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SALIHI-DISSERTATION-2017.Pdf (811.9Kb) MAKING A NATION ABROAD: THE ROLE OF MIGRANT COLONIES IN THE ESTABLISHMENT OF ALBANIA by RUFKI SALIHI Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Arlington in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT ARLINGTON August 2017 Copyright © by Rufki Salihi 2017 All Rights Reserved ii Acknowledgements Throughout the process of finishing my studies, and this dissertation, I have been very fortunate to have received assistance from a countless number of people, and I feel obliged to mention some, and recognize others that I might omit mentioning, who have provided support and encouragement. I would like to thank Dr. Stephen Maizlish and Dr. Thomas Adam for making me love and enjoy history as a subject. Apart from immensely enjoying the lectures by Dr. Steven Reinhardt and Dr. Patryk Babiracki during my graduate education, I have had the privilege to have them as members of my dissertation committee, profiting from their expertise and kindness in countless of ways, for which I will have a lifelong appreciation. I would also like to thank all the professors at the University of Texas at Arlington who instructed me, for their undeniable part in influencing my academic and personal thinking. The chair of the History Department for most of my graduate studies was Dr. Marvin Dulaney, who always held the door to his office open for graduate students, and always gracefully offered assistance, for which I will be forever thankful. Above all, I don’t know if I will ever be able to repay the debt to my dissertation committee chair, Dr. Kenyon Zimmer, who without any reservation provided his expertise, encouragement, advice, friendship, and understanding during the process, spending countless days iii improving my work. Apart from benefiting from his talents and hard work, working with Dr. Zimmer has brought me the immense pleasure of encountering the most remarkable and compassionate human being, to whom I express my deepest gratitude. During my graduate student years, I was also fortunate to be able to spend many years among a large group of amazing peers, who provided constant encouragement and friendship, and became my second family in the process. Isabelle Rispler, Nicole Leopoldie, and Bryan Garrett were always there to provide me with academic support, encouragement, and a friendship that I hope will last way beyond my school years. I am also thankful to all the other graduate peers for their friendship. Another special group of people who deserve special recognition are the many individuals who provided me with research assistance in many libraries and archives, and especially the people at the University of Texas at Arlington Library. The financial support received during my studies was essential in helping me complete my education. I am grateful for the continuous support of the College of Liberal Arts at the University of Texas at Arlington for always offering assistance. The Graduate Student Senate and the Global Research Fellowship contributed financially during various stages of research, and I offer many thanks to them as well. The History Department and the Dean’s office also provided me iv with financial and academic support during all these years, and I offer them my greatest appreciation for their support. I am very grateful for the support provided by my wider family and friends who encouraged me to continue pursuing my educational goals. I received the greatest support at my home, where I always had the warmth of my wonderful wife Kadrije, and two amazing daughters Ema and Nora, who in the most challenging of times demonstrated great patience with my work, and gracefully provided their time, emotional support, and love in stimulating me to complete this endeavor. I hope that I will be forgiven for the time that I stole from my dear wife and my two wonderful daughters, and dedicate this work to them, as an act of appreciation for their great kindness and sacrifice. July 14, 2017 v Abstract MAKING A NATION ABROAD: THE ROLE OF MIGRANT COLONIES IN THE ESTABLISHMENT OF ALBANIA Rufki Salihi, PhD The University of Texas at Arlington, 2017 Supervising Professor: Kenyon Zimmer This dissertation examines the crucial role of Albanian emigrants in the development of the Albanian National Movement, and the establishment of the modern state of Albania. It takes a transnational approach, by surveying the migrant networks that operated beyond the confines of government authority. It highlights the importance that the migration processes held for the development of Albanian nationalist sentiment. Albanian-speaking migrants developed ethnic self-awareness by interacting with various cultures abroad, which strengthened their ethnic solidarity among them. Albanian migrant colonies in the United States engaged heavily in efforts to help their homeland, challenging the assimilation paradigm. Instead, there are an example of acculturation: a process wherein they vi selectively adopted certain American elements, and used these for the benefit to their homeland. They held the United States in high esteem, and even attempted to create a government based on the American model. Due to the peculiar nature of the Albanian-speaking communities within the Ottoman Empire, where they were categorized by religion, they possessed no rights to be educated in, or to officially use, their vernacular language. Although well incorporated within imperial structures, the restrictions on the use of the Albanian language made it almost impossible to organize a coherent nationalist movement inside the Albanian speaking territories. It fell upon the Albanian migrant colonies established around the world to organize and support a unified nationalist movement. By the end of the nineteenth century, migrants stationed in Istanbul, Bucharest, Sofia, Paris, Brussels, and Egypt established cultural organizations and newspapers with the purpose of unifying the nationalist movement and spreading nationalist propaganda inside the Albanian-speaking territories. After the turn of the century, the Albanian community in the United States became the most important center of nationalist agitation. Despite facing many difficulties, as well as divisions among themselves, these migrants successfully mounted a campaign to establish the independent state of Albania, and lobbied the European Powers and, especially, the United States of America to assist in the consolidation of the newly created state. vii Table of Contents Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................................... iii Abstract ............................................................................................................................................ vi Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1. Historical Origins of Albanian Migration ................................................................ 12 Chapter 2. Migration and Albanian National Awakening .......................................................... 31 Chapter 3. Every Nation Needs an Alphabet: The Albanian Diaspora’s Efforts to Create a Unified Writing System ............................................................................................... 64 Chapter 4. The First Arrivals to the United States, and the “Great Unifier” ............................. 93 Chapter 5. We Belong in Europe, But America is Our Savior ................................................. 128 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 153 Bibliography .................................................................................................................................. 163 Archival Sources ...................................................................................................................... 163 Periodicals/Newspapers ........................................................................................................... 163 Printed Sources ......................................................................................................................... 164 Biographical Information .............................................................................................................. 176 viii Introduction The second half of the nineteenth century witnessed the rise of the Albanian nationalist movement, which would ultimately result in the declaration of Albanian independence in 1912. It was the most peculiar nation-building process in the Balkans, because of the peculiar position that Albanian-speaking subjects held within the Ottoman Empire. Encircled by Balkan neighbors vying for the territory that Albanian-speakers occupied within the empire, most Albanian subjects accepted the protections and the opportunities that the vast Ottoman Empire offered them. A number of educated elites from Albanian- speaking territories, including the most prominent Albanian nationalist figures of Ismail Qemali, Pashko Vasa, and Sami Frashëri, served in the higher echelons of power in the Ottoman administration. Ultimately, faced with the rapid decline of the Empire they faithfully served, which could no longer provide protection for their homeland, they had no difficulties in turning against the interests of the Empire by supporting secession
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