Let the Mountains Sing
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Status and Protection of Globally Threatened Species in the Caucasus
STATUS AND PROTECTION OF GLOBALLY THREATENED SPECIES IN THE CAUCASUS CEPF Biodiversity Investments in the Caucasus Hotspot 2004-2009 Edited by Nugzar Zazanashvili and David Mallon Tbilisi 2009 The contents of this book do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of CEPF, WWF, or their sponsoring organizations. Neither the CEPF, WWF nor any other entities thereof, assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, product or process disclosed in this book. Citation: Zazanashvili, N. and Mallon, D. (Editors) 2009. Status and Protection of Globally Threatened Species in the Caucasus. Tbilisi: CEPF, WWF. Contour Ltd., 232 pp. ISBN 978-9941-0-2203-6 Design and printing Contour Ltd. 8, Kargareteli st., 0164 Tbilisi, Georgia December 2009 The Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) is a joint initiative of l’Agence Française de Développement, Conservation International, the Global Environment Facility, the Government of Japan, the MacArthur Foundation and the World Bank. This book shows the effort of the Caucasus NGOs, experts, scientific institutions and governmental agencies for conserving globally threatened species in the Caucasus: CEPF investments in the region made it possible for the first time to carry out simultaneous assessments of species’ populations at national and regional scales, setting up strategies and developing action plans for their survival, as well as implementation of some urgent conservation measures. Contents Foreword 7 Acknowledgments 8 Introduction CEPF Investment in the Caucasus Hotspot A. W. Tordoff, N. Zazanashvili, M. Bitsadze, K. Manvelyan, E. Askerov, V. Krever, S. Kalem, B. Avcioglu, S. Galstyan and R. Mnatsekanov 9 The Caucasus Hotspot N. -
History of the Turkish People
June IJPSS Volume 2, Issue 6 ISSN: 2249-5894 2012 _________________________________________________________ History of the Turkish people Vahid Rashidvash* __________________________________________________________ Abstract The Turkish people also known as "Turks" (Türkler) are defined mainly as being speakers of Turkish as a first language. In the Republic of Turkey, an early history text provided the definition of being a Turk as "any individual within the Republic of Turkey, whatever his faith who speaks Turkish, grows up with Turkish culture and adopts the Turkish ideal is a Turk." Today the word is primarily used for the inhabitants of Turkey, but may also refer to the members of sizeable Turkish-speaking populations of the former lands of the Ottoman Empire and large Turkish communities which been established in Europe (particularly in Germany, France, and the Netherlands), as well as North America, and Australia. Key words: Turkish people. History. Culture. Language. Genetic. Racial characteristics of Turkish people. * Department of Iranian Studies, Yerevan State University, Yerevan, Republic of Armeni. A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage, India as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A. International Journal of Physical and Social Sciences http://www.ijmra.us 118 June IJPSS Volume 2, Issue 6 ISSN: 2249-5894 2012 _________________________________________________________ 1. Introduction The Turks (Turkish people), whose name was first used in history in the 6th century by the Chinese, are a society whose language belongs to the Turkic language family (which in turn some classify as a subbranch of Altaic linguistic family. -
The Security of the Caspian Sea Region
16. The Georgian–Abkhazian conflict Alexander Krylov I. Introduction The Abkhaz have long populated the western Caucasus. They currently number about 100 000 people, speak one of the languages of the Abkhazo-Adygeyan (west Caucasian) language group, and live in the coastal areas on the southern slopes of the Caucasian ridge and along the Black Sea coast. Together with closely related peoples of the western Caucasus (for example, the Abazins, Adygeyans and Kabardians (or Circassians)) they play an important role in the Caucasian ethno-cultural community and consider themselves an integral part of its future. At the same time, the people living in coastal areas on the southern slopes of the Caucasian ridge have achieved broader communication with Asia Minor and the Mediterranean civilizations than any other people of the Caucasus. The geographical position of Abkhazia on the Black Sea coast has made its people a major factor in the historical process of the western Caucasus, acting as an economic and cultural bridge with the outside world. Georgians and Abkhaz have been neighbours from time immemorial. The Georgians currently number about 4 million people. The process of national consolidation of the Georgian nation is still far from complete: it includes some 20 subgroups, and the Megrelians (sometimes called Mingrelians) and Svans who live in western Georgia are so different in language and culture from other Georgians that it would be more correct to consider them as separate peoples. Some scholars, Hewitt, for example,1 suggest calling the Georgian nation not ‘Georgians’ but by their own name, Kartvelians, which includes the Georgians, Megrelians and Svans.2 To call all the different Kartvelian groups ‘Georgians’ obscures the true ethnic situation. -
