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Paradise Lost? Lessons from 25 Years of Environment Programs

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Paradise Lost? Lessons from 25 Years of Environment Programs Madagascar Environmental Interventions Time Line USAID supported Interventions (projects > ~$1m) USAID funds to Madagascar Environment, Health, food Economic aid, disaster Growth, DG, and famine GNI per Parks and Reduce # interntl Policy oriented Health, Economics, other ** assistance** Mad popn Political situation capita and Significant Policy measures Institutional measures Pressures on Governance Other visitors Interventions Infrastructure projects Total p.capita Total p.capita GDP Growth resources % of total % of total USAID Mad USAID Mad funds funds Malagasy strategy for Conservation PL 480 funded micro‐ 1984 9,524,414 Ratsiraka $340 2% 12,000 and Development adopted projects 1985 9,778,464 Ratsiraka $310 1% International Conference Protected Area Management Project 1st national survey of Mad protected 1986 10,047,896 Ratsiraka $290 2% and Conservation areas Through Development at NEAP discussions begin with World 1987 10,332,258 Ratsiraka $260 1% several PAs Bank 1988 10,631,581 Ratsiraka $240 3% Fonds Forestier National PVO‐NGO 1989 10,945,312 Ratsiraka $220 4% Ranomafana Park created DEBT for NATURE NRMS Madagascar Environmental Charter $16.5m $1.50 $2.1m $0.20 35% Primary school 1990 11,272,999 Ratsiraka $230 3% 40,000 Creation ONE, ANAE, ANGAP and NEAP become official %89 11% completion rate Multi‐donor secretariat created in SAVEM $11.3m $1.00 $7.6m $0.70 1991 11,614,758 $210 ‐6% DC %60 %40 Crisis popn growth rate 2.8%; 10 month Mad signs Framework Convention DEAP put in place; ONE becomes $41.8m $3.50 $6.0m $0.50 contraceptive prevalence 1992 11,970,837 General Strike $230 1% on Climate Change (FCC) operational %87 %13 rate (CPR) for modern Political methods 5% instability KEPEM $44.5m $3.60 $4.0m $0.30 $49m* 1993 12,340,943 $240 2% APPROPOP : 92% 8% I $28.5m $2.20 $3.8m $0.30 1994 12,724,636,, Zafyy $240 0% D/G Creation Min of Env EP E CAP %88 %12 $26m $2.00 $3.2m $0.20 1995 13,121,371 Zafy $240 2% 78,000 Law on Foundations Ranomafana Park Mgmt plan $89 %11 Banking and currency reforms Tany Meva Created; ANGAP starts $15.1m $1.10 $3.5m $0.30 44 Protected Areas, 1.4m 1996 13,531,083 Zafy $250 2% 83,000 RARY GELOSE law managing Isalo PA 81% 19% ha, 2.3% total land area ANGAP begins managing 7 PAs; $14.5m $1.00 $3.7m $0.30 1997 13,953,183 Ratsiraka $260 4% 101,000 Forestry Law Madagascar delegation attends MITA Contraceptive Prevalence %80 20% Rate (CPR) 10% CITES Conference Constitutional Revision; $19.9m $1.40 $7.5m $0.50 1998 14,385,954 Ratsiraka $260 4% 121,000 relief Decentralization MIRAY LDI 73% 27% Environment/Economic Growth; $11.9m $0.80 $11.9m $0.80 1999 14,827,223 Ratsiraka $250 5% 138,000 EHP JSI MECIE (rev) adopted PAGE 50% 50% cyclone Strategy for Poverty Reduction Sustainable Financing $13.8m $0.90 $11.5m $0.80 36% primary school 2000 15,275,362 Ratsiraka $250 5% 160,000 ILO (PSRP) Commission 55% 45% completion rate +$8.9m FCER RECAP Provincial Governors put in place: Rural Development Action Plan; $41m International workshop on $15.3m $1.00 $28.3m $1.80 2001 15,729,518 Ratsiraka $270 6% 170,000 Gestion Contractualisée des Forêts II: Sustainable Financing 35% 65% (GCF); Code de Gestion des Aires EP Protégées (COAP) $11.9m $0.70 $19.7m $1.20 2002 16,189,796 Crisis $240 ‐13% 62,000 Presidential decree banning fires 38% 62% Durban Vision announced; Kyoto Durban Vision Group; Min of Env $14.3m $0.90 $26.2m $1.60 CPR 18% (27% urban, 16% 2003 16,656,727 Ravalomanana $290 10% 139,000 Protocol ratified and DEF merge MENABE 35% 65% rural) BAMEX Santenet I and II Regions created; Protected Areas Code; MECIE (2); Conservation $12.5m $0.70 $24.1m $1.40 2004 17,131,317 Ravalomanana $300 5% 229,000 BIANCO created JARIALA PTE MIARO MISONGA Priority Setting exercise; Law on 34% 66% Foundations Revised ERI Madagascar ratifies Kyoto Protocol; New Forestry Policy (incl creation of regional forest commissions) SAPM ministerial Order; new Mining $11.4m $0.60 $27.4m $1.60 58% primary school 2005 17,614,261 Ravalomanana $310 5% 277,000 FAPBM created GDA/LARO Code; first approval of sale of carbon 29% 71% completion rate credits by MoE; new Protected Areas $33.45m Code; Madagascar signs MCA : I compact III EP Poverty reduction strategy paper; $12.7m $0.70 $37m $2.00 2006 18,105,439 Ravalomanana $300 5% 312,000 MAP; Forest fire management 26% 74% system; new Tenure Policy Protected areas represent $9.8m $0.50 $48.3m $2.60 3% of Madagascar's land 2007 18,604,365 Ravalomanana $340 6% 17% 83% mass with intention to double to 6% by 2012 11.8m $0.60 $43m $2.20 2008 19,110,941 Ravalomanana $410 7% 345,000 21% 79% 2009 Crisis 156,000 2010 NB Recent apparent improvements in PC income are somewhat misleading when it comes to economic growth and its impact on resource use since, as pointed out in recent World Bank documents, almost none of this income growth has been transferred to remote rural areas where there is the most agricultural pressure on forest resources; Dates are intended to indicate general flow of events and are not precise in terms of months or partial years; where policies are concerned there may be minor discrepancies depending on when law was voted and decrees were actually issued. social and economic indicators from the World Bank quick query site. * USAID Env/RD program funding (source L Gaylord personal communication) ** USAID funding levels are approximate and based on information provided by Barbara Dickinson (from USAID loans and grants Greenbook); They do not include $104m of Millenium Challenge Corporation Funds (2005‐2008) Dates of laws vary due to imprecisions concerning when the law was actually voted, decrees promulgated, etc. Project dates are approximate USAID Projects Madagascar 1984‐2009 This is a partial list of projects, focusing on those most closely related to environmental concerns Funded under Approximate Project Initials Project Name Years Focus or interventions Implementing Partner(s) USAID sector or web site Funding level Partner Conservation‐Development Test linkages between conservation and WWF, Duke University and North Carolina Operational Program 1988‐1994 $4.1m Operational Program Grants development in 4 PAs State, Missouri Botanical Garden Grants Training nature protection agents; forest $2.5m from Debt‐for‐Nature 1989‐2002 WWF Debt for Nature management transfers USAID Natural Resources $.21m (for centrally funded PVO‐NGO NRMS 1989‐1995 Reinforce NGO capacity World Learning, CARE, WWF Management Support Madagascar) (NGO/PVO‐NRMS) Sustainable Approaches to TRD (Institutional support to ANGAP), National Park Management, strengthen $26.6m + Contract and SAVEM Viable Environmental 1991‐2000 PACT with major subgrants (ICDP) to WWF, www.pactworld.org/cs/savem ANGAP, ICDPs around 7 PAs $13.4m cooperative agreement Management VITA, CARE, SUNY‐Stonybrook,CI, ANGAP 1993‐1997 Knowledge and Effective $33m (non‐project (implementation Policy and Institutional strengthening : Contract, budget KEPEM Policies for Environmental ARD assistance) + $9m delayed by the ONE support to GoM Management project assistance political crisis) Commercialization of natural resource TRADEM 1991‐1995 ~$0.5m Agriculture and NRO products Madagascar Population APPROPOP 1993‐98 family planning support around ICDPs Management Sciences for Health Health Support Project Commercial Agriculture Economic Growth CAP 1994‐1999 Economic growth poles Chemonics International $24.2m Promotion Project Contract MITA (PEI‐PEII Managing Innovative Environment/RD Transition 1997‐1998 Support for ANGAP decentralization PACT/Forest Management Trust $3m Transitions in Agreement cooperative agreement Project) Rary means "to weave" in Public debate of complex economic and RARY 1996‐2000 PACT ??? Governance www.pactworld.org/cs/rary Malagasy social policy questions Miray means "to be united" in Develop national capacity to manage MIRAY 1998‐2004 PACT, WWF, CI $12.3m www.pactworld.org/cs/miray Malagasy protected areas child survival, nutrition, STD, family John Snow International Research and JSI Jireo Salama Isika 1999‐2003 planning at the community and service $16.8m Health Training delivery level LDI (followed by Eco‐regional activities to conserve the Landscape Development forest corridors and improve the well‐ Environment‐Rural PTE during the 1998‐2004 Chemonics International $22m Interventions being of farmers living near those Development transition to ERI) corridors Environmental Management Environmental policy and institutional IRG/Winrock, Harvard Insitute for PAGE 1999‐2002 $6.2m EPIQ Support Project strengthening International Development monitoring and evaluation of linked USAID/Washington EHP II Environmental Health Project 1999‐2004 AED $1.2m interventions in the field Global Health Bureau $2.4m D/G Cooperative ILO Ilo means "light" in Malagasy 2000‐2003 Capacity building for civil society PACT, Cornell (governance) + www.pactworld.org/cs/ilo $.57m (election Agreement monitoring) Supported Malagasy NGO Vohary Salama; Malagasy Green and Healthy worked on health, population, John Snow International Research and MGHC 2001‐2007 $728,000 Packard Foundation Communities environment, and income generation Training activities www.voharysalama.org Rehabilitate the FCE railway after 2000 Supplenental cyclone FCER FCE Railway Rehabilitation 2001‐2005 Chemonics International $4.7m cyclones funds Rehabilitate CAP roads (roads Rehabilitate farm to market roads in LDI Supplenental cyclone RECAP 2001‐2005 Chemonics International $5.5m built by the CAP project) intervention areas after 2000 cyclones funds Business and Market Environment/Economi
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