mezmaiskaya Cave, 50 , 51 – 52, 60 , 61 , 62 Paravani outcrop, 116 Monasheskaya Cave, 50 Pokr Arteni, 128 Mushakan-1, 41 Satani Dar, 40 , 128 Nor Geghi 1 , 47 – 49 Syunik, 129 Ortvale Klde, 47 , 50 , 54 – 55 , 57 , 60 – 61 TCUNK 1 , 130 Sagvardjile, 66 Ttvakar, 128 , 130 Sakajia Cave, 60 , 66 Van, 116 Samerzkhle Klde, 66 Odishi, 91 , 92 Satsurblia Cave, 66 Ortvale Klde, 47 , 50 , 52 , 54 – 55 , 57 Savante Savan, 66 diet, 54 Tsona Klde, 45 , 50 , 56 – 7 , 60 reassessment of Neanderthal behaviour, 60 – 61 Tsutskhvati, 54 , 56 stone tools, 54 – 55 Yerevan 1 , 50 , 57 Oshad kurgan, 143 – 44 stone tools, 43 – 44 Osman Bozu Upper Palaeolithic, 61 – 66 burials, 247 Pallas, Peter Simon, 282 Ovçular Tepe, 199 , 203 , 221 , 225 Paravani housing, 191 – 93 in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic, 90 pottery, 185 , 187 Pasinler Plain, 222 stone tools, 190 Peter the Great (Tsar Peter I), 5 Pichori, 452 , 454 – 56 Palaeolithic Piotrovskii, Boris, 11 caves, 39 – 40 pits limitations on study, 34 – 35 at Berikldeebi, 323 – 24 Lower Palaeolithic, 35 – 43 in Kura-Araxes culture diet, 45 – 46 at Chobareti, 240 stone tools, 41 – 43 at Grmakhevistavi, 229 Acheulian hand axe, 44 – 45 at Velikent, 241 Middle Palaeolithic, 46 – 61 at Late Bronze Age–Iron Age I sacred sites, Neanderthals, 46 – 47 413 , 414

540

540 Index

pits (cont.) Sabit Akhcha, 334 , 335 in Maikop culture, 150 , 151 wagon, 362 in the Sioni horizon, 204 Sachkhere Podkumok River valley, 427 as transitional site, 306 – 09 Pokrovsky, Mikhail Nikolayevich, 8 Sajoge, 386 – 88 problems in the study of Caucasian archaeology, 16 – 18 Samshvilde, 220 , 237 , 243 analysis and interpretation of depositional layers, 16 burials, 244 , 246 cultural materialism, 16 Samtavro, 417 dissemination of results, 18 burials, 417 – 18 loose methodological foundations, 17 grave goods, 418 radiocarbon readings, 17 – 18 engraved bronze belt, 401 work of Giorgi Kavtaradze, 17 Sapar Kharaba Pulur, 222 , 237 – 38 wagon, 364 evidence of ritual, 250 seals, cylinder and stamp, 239 pottery, 261 Semenov, Sergei, 10 , 13 Sereginskoe, 149 , 151 rescue archaeology, 12 , 15 Serzhen-Yu r t , 145 , 426 – 27 , 429 , 444 ritual burial costumes and rank, 434 ‘bear cult’, 40 , 70 daggers, 441 at Berikldeebi, 321, 323 – 24 warrior symbols, 435 in Colchian culture Shaori, 90 drinking, 474 Shengavit, 218 , 221 , 236 , 241 , 242 , 268 hoards and destruction of wealth, 459– 61 evidence of ritual, 250 iron, 469 stone tools, 266 conspicuous breakage, 239 walls, 241 at Gamdlistskaro, 414 – 16 Shilda at Gegharot, 410 – 13 sacred space, 413 at Godin Tepe IV, 249 Shomutepe, 94 , 96 , 101 hoards and caching, 101 bone and antler tools, 120 at Kvatskhelebi, 249 stone tools, 116 at Melaani, 414 sling-shots, 117 at Meligele, 414 Shorsu, 104 menhirs, 416 Shulaveri, 94 , 96 , 101 , 110 , 325 at Pulur, 250 farming, 124 rock art, 77 – 78 pottery, 110 , 112 shamanism, 76 , 78 , 365 stone tools, 116 at Shengavit, 250 viticulture, 124 at Shilda, 413 Sioni, 204 – 07 , 209 , 335 at Tsikhiagora, 250 pits, 204 rock art, 72 – 81 pottery, 207 associated ritual, 77 – 78 Sos Höyük, 204 , 222 , 230, 242 dating, 74 , 75 – 77 pottery, 260 , 261 imagery, 75 stone tools, 266 ritual walls, 242 animism, 78 Soyuq Bulaq, 153 shamanism, 76 , 78 barrow burials, 199 – 200 sites Stanica Suvorovskaia, 372 – 73 , 375 Agtsa, 72 , 80 Stepanakert, 309 Buynaksk, 78 – 80 stone tools, 41 – 43 Chinna-Hita, 74 evolution of, 43 – 44 Chuval-Khvarab- Noho, 74 industries Gemigaya, 74 Acheulean, 43 Gobustan, 72 , 74 – 78 Aurignacian, 44 Haritan, 74 Microlithic, 44 Kelbajar, 74 Mousterian, 43 Mgvimevi, 72 , 80 East Micoquian, 50 , 52 Trialeti Petroglyphs, 80 Levallois, 46 , 49 Ukhtasar, 80 – 81 Oldowan, 35 , 41 – 43 routes and roads, 3 , 220 , 222 Styrfaz, 429, 438 , 442 corridors of communication, 220 burial types, 430

