FLEXITARIANISM: Improving your health, wallet and our planet with one simple choice

Dr Talia Raphaely and Professor Dora Marinova Curtin University Sustainability and Policy Institute (CUSP) 2013

Flexitarianism

• 2003: voted most useful word of the year by the American Dialect Society (who would’ve guessed? )

• 14 August 2012: “flexitarian” is listed for the first time in a dictionary (in the mainstream Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary) Flexitarianism

Part-time or flexible vegetarianism

Offers a unique and empowering personal opportunity to:

• combat the destruction of the global livestock industry

• immediately contribute to a more sustainable world

Flexitarianism Our definition:

Part time or flexible vegetarianism that involves at least 25% reduction in current (global) meat production levels (will explain why ≥ 25% reduction shortly)

BUT, MORE IMPORTANTLY FOR US HERE TODAY FLEXITARIANISM is defined as:

A voluntary reduction in PERSONAL current meat consumption to within limits suggested by Australian and international health guidelines Our focus today

3 main areas:

• Human health • ECOLOGICAL HEALTH • Animal welfare

“We must not, in trying to think about how we can make a big difference, ignore the small daily differences we can make...which, over time, add up to big differences ...“ Marian Edelman

Human Health

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“Consumption of no more than 455g per week of cooked lean red meat is recommended” (p17) Per capita average Per capita average Per capita average daily annual consumption weekly consumption consumption (g) (kg) (kg) Recommended* <24.0 <0.500 <71 USA 120.2 2.312 330 Australia 111.5 2.144 306 Luxembourg 107.9 2.075 296 Argentina 98.3 1.890 270 Spain 97.0 1.865 266 Canada 94.3 1.813 259 Denmark 95.2 1.831 261 Italy 90.7 1.744 249 Germany 88.1 1.694 242 France 86.7 1.667 238 Brazil 85.3 1.640 234 United Kingdom 84.2 1.619 231 Greece 74.8 1.438 205 United Arab Emirates 73.8 1.419 203 Mexico 63.8 1.227 175 Russia 62.9 1.210 173 South Africa 58.6 1.127 161 China 58.2 1.119 160 Saudi Arabia 54.4 1.046 149 South Korea 54.1 1.040 149 Bulgaria 53.0 1.019 146 Malaysia 52.3 1.006 144 Cuba 49.4 0.950 136 * WCRF (2011a) recommends for health reasons that, if included in the diet, maximum personal consumption of meat should not exceed 0.5kg per week (24kg per annum). This recommendation is adopted among others by AICR, the UK government and the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Red meat consumption

• Australians: 2.2 times the maximum amount recommended by the World Cancer Research Fund and 2.4 times the Australian NHMRC 2013 Dietary Guidelines – Assuming half of the meat is wasted or unused by humans – Australian young adults (18-24) are the highest meat-consuming group • