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Africa Yearbook AFRICA YEARBOOK AFRICA YEARBOOK Volume 10 Politics, Economy and Society South of the Sahara in 2013 EDITED BY ANDREAS MEHLER HENNING MELBER KLAAS VAN WALRAVEN SUB-EDITOR ROLF HOFMEIER LEIDEN • BOSTON 2014 ISSN 1871-2525 ISBN 978-90-04-27477-8 (paperback) ISBN 978-90-04-28264-3 (e-book) Copyright 2014 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Nijhoff, Global Oriental and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Contents i. Preface ........................................................................................................... vii ii. List of Abbreviations ..................................................................................... ix iii. Factual Overview ........................................................................................... xiii iv. List of Authors ............................................................................................... xvii I. Sub-Saharan Africa (Andreas Mehler, Henning Melber & Klaas van Walraven) ...................................................................................................... 1 II. United Nations and Sub-Saharan Africa (Valerio Bosco) .............................. 15 III. African-European Relations (Mark Furness) ................................................ 27 IV. West Africa (Klaas van Walraven) ................................................................ 41 Benin (Eric Komlavi Hahonou) ..................................................................... 51 Burkina Faso (Alexander Stroh) .................................................................... 59 Cape Verde (Gerhard Seibert) ....................................................................... 67 Côte d’Ivoire (Bruno Losch) .......................................................................... 73 Gambia (Alice Bellagamba) ........................................................................... 83 Ghana (Kwesi Aning & Nancy Annan) ........................................................... 89 Guinea (Anita Schroven) ................................................................................ 99 Guinea-Bissau (Christoph Kohl) .................................................................... 107 Liberia (Lansana Gberie) .............................................................................. 115 Mali (Bruce Whitehouse) ............................................................................... 123 Mauritania (Claes Olsson & Helena Olsson) ................................................. 131 Niger (Klaas van Walraven) .......................................................................... 139 Nigeria (Heinrich Bergstresser) .................................................................... 149 Senegal (Emanuelle Bouilly & Marie Brossier) ............................................ 167 Sierra Leone (Krijn Peters) ............................................................................ 177 Togo (Dirk Kohnert) ...................................................................................... 185 V. Central Africa (Andreas Mehler) ................................................................... 193 Cameroon (Fanny Pigeaud) ........................................................................... 201 Central African Republic (Andreas Mehler) .................................................. 211 vi • Contents Chad (Ketil Fred Hansen) ............................................................................ 219 Congo (Brett Logan Carter) ......................................................................... 227 Democratic Republic of the Congo (Claudia Simons) ................................. 233 Equatorial Guinea (Joseph N. Mangarella) .................................................. 247 Gabon (Douglas A. Yates) ............................................................................ 253 São Tomé and Príncipe (Gerhard Seibert) ................................................... 259 VI. Eastern Africa (Rolf Hofmeier) .................................................................... 265 Burundi (Stef Vandeginste) .......................................................................... 281 Comoros (Rolf Hofmeier) ............................................................................. 293 Djibouti (Rolf Hofmeier) .............................................................................. 301 Eritrea (Nicole Hirt) ..................................................................................... 309 Ethiopia (Jon Abbink) ................................................................................... 319 Kenya (Nic Cheeseman) ............................................................................... 331 Rwanda (Susan Thomson) ............................................................................ 347 Seychelles (Rolf Hofmeier) .......................................................................... 357 Somalia (Jon Abbink) ................................................................................... 365 South Sudan (Peter Woodward) ................................................................... 377 Sudan (Peter Woodward) ............................................................................. 385 Tanzania (Kurt Hirschler & Rolf Hofmeier) ................................................ 397 Uganda (Volker Weyel) ................................................................................ 413 VII. Southern Africa (Henning Melber) ............................................................... 425 Angola (Jon Schubert) .................................................................................. 437 Botswana (David Sebudubudu & Keratilwe Bodilenyane) .......................... 449 Lesotho (Roger Southall) ............................................................................. 457 Madagascar (Richard R. Marcus) ................................................................. 463 Malawi (Tiyesere Mercy Chikapa-Jamali & Lewis B. Dzimbiri) ................. 469 Mauritius (Klaus-Peter Treydte) .................................................................. 477 Mozambique (Joseph Hanlon) ..................................................................... 483 Namibia (Henning Melber) .......................................................................... 493 South Africa (Sanusha Naidu) ..................................................................... 501 Swaziland (John Daniel & Marisha Ramdeen) ............................................ 517 Zambia (Edalina Rodrigues Sanches) .......................................................... 523 Zimbabwe (Amin Y. Kamete) ....................................................................... 533 Preface In May 2003, the Africa-Europe Group of Interdisciplinary Studies (AEGIS) encouraged some of its member institutions to publish an Africa Yearbook with a wider international appeal. The African Studies Centre in Leiden (ASC), the Institute of African Affairs in Hamburg (IAA) and the Nordic Africa Institute in Uppsala (NAI) – all very active AEGIS centres sharing similar profiles – accepted this challenge and their joint efforts first bore fruit in the initial volume of the series in 2004. In 2007, the Dag Hammarskjöld Founda- tion in Uppsala (DHF) joined this international project, while the NAI ended its involve- ment with the fifth volume, published in 2009. For this current volume, Rolf Hofmeier once again joined us as sub-editor for the Eastern Africa section. We have always valued his solid input and remain grateful for his reliable services. The country-specific articles cover domestic politics, foreign affairs and socioeco- nomic developments in the states of sub-Saharan Africa during the calendar year under review. While we recognise the impossibility of finding fully objective indicators for the relative importance of each of the states covered by the Yearbook, the length of the country-specific articles aims to reflect the approximate weight of each country. The four sub-regions are also introduced by means of an overview article. Further overviews sum- marise general continental developments, European-African relations and the United Nations and Africa. The Yearbook is based on scholarly work, but is oriented towards a wider target reader- ship, including students, politicians, diplomats, administrators, journalists, teachers, prac- titioners in the sphere of development cooperation and business people. Without forcing the individual contributions too much into a straitjacket, the volume is primarily con- cerned with providing factual (though not necessarily neutral) information. Each issue, in focusing almost exclusively on developments during a particular calendar year, provides a completely fresh annual overview of events and thereby adds to the cumulative record of ongoing developments In November 2012, the Yearbook received the prestigious biennial Conover-Porter Award for outstanding Africa-related
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