Sons of Isaac

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Sons of Isaac Sons of Isaac Ezekiel 38:1-4a, “And the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, Son of man, set thy face against Gog, the land of Magog, the chief prince of Meshech and Tubal, and prophesy against him, And say, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I am against thee, O Gog, the chief prince of Meshech and Tubal: And I will turn thee back...” From political leaders to pastors behind their pulpits to authors that write on this subject concerning last day events and eschatology, 99.9% have said what we read here in verse 2 (at least the Gog, the land of Magog’ part of it) has to be Russia. I have been saying it is not. I told you in the first message and reminded you in the second message that this whole concept started because of what Josephus wrote in one line of his works on the History of the Jews, saying that the Greeks claimed that the Magogites (the people from Magog) were Scythians. Now everyone knows the Scythians were a group of people that populated southern Russia. So that is how they make their Russian connection. And of course, that caught on especially in the 1800’s but it really took off about 70-80 years ago when Russia turned into a communistic nation. So it really gained in popularity to call the Russians the Magogites: “Gog, the land of Magog, the chief prince of Meshech and Tubal, and prophesy against him—they are it, we finally have our explanation now who this is referring to.” So they are either just too plain lazy to do the homework or they just don’t care enough about history to look into who these Scythians were; because if they did, as I’ve been saying now for two messages, they would find the Lost Tribes of Israel were Scythians (the ten northern tribes that were either taken into captivity or they disbursed themselves to run from the captivity that was coming). The group that ran went north between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea. The groups that were taken in the captivity were mostly populated in northern Iran, eastern Iraq. Then the Assyrian Empire eventually lost its power and the tribes migrated north east of the Caspian Sea. I told you last time that there were three major Scythian groups; and ones that went into captivity, and ones that ran from captivity before they were captive. With that short introduction, I am going to pick up where we left off last time. Most of the Israelite tribes [the northern tribes, because the tribes were not called Israelites in the south, they were the House of Judah] scattered into Asia circa 721 B.C. If you look in your encyclopedias, it records the Scythians arrived in the region of the southern Russian area about 700 BC. An historian of the Scythians wrote the following: "The Scythians did not become a recognizable national entity before the eighth century B.C. By the seventh century B.C. they had established themselves firmly in southern Russia. Assyrian documents place their appearance on the shores of Lake Urmia [just south of Armenia] in the time of King Sargon (722-705 B.C.) a date which closely corresponds with that of the first establishment of the first group of Scythians in southern Russia". These accounts (and others) record that the Scythians appeared in South Russia at the very time that the ten tribes of Israel were fleeing from the final Assyrian invasion. The account of scholars dates the Scythian arrival in Armenia and south Russia to the very time that the Bible states the Israelites were removed from their homeland. (Some of the tribes were already captive to the Assyrians and they had no choice re: where they were relocated). Scholars agree the Scythians were firmly established in south Russia by the 7th century B.C. The message of God to the ten tribes (Israel) found in Jeremiah 3 was given near the end of the 7th century B.C., and it indicates they were located north of Jerusalem. The Scythians lived straight north of Jerusalem in the Black Sea region Israel’s migration happened in different waves. There is a wave that went westward but I am not going to get into that now. Then we see a black line from Samaria going north into the Armenian area. Straight north of that, we see Scyths. You can also see Sacae, a name the Israelites became known as (even though they were at that time considered Scythians), which is a name that identifies them back to Isaac, which is scripturally sound. As they went westward, they became the Gauls, the Celts, and so-forth. Now the tribes that were taken before the final dispersion of the northern tribes, the ones that were running before they were conquered and taken into captivity, they went eastward. You can see the eastward line there, across the Euphrates, across the Tigress into the Medes area. They became known as the Cimmerians. Those were the ones that once they were released from their captivity went north, up on the east side of the Caspian Sea (though no arrow shows that). They went up and they met up with the rest of the Scythians up there, the Sacae, which were the northern tribes of Israel. With the above map you see a more completed migration of what happened to the Scythians. We see the launching point, Israel, and groups of Israelites going up between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea. And of course the Cimmerians caught up and they are all considered Scythians then for the most part in southern Russia. Then as they migrated west, they became known as the Celts all the way until you get to Scandinavia and the western part of Europe, and then eventually to what we call the British Isles today. Now pre-captivity they also migrated, but like I said that is not part of this teaching. That is the green arrows that you see here that went westward through the Mediterranean Sea, through the pillars of Hercules, around Spain, around Portugal today (that is what they’re known as), and into the British Isles. The Scythians were also known as the Sacae or the Saka. The terms Saka [Sacae] and Scyths were regarded as synonymous. The famous Greek historian, Herodotus, wrote that the Persians call all the Scythians Sacae . In these accounts, it is apparent that the Scythian tribes are known by a form of the Hebrew patriarch, Isaac. The Scythian tribes known as the Sacae or Saka bore the name of Isaac upon them, fulfilling the prophecies in Genesis 21:12 and 48:16 that the Israelite tribes would bear that name. If this is all the evidence there was, the similarity could be a coincidence. However, there is much more evidence that the Scythian Sacae were the displaced Israelite tribes. One could argue that the emergence of the Scythians in the Black Sea region at the same point in history that the ten tribes of Israel fled the kingdom of Israel was just a coincidence. However, the presence of uniquely Israelite cultural traits and names among the Scythians confirms that the Scythians were, indeed, displaced and relocated Israelites from the ten-tribes of Israel. It has been noted above that the Scythians were known as Saka or Sacae, and that this name of Isaac would be imprinted on the ten tribes of Israel throughout history. The Scythians' homelands were not limited to just the Black Sea region. They began to expand eastward across the steppes quickly as their population burgeoned, and they also established themselves in Asia Minor and the Caucasus Mountains. An early Scythian capital was named Sakiz, again proclaiming to the world the significance of the name of the Israelite patriarch, Isaac, to their history. The Greek story of Xenophon mentions the Sacians of Asia who suffered very severely at the hands of the Assyrians, and a Roman writer, Pliny, stated the Scythians were descended from slaves. These accounts reveal strong linkages between the Scythians I.e. (the Sacians) and the Israelites. The Israelites were, indeed, descended from Israelite slaves in Egypt who were freed by Divine action via the Exodus in the time of Moses. They also had suffered severely at the hands of the Assyrians because Assyria repeatedly waged war against the kingdom of Israel in biblical times until its tribes were either taken captive by Assyria or were driven into forced exile. Herodotus noted the presence of Sacae in both the army and navy of the Persian monarch, Xerxes, which marched against the Greeks circa 480 B.C. And maybe, just maybe, that is why Josephus got confused, there were still some Greeks calling them Magogites because of their relationship with the Persian monarch Xerxes—not by choice more than likely because some were still enslaved. Then they march against the Greeks in 480 B.C. Now the Greeks were not going to say wonderful things about the Sacae, that was their enemy just as Xerxes was. One can find references to the Sacae of Herodotus as the Sacans. One writer who uses the term Sacans as synonymous with the Sacae is Paul Cartledge, who uses that term in his book, Thermopylae. Herodotus also recorded that the Scythians recoiled from using or keeping swine. He wrote: "They [the Scythians] make no offerings of pigs, nor will they keep them in their country" . Since the Scythians not only refused to allow pigs to be used in sacrificial purposes, but banned them entirely from their territory, it is evident that the Scythians did not eat the flesh of swine either.