541

Index 541

Svobodnoe, 137 , 138 , 141 Tsnori, 313 radiocarbon dates, 148 barrows, 318 – 20 wagons, 362 Talin, 243 , 269 burials, 248 Udabno Tas- Sil ġ , Malta, 351 pottery, 409 – 10 Taurus Mountains, 221 Ukhtasar, 80 – 81 Tekhut, 94 , 103 , 196 Urvan, 154 bone and antler tools, 123 Uvarov, Aleksei, 7 metals, 123 Uvarova, Praskovya Sergeyevna, pottery, 114 – 16 , 207 5 , 7 terracing, 238 – 40 Uzerlik Tepe, 333 , 369 in Kura-Araxes culture, 230 Velikent, 240 –41 Tetri Kvebi, 336 , 363 Ver i Tiselis Seri, 243 , 244 mortuary practice, 420 burials, 244 Verkhnaia Rutkha metalwork, 267 burial types, 431 stone tools, 266 Veselogo, 137 , 142 Tli, 377 , 398 , 429 , 434 , 442, Veselovskii, Nikolai Ivanovich, 143 445 , 446 Virchow, Rudolf, 6 , 7 axes, 441 viticulture, 125 , 332 burial types, 430 Vorontsov, 137 cemetery, 435 – 36 chronology, 436 wagons and carts, 357 – 65 Tqisbolo Gora, 335 – 36 , 344 , 363 western Georgia pottery, 352 , 410 and Kura-Araxes culture, 219 Treligorebi dolmens, 281 – 97 housing, 419 metallurgy, 379 mortuary practice, 418 relationship between Colchis and Koban grave goods, 418 culture, 424 – 25 Trialeti, 311 , 325 Trialeti Petroglyphs, 80 Yanik Tepe, 218 , 223 , 235 , 236 Tsaghkahovit Plain, 385 Yerevan 1 , 57 patterns of distribution, 409 Yeritsov, Alexander D., 5 Tsikhiagora, 231 , 233 – 35 , 309 , 324 evidence of ritual, 250 Zeiani, 311 pottery, 257 wagons, 362 Tsitelgori Zhinvali, 329 i gurines, 401 Zhukov, Boris Sergeyevich, 8 mortuary practice, 391 Zurtaketi, 338 – 39