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The Contribution of Constitutional Courts to the Democratic Quality of Elections in Sub-Saharan Africa: a Comparative Case Study of Madagascar and Senegal

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The Contribution of Constitutional Courts to the Democratic Quality of Elections in Sub-Saharan Africa: a Comparative Case Study of Madagascar and Senegal The Contribution of Constitutional Courts to the Democratic Quality of Elections in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Comparative Case Study of Madagascar and Senegal Von der Fakultät für Gesellschaftswissenschaften der Universität Duisburg-Essen zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Dr. phil. genehmigte Dissertation von Heyl, Charlotte Elisabeth aus Darmstadt 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Christof Hartmann 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Tobias Debiel Tag der Disputation: 13. Dezember 2017 Acknowledgments Writing a doctoral thesis entails a lot of time spent alone at the desk between piles of data and the occasional feeling of being lost in the deep woods of your own thoughts. At the same time a doctoral thesis is a highly social enterprise, which would not have been possible without the support of many people, who I am very grateful to. First of all, I feel privileged having had the opportunity to study the rich political history of Madagascar and Senegal. I am indebted to my interview partners who generously granted me their precious time and shared their valuable insights, to the registrars who provided me access to data and the Madagascan and Senegalese people who helpfully guided me through the streets of Antananarivo and Dakar. Misaotra and Jërejëf! More specifically, in Madagascar, I would like to thank Antonia Rakotoarivelo Grund for her excellent research assistance. In Senegal, Ismaïla Madior Fall served as crucial door opener for my research. Babacar Kanté also facilitated several valuable contacts and answered many of my questions. I am also grateful to my supervisor Christof Hartmann who accepted me as an external doctoral student. His genuine enthusiasm for African politics inspired me to dig deeper into the politics of Madagascar’s and Senegal’s constitutional courts. I greatly benefited from his feedback at various stages of the research process. Furthermore, I really appreciated his understanding for the more practical aspects of a doctoral process, like the necessity to make a living. This thesis would not have been possible without my work in the research project “Judicial (In)dependence in New Democracies” funded by the Leibniz Association. The many discussions with my project colleagues Mariana Llanos, Alexander Stroh and Cordula Tibi Weber tremendously contributed to my understanding of judicial politics. The German Institute of Global and Area Studies (GIGA) furthermore provided an excellent research environment. In particular, the Africa Library equipped me with many important pieces for my research. I owe my special thanks to Christine Hoffendahl and Nadia Javanshir who relentlessly hunted for notoriously difficult to get sources. I was able to discuss parts of my thesis at various conferences (MPSA 2014, VAD 2014, Mali Workshop 2014 in Hamburg, ANU RegNet research seminar 2014 in Canberra, Point Sud Workshop 2014 in Niamey, ECPR 2016 in Prague) as well as at the PhD workshop “Internationale Beziehungen / Friedens- und Entwicklungsforschung” at the University of Duisburg-Essen and in the GIGA Research Team “Accountability and Participation”. In addition to feedback at these conferences, my colleagues André Bank, Julia Grauvogel, Julia Leininger, Viola Lucas, Kerstin Nolte, Alexander Stroh, Cordula Tibi Weber and Franzisca Zanker read parts of this thesis and offered valuable comments. Thank you to you all, and also James Powell, who proof-read essential parts of this thesis. On a more personal note, I am grateful to my parents who always encouraged me to find work that truly interests me and who fostered my passion for getting to know countries beyond my own. I further thank my family and my friends for tolerating my hermit-existence during phases of the writing process and their cheerful support. Last but not least, I am indebted to Christoph Schwarzer for his patience, encouragement and love, for washing piles of dishes, cheering me up with music video clips and so much more. Contents List of Tables ................................................................................................................................................................. V List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................................ VII Abbreviations .............................................................................................................................................................. IX 1 Introduction .........................................................................................................................................................1 1.1 Why Democratisation? ...........................................................................................................................1 1.2 Why Constitutional Courts? .................................................................................................................2 1.3 Why Elections? ..........................................................................................................................................3 1.4 Why Africa? .................................................................................................................................................5 1.5 Research Question and Key Concepts ..............................................................................................6 1.6 Outline of the Thesis ................................................................................................................................8 2 Theory .................................................................................................................................................................. 11 2.1 The Setting: Democracy and Democratisation .......................................................................... 11 2.1.1 What is Democracy? ................................................................................................................... 11 2.1.2 What is Democratisation? ........................................................................................................ 13 2.1.3 Sequencing Elections and the Rule of Law ........................................................................ 13 2.2 Constitutional Courts ........................................................................................................................... 15 2.2.1 Constitutional Courts and Democracy ................................................................................ 16 2.2.2 Conceptualising Constitutional Courts ............................................................................... 18 2.2.3 Democratic Jurisprudence ....................................................................................................... 22 2.2.4 Theories of Court Behaviour ................................................................................................... 24 2.2.4.1 Formal Insulation .................................................................................................................... 25 2.2.4.2 Public Support as a Defence Shield .................................................................................. 26 2.2.4.3 Political Competition and Court Behaviour ................................................................. 27 2.3 Elections .................................................................................................................................................... 28 2.3.1 The Democratic Quality of Elections .................................................................................... 29 2.3.1.1 Participation .............................................................................................................................. 29 2.3.1.2 Competition ............................................................................................................................... 30 2.3.1.3 Legitimacy .................................................................................................................................. 31 2.3.1.4 Evaluating the Three Qualities of Democracy ............................................................. 32 2.3.2 The Electoral Cycle ...................................................................................................................... 33 2.3.2.1 Electoral Legal Framework ................................................................................................. 36 2.3.2.2 Electoral Register .................................................................................................................... 38 2.3.2.3 Registration of Candidates .................................................................................................. 39 2.3.2.4 Electoral Campaign ................................................................................................................ 39 2.3.2.5 Voting ........................................................................................................................................... 40 2.3.2.6 Processing of Votes ................................................................................................................. 40 2.3.2.7 Evaluating the Electoral Cycle............................................................................................ 42 2.4 Constitutional Courts and Elections............................................................................................... 43 2.4.1 Which Courts for Democratic Elections? ...........................................................................
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