Recommended publications
  • Ancient Iranian Nomads in Western Central Asia
    ISBN 978-92-3-102846-5 ANCIENT IRANIAN NOMADS IN. 1 ANCIENT IRANIAN NOMADS IN WESTERN CENTRAL ASIA* A. Abetekov and H. Yusupov Contents Literary sources on the ancient Iranian nomads of Central Asia ............ 25 Society and economy of the Iranian nomads of Central Asia .............. 26 Culture of the Iranian nomads of Central Asia ..................... 29 The territory of Central Asia, which consists of vast expanses of steppe-land, desert and semi-desert with fine seasonal pastures, was destined by nature for the development of nomadic cattle-breeding. Between the seventh and third centuries b.c. it was inhabited by a large number of tribes, called Scythians by the Greeks, and Sakas by the Persians. The history of the Central Asian nomads is inseparable from that of the nomadic and semi-nomadic peoples of the Eurasian steppe zone. Their political and economic life was closely linked, and their material culture had much in common. It should also be noted that, despite their distinctive qualities, the nomadic tribes were closely connected with the agricultural population of Central Asia. In fact, the history and movements of these nomadic tribes and the settled population cannot be considered in isolation; each had its impact on the other, and this interdependence must be properly understood. * See Map 1. 24 ISBN 978-92-3-102846-5 Literary sources on the ancient Iranian. Literary sources on the ancient Iranian nomads of Central Asia The term ‘Tura’¯ 1 is the name by which the Central Asian nomadic tribes were in one of the earliest parts of the Avesta. The Turas¯ are portrayed as enemies of the sedentary Iranians and described, in Yašt XVII (prayer to the goddess Aši), 55–6, as possessing fleet-footed horses.2 As early as 641 or 640 b.c.
    [Show full text]
  • Status and Protection of Globally Threatened Species in the Caucasus
    STATUS AND PROTECTION OF GLOBALLY THREATENED SPECIES IN THE CAUCASUS CEPF Biodiversity Investments in the Caucasus Hotspot 2004-2009 Edited by Nugzar Zazanashvili and David Mallon Tbilisi 2009 The contents of this book do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of CEPF, WWF, or their sponsoring organizations. Neither the CEPF, WWF nor any other entities thereof, assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, product or process disclosed in this book. Citation: Zazanashvili, N. and Mallon, D. (Editors) 2009. Status and Protection of Globally Threatened Species in the Caucasus. Tbilisi: CEPF, WWF. Contour Ltd., 232 pp. ISBN 978-9941-0-2203-6 Design and printing Contour Ltd. 8, Kargareteli st., 0164 Tbilisi, Georgia December 2009 The Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) is a joint initiative of l’Agence Française de Développement, Conservation International, the Global Environment Facility, the Government of Japan, the MacArthur Foundation and the World Bank. This book shows the effort of the Caucasus NGOs, experts, scientific institutions and governmental agencies for conserving globally threatened species in the Caucasus: CEPF investments in the region made it possible for the first time to carry out simultaneous assessments of species’ populations at national and regional scales, setting up strategies and developing action plans for their survival, as well as implementation of some urgent conservation measures. Contents Foreword 7 Acknowledgments 8 Introduction CEPF Investment in the Caucasus Hotspot A. W. Tordoff, N. Zazanashvili, M. Bitsadze, K. Manvelyan, E. Askerov, V. Krever, S. Kalem, B. Avcioglu, S. Galstyan and R. Mnatsekanov 9 The Caucasus Hotspot N.
    [Show full text]
  • The Egyptians and the Scythians in Herodotus' Histories
    Bard College Bard Digital Commons Senior Projects Spring 2011 Bard Undergraduate Senior Projects Spring 2011 The Old and the Restless: The Egyptians and the Scythians in Herodotus' Histories Robert J. Hagan Bard College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.bard.edu/senproj_s2011 Part of the Classical Literature and Philology Commons This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Recommended Citation Hagan, Robert J., "The Old and the Restless: The Egyptians and the Scythians in Herodotus' Histories" (2011). Senior Projects Spring 2011. 10. https://digitalcommons.bard.edu/senproj_s2011/10 This Open Access work is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been provided to you by Bard College's Stevenson Library with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this work in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights- holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/or on the work itself. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 1 The Old and the Restless: The Egyptians and the Scythians in Herodotus’ Histories Senior Project Submitted to Division of Language and Literature of Bard College by Robert Hagan Annandale-on-Hudson, New York May 2011 2 Acknowledgments On the completion of this sometimes challenging, but always rewarding project, I thank my family and friends for their support throughout the year. Thanks also go to the classics department at Bard, including Bill Mullen and Thomas Bartscherer for their help and advice, as well as one dearly needed extension.