Second Report Submitted by the Russian Federation Pursuant to The
ACFC/SR/II(2005)003 SECOND REPORT SUBMITTED BY THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION PURSUANT TO ARTICLE 25, PARAGRAPH 2 OF THE FRAMEWORK CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF NATIONAL MINORITIES (Received on 26 April 2005) MINISTRY OF REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION REPORT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PROVISIONS OF THE FRAMEWORK CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF NATIONAL MINORITIES Report of the Russian Federation on the progress of the second cycle of monitoring in accordance with Article 25 of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities MOSCOW, 2005 2 Table of contents PREAMBLE ..............................................................................................................................4 1. Introduction........................................................................................................................4 2. The legislation of the Russian Federation for the protection of national minorities rights5 3. Major lines of implementation of the law of the Russian Federation and the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities .............................................................15 3.1. National territorial subdivisions...................................................................................15 3.2 Public associations – national cultural autonomies and national public organizations17 3.3 National minorities in the system of federal government............................................18 3.4 Development of Ethnic Communities’ National -
Between Integration and Resettlement: the Meskhetian Turks
BETWEEN INTEGRATION AND RESETTLEMENT: THE MESKHETIAN TURKS Oskari Pentikäinen and Tom Trier ECMI Working Paper # 21 September 2004 EUROPEAN CENTRE FOR MINORITY ISSUES (ECMI) Schiffbruecke 12 (Kompagnietor Building) D-24939 Flensburg Germany ( +49-(0)461-14 14 9-0 fax +49-(0)461-14 14 9-19 e-mail: [email protected] internet: http://www.ecmi.de ECMI Working Paper # 21 European Centre for Minority Issues (ECMI) Director: Marc Weller © Copyright 2004 by the European Centre for Minority Issues (ECMI) Published in August 2004 by the European Centre for Minority Issues (ECMI) List of Abbreviations.................................................................................................4 I. Introduction...........................................................................................................6 1. Who Are the Meskhetian Turks?...........................................................................9 2. A History of Forced Migration............................................................................11 II. The Meskhetian Turks’ Current Demographic and Socio-Political Situation.......13 1. Georgia...............................................................................................................15 2. Azerbaijan...........................................................................................................19 3. Ukraine...............................................................................................................20 4. Russia..................................................................................................................21 -
State Report Azerbaijan
ACFC/SR(2002)001 ______ REPORT SUBMITTED BY AZERBAIJAN PURSUANT TO ARTICLE 25, PARAGRAPH 1 OF THE FRAMEWORK CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF NATIONAL MINORITIES ______ (Received on 4 June 2002) _____ TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I............................................................................................................................................ 3 II. Aggression of the Republic of Armenia against the Republic of Azerbaijan..................... 9 III. Information on the form of the State structure.................................................................. 12 IV. Information on status of international law in national legislation .................................... 13 V. Information on demographic situation in the country ...................................................... 13 VI. Main economic data - gross domestic product and per capita income ............................. 15 VII. State’s national policy in the field of the protection of the rights of persons belonging to minorities ...................................................................................................................................... 15 VIII. Population awareness on international treaties to which Azerbaijan is a party to........ 16 P A R T II..................................................................................................................................... 18 Article 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 18 Article -
Sons of Isaac
