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The Caucasus Cooperation in the European Mountains 2: The Caucasus European Programme Established in 1987, the European Programme seeks to identify and analyse the economic and social forces impacting on biodiversity conservation, and apply the power of the constituency to address them. The Programme is active in species and ecosystem-based conservation within the agriculture, forestry, and fisheries sectors and supports regional and global policy analysis and recommendations. IUCN is present in 47 of the 55 countries of the Pan-European region. IUCN's European constituency, 325 governmental and non-governmental members, six expert Commissions, and the Secretariat, provides a broad-based democratic forum for exchanging views, and taking joint action. Over 3,000 experts, organised into six networks (on ecosystem management; education and com- munication; environmental law; environment, economy and society; species survival; and protected areas/Parks for Life), provide scientific weight to the policy formulated and disseminated by the European Programme in seeking to influence societies. Since 1997, the European Programme has been co-ordinated from the IUCN European Regional Office-ERO, (based in Tilburg, The Netherlands). There is also a Central European Office (in Warsaw, Poland), a Russian Federation and CIS Office (in Moscow, Russian Federation), and a joint IUCN-REC unit (in Szentendre, Hungary). European Regional Office Cooperation in the European Mountains 2: The Caucasus Edited by Martin F. Price Environmental Research Series 13 IUCN – The World Conservation Union 2000 The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN or the Government of the Netherlands concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN or the Government of the Netherlands. This publication has been made possible in part by funding from the Ministry of Agriculture, Nature Management and Fisheries of the Government of the Netherlands. Published by: IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK Copyright: © 2000 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commer- cial purposes is prohibitedwithoutprior written permission of the copyright holder. Citation: Price, Martin F. (ed.), 2000. Cooperation in the European Mountains 2: The Caucasus. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. x + 160pp. ISBN: 2-8317-0534-7 Cover design by: IUCN Publications Services Unit Cover photo: Martin F. Price Layout by: Martin F. Price Produced by: IUCN Publications Services Unit Printed by: Black Bear Press Ltd, Cambridge, UK Available from: IUCN Publications Services Unit 219c Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 ODL, UK Tel: +44 1223 277894, Fax: +44 1223 277175 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.iucn.org A catalogue of IUCN publications is also available The text of this book is printed on Fineblade Extra 90 gsm made from low chlorine pulp Contents Foreword ix 1. Introduction (Y.P. Badenkov and V. Vashakmadze) 1 1.1 Specially protected natural areas 3 1.2 Regional cooperation 4 2. Armenia (A. Grigorian) 7 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2 Landscape and biological diversity 8 2.3 Human influences on landscapes and biological diversity 16 2.4 Institutions for landscape and biological diversity conservation 19 2.5 Non-governmental nature conservation organizations 19 3. Azerbaijan (A.N. Gunia) 21 3.1 Introduction 21 3.2 Landscape and biological diversity 21 3.3 Human influences on landscapes and biological diversity 27 3.4 Environmental policy and institutions 31 4. Georgia (V. Vashakmadze) 35 4.1 Introduction 35 4.2 Landscape and biological diversity 38 4.3 Human influences on landscape and biological diversity 41 4.4 State environmental policy and institutions 47 4.5 Regional cooperation and institutional framework 49 5. Russian Federation 53 5.1 Krasnodarsky kray (N.B. Eskin) 53 5.1.1 Introduction 53 5.1.2 Landscape and biological diversity 53 5.1.3 Human influences on landscape and biological diversity 57 5.1.4 Natural resources management 61 5.1.5 Cooperation: state and non-governmental organizations 62 5.2 Adygeia Republic (N.B. Eskin) 64 5.2.1 Introduction 64 5.2.2 Landscape and biological diversity 65 5.2.3 Human influences on landscape and biological diversity 70 5.2.4 Natural resources management 74 5.2.5 Cooperation: academic and non-governmental organizations 75 V 5.3 Karatchaevo-Tcherkesskaya Republic (N.B. Eskin) 77 5.3.1 Introduction 77 5.3.2 Landscape and biological diversity 77 5.3.3 Human influences on landscape and biological diversity 80 5.3.4 Natural resources management 83 5.3.5. Cooperation: non-governmental organizations, universities and research institutions 84 5.4 Kabardino-Balkaria (A.N. Gunia) 85 5.4.1 Introduction 85 5.4.2 Landscape and biological diversity 