    [Show full text]
  • Theme IV Iron Age
    Theme IV Iron Age Time line Earliest Textual Reference of Iron: 3-2 Millennium BCE Earliest Archaeological Reference of Iron: 1st Millennium BCE Continuous Production of Iron: 12th-9th century BCE Iron in Daily Use: 8th century BCE Iron Age Civilizations The Hittites The Mittanis The Assyrians The Hallstatt Culture Scythians Ateas 429-339 BCE Xiongnu Touman 220-209 BCE Maodun 209-174 BCE Huns Rua/Rugila 432-434 CE Attila c. 434-453 CE Wusuns Nandoumi d. 173 BCE Liejaomi c. 173-104 BCE Early Turkish Empire Bumin 551-552 CE Taghpar 572-581 CE Nivar 581-587 CE Second Turkish Empire (Eastern Turkish Empire) Ilterish 682-691 CE Mongols Chinggis Khan 1206-1227 CE Photograph: Attila and his Hordes overrun Italy and the Arts (detail) Credit: Eugene Delacroix (1798-1863) Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Eugene_Ferdinand_Victor_Delacroix_ Attila_fragment.jpg UNIT 10 USES OF IRON AND ITS IMPLICATIONS* Structure 10.1 Objectives 10.2 Introduction 10.3 Technology of Iron Smelting 10.4 Emergence of Iron 10.4.1 Evidences: Texts and Inscriptions 10.4.2 Archaeological Evidences 10.5 Spread of Iron and Its Implications 10.6 Iron Age in the Near East 10.7 Iron Age in Europe 10.8 Summary 10.9 Key Words 10.10 Answers to Check Your Progress Exercises 10.11 Suggested Readings 10.12 Instructional Video Recommendations 10.1 OBJECTIVES In this Unit, we will discuss the beginning of the technology of iron smelting and the change associated with the introduction of iron as the metal of choice by early c.
    [Show full text]
  • Challenges of Democracy in the European Union and Its Neighbors
    Challenges of Democracy in the European Union and its Neighbors Aylin Ünver Noi and Sasha Toperich Editors Center for Transatlantic Relations Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies Johns Hopkins University Aylin Ünver Noi and Sasha Toperich, eds. Challenges of Democracy in the European Union and its Neighbors Washington, DC: Center for Transatlantic Relations, 2016. © Center for Transatlantic Relations, 2016 Center for Transatlantic Relations The Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies The Johns Hopkins University 1717 Massachusetts Ave., NW, Suite 525 Washington, DC 20036 Tel: (202) 663-5880 Fax: (202) 663-5879 Email: [email protected] http://transatlantic.sais-jhu.edu ISBN 13: 978-0-9907720-6 Cover image: Shutterstock.com Contents Preface . .v Acknowledgements . .vii List of Abbreviations . .ix Tables and Figures . .xi Introduction . .xiii Aylin Ünver Noi and Sasha Toperich Part I Challenges Of Democracy In The European Union Chapter 1 . .3 The Conceptual Challenge to Transnational Democracy in the European Union Mario Telò Chapter 2 . .25 Racism in Europe: A Challenge for Democracy Leila Hadj-Abdou Part II Challenges Of Democracy In The Aspirant Countries Chapter 3 . .45 Challenges of Democracy in Turkey: Europeanization, Modernization and Securitization Revisited Aylin Ünver Noi Chapter 4 . .75 Challenges of Democracy in Serbia Daniel Serwer Chapter 5 . .93 Challenges of Democracy in Bosnia and Herzegovina Sasha Toperich and Mak Kamenica iv CHALLENGES OF DEMOCRACY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION AND ITS NEIGHBORS Part III Challenges of Democracy in the Neighborhood of the European Union Chapter 6 . .109 Rethinking the European Union’s Neighborhood Policy Michael Leigh Chapter 7 . .123 Challenges of Democracy in the Caucasus Alex Sokolowski Chapter 8 .