Sons of Isaac Ezekiel 38:1-4a, “And the word of the LORD came unto me, saying, Son of man, set thy face against Gog, the land of Magog, the chief prince of Meshech and Tubal, and prophesy against him, And say, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I am against thee, O Gog, the chief prince of Meshech and Tubal: And I will turn thee back...” From political leaders to pastors behind their pulpits to authors that write on this subject concerning last day events and eschatology, 99.9% have said what we read here in verse 2 (at least the Gog, the land of Magog’ part of it) has to be Russia. I have been saying it is not. I told you in the first message and reminded you in the second message that this whole concept started because of what Josephus wrote in one line of his works on the History of the Jews, saying that the Greeks claimed that the Magogites (the people from Magog) were Scythians. Now everyone knows the Scythians were a group of people that populated southern Russia. So that is how they make their Russian connection. And of course, that caught on especially in the 1800’s but it really took off about 70-80 years ago when Russia turned into a communistic nation. So it really gained in popularity to call the Russians the Magogites: “Gog, the land of Magog, the chief prince of Meshech and Tubal, and prophesy against him—they are it, we finally have our explanation now who this is referring to.” So they are either just too plain lazy to do the homework or they just don’t care enough about history to look into who these Scythians were; because if they did, as I’ve been saying now for two messages, they would find the Lost Tribes of Israel were Scythians (the ten northern tribes that were either taken into captivity or they disbursed themselves to run from the captivity that was coming). -
Durable Solutions for Meskhetian Turks: the Issue Revisited
Andrei Khanzhin* Durable Solutions for Meskhetian Turks: The Issue Revisited I. Introduction Meskhetian Turks, with their bitter experience of two deportations and years of living in exile, have been perhaps the most neglected group among the peoples forci- bly uprooted by Stalin’s order in . They remain one of the few groups not to have been officially rehabilitated or allowed to return. It is striking how shabby is the state of discourse and analysis in academic and policy circles about the history, culture and current situation of Meskhetian Turks. Though lately the number of publications on the issue seems to have increased, genuinely profound studies of the Meskhetian Turks are still lacking. In-depth knowledge on the level of their integration in different regions, on their preferences regarding repatriation or resettlement, on their lifestyle, practices, history and culture in general is in demand. Indeed, it is urgently needed, for well- informed solutions of their problems are long overdue. Meskhetian Turks want to be officially allowed to return to the region they were deported from; they seek assistance, not obstruction, in their endeavours to integrate into countries they have been living in for decades; many of them long to find a place where they could be spared harassment and the haunting fear of another displacement. Until recently, the international com- munity largely kept aloof from the problems of the Meskhetian Turks. Unfortunately, notwithstanding some seemingly positive recent developments, thus far, progress with regard to their repatriation tends to zero. Problems related to Meskhetian Turks’ inte- gration in receiving societies have not had their fair share of attention either. -
Stress Chapter
Word stress in the languages of the Caucasus1 Lena Borise 1. Introduction Languages of the Caucasus exhibit impressive diversity when it comes to word stress. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the stress systems in North-West Caucasian (henceforth NWC), Nakh-Dagestanian (ND), and Kartvelian languages, as well as the larger Indo-European (IE) languages of the area, Ossetic and (Eastern) Armenian. For most of these languages, stress facts have only been partially described and analyzed, which raises the question about whether the available data can be used in more theoretically-oriented studies; cf. de Lacy (2014). Instrumental studies are not numerous either. Therefore, the current chapter relies mainly on impressionistic observations, and reflects the state of the art in the study of stress in these languages: there are still more questions than answers. The hope is that the present summary of the existing research can serve as a starting point for future investigations. This chapter is structured as follows. Section 2 describes languages that have free stress placement – i.e., languages in which stress placement is not predicted by phonological or morphological factors. Section 3 describes languages with fixed stress. These categories are not mutually exclusive, however. The classification of stress systems is best thought of as a continuum, with fixed stress and free stress languages as the two extremes, and most languages falling in the space between them. Many languages with fixed stress allow for exceptions based on certain phonological and/or morphological factors, so that often no firm line can be drawn between, e.g., languages with fixed stress that contain numerous morphologically conditioned exceptions (cf. -