85 5.4.3 Human influences on landscape and biological diversity 88 5.4.4 Institutions and activities for natural resources management 93 5.5 North Ossetia-Alania (B.M. Beroev) 95 5.5.1 Introduction 95 5.5.2 Landscape and biological diversity 96 5.5.3 Human influences on landscape and biological diversity 100 5.5.4 Framework for the management of natural resources 105 5.5.5 Inter-state and regional cooperation 106 5.6 Ingushetia (A.N. Gunia) 107 5.6.1 Introduction 107 5.6.2 Landscape and biological diversity 107 5.6.3 Human influences on landscape and biological diversity 110 5.6.4 Framework for the management of natural resources 112 5.7 Tchechen Republic Itchkeria (A.N. Gunia) 114 5.7.1 Introduction 114 5.7.2 Landscape and biological diversity 114 5.7.3 Human influences on landscape and biological diversity 118 5.7.4 Framework for the management of natural resources 120 5.8 Stavropolsky kray (A.N. Gunia) 122 5.8.1 Introduction 122 5.8.2 Landscape and biological diversity 122 5.8.3 Human influences on landscape and biological diversity 125 5.8.4 Framework for the management of natural resources 126 5.9 Dagestan (A.N. Gunia) 128 5.9.1 Introduction 128 5.9.2 Landscape and biological diversity 128 5.9.3 Human influences on landscape and biological diversity 132 5.9.4 Framework for management of natural resources 135 6. Bibliography 139 Appendices 1. Government organizations 145 2. Non-governmental organizations 152 3. Authors and editors 160 vi Tables 2.1 Administrative units and population distribution in Armenia 7 2.2 Taxonomic characteristics of Armenia's flora 9 2.3 Species listed in the Red Book of Armenia 12 3.1 Azerbaijan's landscape and biological diversity 22 3.2 Azerbaijan's protected areas 26 3.3 Land use structure in Azerbaijan (early 1990s) 27 4.1 Existing (ex-Soviet) nature protected areas in Georgia (1996) 40 4.2 Numbers of protected fauna species in Georgia's national parks and protected areas 40 4.3 Forest resources of Georgia 42 4.4 Total area of forests and timber resources in Georgia, 1985-1997 42 4.5 Industrial use of energy resources in Georgia 45 4.6 The ten largest lakes and reservoirs in Georgia 45 4.7 Major rivers in Georgia 46 4.8 Georgian state and private sector capital investment in environmental protection activities (1995) 48 5.1 Sanctuaries of Krasnodarsky kray 56 5.2 Administrative structure and population of Adygeia Republic 64 5.3 Protected areas of Adygeia Republic (January 1, 1999) 67 5.4 Administrative structure and population of Karatchaevo Tcherkesskaya Republic 78 5.5 Kabardino-Balkaria: altitudinal zones and their characteristics 86 5.6 Kabardino-Balkaria's protected natural areas 89 5.7 Land use in Kabardino-Balkaria 90 5.8 Area of North Ossetia-Alania by altitudinal zone 95 5.9 Population of North Ossetia-Alania by administrative unit 95 5.10 Ingushetia's landscape and biological diversity 108 5.11 Tchechnia's landscape and biological diversity 115 5.12 Hunting reservations in Tchechnia 117 5.13 Stavropolsky kray's landscape and biological diversity 123 5.14 Dagestan's landscape and biological diversity 130 5.15 Dagestan's protected natural areas 131 5.16 Land use in Dagestan (01.01.93) 132 5.17 Dagestan: distribution of land occupied by forests and shrubs (000 ha) 134 Map 1. The Caucasus 2 vii Foreword This report has been prepared as a contribution to Action Theme 10 (mountain ecosystems) of the Pan-European Biological and Landscape Diversity Strategy (PEBLDS). The financial support for this activity, provided by the Netherlands Ministry of Agriculture, Nature Management and Fisheries, is gratefully acknowledged. Over the period 1996-2015, the goal of the PEBLDS is to achieve the conservation and sustainable use of biological and landscape diversity for the whole continent of Europe and all its regions. Its aims are to: • substantially reduce, or where possible remove, the threats to Europe's biological and landscape diversity; • increase the resilience of European biological and landscape diversity; • strengthen the ecological coherence of Europe as a whole; • increase considerably public involvement and awareness concerning bio- logical and landscape diversity issues. These aims are being implemented through four five-year Action Plans. In the 1996–2000 Action Plan, a total of eleven Action Themes were outlined. Action Theme 10 considers mountain ecosystems and, under this, ten activities (or sets of activities) were initially proposed for implementation, under the leadership of IUCN's European Programme. These activities were very diverse, reflecting the negotiation process that took place during the process of drafting the PEBLDS before it was endorsed by the environment ministers of 55 countries at the third 'Environment for Europe' conference in Sofia, Bulgaria, in 1995 (Price, 1999).
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