    [Show full text]
  • Let the Mountains Sing
    Let L mountains singN Prayers for the peoples of the Caucasus Every morning, the sun rises over the rugged Caucasus Mountains and casts its warm glow on more than 2,000 villages found between the Black and Caspian Seas. The Caucasus Mountains are largely unknown to the praying world; yet within these vast and beautiful mountains, some of the earth’s most unreached peoples live in oppressive spiritual darkness. Today, 45 distinct languages exist among the peoples of the Caucasus. Suspicious of outsiders, resistant to change, speaking some of the world’s most complex languages and shaped by war and conflict, the fiercly independent peoples of the Caucasus are — from a human perspective — a daunting challenge to the spread of the gospel. PEOPLE GROUPS of the CAUCASUS Every color on the map represents a distinct ethno-linguistic people group of the Caucasus. But even within these groups there are often additional linguistic breakdowns. Many of the 45 to 50 distinct Caucasus languages are among the most complex in the world. The world’s languages are categorized from Level 1, simplest to learn, to Level 4, most difficult. Most of the Caucasus languages are Level 4 languages. Source: NCRP-2014 For centuries, the Caucasus Mountains have hosted epic conquerors, power struggles, war and triumph. In Greek mythology, fire was created in the Caucasus. Prometheus was chained in its mountains. Arabs, Byzantines, Mongols, Persians, Tatars, Turks, Russians and Nazis have each tried to conquer and control the lands around the Caucasus. The many people of the Caucasus are resilient, holding fast Each rising sun carries the grace of another day for the to ancient traditions as they raise their families and support Caucasus — a day filled with hope and opportunity.
    [Show full text]
  • Persian Imperial Policy Behind the Rise and Fall of the Cimmerian Bosporus in the Last Quarter of the Sixth to the Beginning of the Fifth Century BC
    Persian Imperial Policy Behind the Rise and Fall of the Cimmerian Bosporus in the Last Quarter of the Sixth to the Beginning of the Fifth Century BC Jens Nieling The aim of the following paper is to recollect arguments for the hypotheses of a substantial Persian interference in the Greek colonies of the Cimmerian Bosporus and that they remained not untouched by Achaemenid policy in western Anatolia. The settlements ought to have been affected positively in their prime in the last quarter of the sixth century, but also harmed during their first major crisis at the beginning of the fifth century and afterwards. A serious break in the tight interrelationship between the Bosporan area and Achaemenid Anatolia occurred through the replacement of the Archaeanactid dynasty, ruling the Cimmerian Bosporus from 480 onwards, in favour of the succeeding Spartocids by an Athenian naval expedition under the command of Pericles in the year 438/437.1 The assumption of a predominant Persian influence to the north of the Caucasus mountains contradicts the still current theory of V. Tolstikov2 and the late Yu.G. Vinogradov,3 who favour instead a major Scythian or local impact as a decisive factor at the Bosporan sites.4 To challenge this traditional posi- tion, this paper will follow the successive stages of architectural development in the central settlement of Pantikapaion on its way to becoming the capital of the region. The argumentation is necessarily based on a parallelization of stratigraphical evidence with historical sources, since decisive archaeological data to support either the Persian or the Scythian hypothesis are few.
    [Show full text]
  • The Magog Deception
    The Magog Deception Open your bible to Ezekiel 38. Verse 1, “And the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, Son of man, set thy face against Gog, the land of Magog, the chief prince [or the prince of the chief] of Meshech and Tubal, and prophesy against him, And say, [...] I am against thee, O Gog, the chief prince of Meshech and Tubal...” God is against them. “Ezekiel tells us that Gog, [referring to Magog], the nation that will lead all of the other powers of darkness against Israel, will come out of the north. Biblical scholars have been saying for generation that Gog must be Russia. What other powerful nation is to the north of Israel? None. But it didn’t seem to make sense before the Russian revolution, when Russia was a Christian country. Now it does, now that Russia has become communistic and atheistic, now that Russia has set itself against God. Now it fits the description of Gog perfectly.” The above is part of a speech given at a dinner with California legislators back in 1971 by a then future U.S. President, Ronald Regan. People can come up with and propagate all kinds of theories of who is who and what is what when they do not study God’s Word along with the history that must go along with it. I have kind of pointed that out in this series for years now. Even a former U.S. President was convinced that Russia was Gog of Magog, that they are the ones to the north.