Tales of the Narts: Ancient Myths and Legends of the Ossetians
IntRODUctION THE OSSETIAN EpIC “TALES OF THE NARTS” VASILY IvANOVICH ABAEV 1 w CYCLES, SubjECTS, HEROES In literary studies it is established that the epic poem passes through sev- eral stages in its formation. To begin we have an incomplete collection of stories with no connections between them, arising in various centers, at various times, for various reasons. That is the first stage in the formation of the epic. We cannot as yet name it such. But material is in the process of preparation that, given favorable conditions, begins to take on the out- lines of an epic poem. From the mass of heroes and subjects a few favorite names, events, and motifs stand out, and stories begin to crystallize around them, as centers of gravity. A few epic centers or cycles are formed. The epic enters the second stage of cycle formation. In a few instances, not all by any means, it may then attain a third stage. Cycles up to now unconnected may be, more or less artificially, united in one thematic thread, and are brought together in one consistent story, forming one epic poem. A hyper- cyclic formation, if one can use such a term, takes place. It may appear as the result of not only uniting several cycles, but as the expansion of one favorite cycle, at the expense of others less popular. This is the concluding epic phase. The transformation to this phase is frequently the result of individual creative efforts. For instance, the creation of the Iliad and the Odyssey Opposite page: A beehive tomb from the highlands of North Ossetia. -
Oil and the Search for Peace in the South Caucasus: the Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan (BTC) Oil Pipeline
Oil and the Search for Peace in the South Caucasus: The Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan (BTC) oil pipeline December 2004 Acknowledgements The following research document is a result of 18 months intensive work of International Alert’s Business & Conflict – BTC Research project team: Adam Barbolet, Davin Bremner, Phil Champain, Rachel Goldwyn, Nick Killick, Diana Klein. The team would also like to thank many other Alert staff past and present, as well as the following regional experts who significantly contributed to the project. Burcu Gultekin Ashot Khurshudyan Razi Nurullayev Zviad Shkvitaridze Arif Yunusov Staff of Himayadar- Oil Information & Resource Centre in Baku The project team is grateful to the UK government’s Global Conflict Prevention Pool (GCPP) for its generous financial support. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements........................................................................................................................ 2 Acronyms........................................................................................................................................ 5 Executive summary........................................................................................................................ 7 1. Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 24 1.1 The contribution of the oil industry to conflict prevention – emerging conflict-sensitive management systems ............................................................................................................... -
A Brief History of Kabarda
A Brief History of Kabarda [from the Seventh Century AD] Amjad Jaimoukha T he Russians have been writing Kabardian (and Circassian) history according to their colonial prescriptions for more than a century, ever since they occupied Circassia in the middle years of the 19th century. Simplistic and oftentimes ridiculous accounts of this history were produced in the course of this time. Until this day, these historiographies, with added clauses to reduce the level of inanity and circumvent the rampant contradictions, constitute the official historical narrative in the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic (and with slight variations in the other ‘Circassian’ republics, namely the Karachai-Cherkess Republic and the Republic of Adigea). For one, the Kabardians were deemed to have opted to join Russia in the 16th century (much more on this ‘Union’ in the course of this article). In 1957, big celebrations were held in Kabarda commemorating the 400th anniversary of the ‘joyful’ event that saved the Kabardians from perdition. A statue was erected as a symbol of the fictitious union of Kabarda with Russia in downtown Nalchik. The Circassian maiden with an uplifted scroll is exquisite Gwascheney (or Gwaschene; Гуащэней, е Гуащэнэ), daughter of Temryuk Idar (Teimriqwe Yidar; Идар и къуэ Темрыкъуэ), who was betrothed to Ivan IV (1530-1584) on 21 August 1561 AD, to cement the treaty between Temryuk, Prince of Princes of Kabarda, and Ivan the Terrible, ‘Tsar of All Russia’.1 Tsarina Maria Temryukovna (Мария Темрюковна; 1544-1569), as was Gwascheney 1 The corresponding monument amongst the Western Circassians (Adigeans) was built in 1957 in Friendship Square in Maikop, the republican capital, “in honour of the 400th anniversary of the ‘Military and Political Union’ between the Russian State and Circassia”.