    [Show full text]
  • Russia.Pdf 71 Chicago Tribune
    Table of Contents PROFILE 5 INTRODUCTION 5 FACTS AND FIGURES 6 GEOGRAPHY 15 INTRODUCTION 15 GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS AND TOPOGRAPHIC FEATURES 15 KOLA PENINSULA 15 RUSSIAN PLAIN 15 CAUCASUS MOUNTAINS 16 URAL MOUNTAINS 16 WEST SIBERIAN PLAIN 17 CENTRAL SIBERIAN PLATEAU 17 TAYMYR PENINSULA 17 MOUNTAINS OF THE SOUTH AND EAST 18 CLIMATE 19 RIVERS AND LAKES 20 CASPIAN SEA/BLACK SEA 20 ARCTIC OCEAN 21 PACIFIC OCEAN 22 MAJOR CITIES 23 MOSCOW 24 SAINT PETERSBURG 25 NOVOSIBIRSK 26 NIZHNIY NOVGOROD 27 YEKATERINBURG 28 ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS 29 WATER POLLUTION 29 NUCLEAR ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS 29 NATURAL HAZARDS 30 HISTORY 32 EARLY HISTORY 32 ORIGIN OF THE RUSSIAN STATE 32 KIEVAN RUS 33 THE MONGOL INVASION 34 THE GOLDEN HORDE 34 THE RISE OF MUSCOVY (MOSCOW) 35 IVAN IV (THE TERRIBLE) 36 BORIS GODUNOV AND THE TIME OF TROUBLES 37 THE ROMANOVS 38 PETER I (THE GREAT) 38 THE ERA OF PALACE REVOLUTIONS 39 2 CATHERINE II 40 THE EARLY 19TH CENTURY 41 REFORM EFFORTS 41 ALEXANDER III 42 REVOLUTIONS AND CIVIL WAR 43 PROLOGUE TO REVOLUTION 43 WORLD WAR I AND THE FEBRUARY REVOLUTION 44 THE OCTOBER REVOLUTION 45 THE SOVIET ERA 46 THE ASCENT OF STALIN 46 STALIN’S PURGES 47 WORLD WAR II 47 POST WORLD WAR II 48 KHRUSHCHEV AND THE POST-STALIN THAW 49 BREZHNEV, ANDROPOV, AND CHERNENKO 50 PERESTROIKA AND GLASNOST 50 THE LAST YEARS OF THE SOVIET UNION 51 END GAME 52 POST-SOVIET RUSSIA 53 ECONOMIC TROUBLES 53 CHECHNYA 53 PUTIN AND MEDVEDEV 54 ECONOMY 56 INTRODUCTION 56 INDUSTRY AND MANUFACTURING 56 AGRICULTURE 57 BANKING AND CURRENCY 58 TRADE 59 INVESTMENT 61 ENERGY AND MINERAL
    [Show full text]
  • Download File
    ANABASIS 5 (2014) STUDIA CLASSICA ET O RIE NTALIA Habib Borjian (Columbia University, USA) A PERSIAN VIEW OF THE STEPPE IRANIANS1 Keywords: Eurasian Steppes, Scythians, Sarmatians, Alans, Persian Empire, Iranian national traditions, Avesta, Shahnama By the turn of the second to first millennium BCE, the Iranian-speaking tribes of the Steppe Bronze Cultures had parted into two main groups: those who mi- grated south eventually into the plateau which bears their name to this date, and those who expanded their domain within the steppes, westward into the Volga and Pontic regions and beyond, and southward well into the Caucasus and Cen- tral Asia. These two main branches of the same people evolved in the very dif- ferent ways, characteristic to other societies living in the southern and northern Eurasia. Nevertheless, as South and North Iranians – even if separated by deserts and mountains – were often immediate neighbors, they kept influencing each other as long as the Iranian pastoralist riders ruled the Eurasian Steppes. After all, many of the vicissitudes undergone by Persia since the dawn of her history have been related to the Steppe warriors, and, on the other side of the coin, much of what we know today about the history of the Scythians, Sarmatians, and Alans are due to their interactions with the Iranian civilization in Western Asia. In addition to these two groups, which I shall call South and North Iranians for simplicity, we may yet identify a third group: those of Central Asia, whom are usually referred to as Eastern Iranians in scholarly literature. These consist of the settled Chorasmians, Sogdians, and Bactrians, among others, who were the immediate southern neighbors of the nomadic Sacae, Massagetae, Dahae, and Chionites of the area from the river Jaxartes up to the Kazakh Steppe.
    [Show full text]
  • The Russian Armed Forces Confront
    WARNING! The views expressed in FMSO publications and reports are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. The Caucasus Conflict and Russian Security: the Russian Armed Forces Confront Chechnya Part One, Section One: From Intervention to the Outskirts of Grozny (Military-Political Events from 11 December to 31 December) Mr. Timothy L. Thomas Foreign Military Studies Office, Fort Leavenworth, KS. This article was first published in Slavic Military Studies Vol 8, No 2, June 1995, pp 233-256. Note: This article is based on open source literature published in the Russian press, and items broadcast on Russian radio and TV. Most, but not all, of the reports are from the Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS). During the intervention, Russian government and Chechen sources accused one another of placing disinformation in the press. This effort does not aim to prove one point of view correct. It's aim is merely to provide a framework and some logic for the events that have occurred and their consequences. TABLE OF CONTENTS • INTRODUCTION • RUSSIAN RATIONALE FOR THE INTERVENTION • THE LEGAL CASE FOR INTERVENTION • COMMAND AND CONTROL • THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE INTERVENTION Part One, Section One: From Intervention to the Outskirts of Grozny (Military-Political Events from 11 December to 31 December) "No territory has the right to leave Russia." President Yeltsin on Russian TV, 27 December 1994 "Its good to be king." Comedian Mel Brooks, The History of the World As New Year's Eve approached, Russian military gun sights remained pointed at the Presidential Palace of Chechen President Dzhokhar Dudayev.
    [Show full text]
  • The Caucasus Biodiversity Hotspot
    Russia Turkey The Caucasus Biodiversity Hotspot Because of the great diversity and rarity of their floras, the nations of the Caucasus have initiated a project to prepare a Red Book of endemic plants of the region in collaboration with the Missouri Botanical Garden and the World Conservation Union (IUCN), and with the support of the Members of the Russian Federation, including Adygeya, The Lesser Caucasus Mountains and refugial Colchis flora Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF). Chechnya, Dagestan, Ingushetia, Kabardino-Balkaria, extend westward into Turkey. The Turkish portion of the Karachevo-Cherkessi, North Ossetia, Krasnodarskiy, and Caucasus contains about 2,500 plant species, with 210 The Caucasus region lies between the Black and Caspian Stavropol’skiy Kray, occupy the North Caucasus. The region national and 750 regional endemics. Salix rizeensis Güner & Seas and is the meeting point of Europe and Asia. The contains 3,700 plant species, with ca. 280 national and ca. Ziel. (EN) [above] is found in pastures around Trabzon and region is well known from Greek mythology: the Argonauts 1,300 Caucasian endemics. Mt. Bol’shaya Khatipara [above] Rize, usually along streams, at 2,000-3,000 m elevation. searched for the Golden Fleece there. According to the Bible, in the Teberda Reserve is covered with snow during most of Asteraceae is one of the largest families in the Caucasus. Mt. Ararat was the resting place for Noah’s Ark. the year. Grossheimia Crocus scharojanii (Centaurea) Rupr. (VU) [left], which heleniodes (Boiss.) comes into flower in late Sosn. & Takht. (EN) summer, occurs in many [left] is named after parts of the Caucasus the famous Russian and is especially botanist Alexander The vegetation of the Caucasus is remarkably diverse, abundant in Teberda.
    [Show full text]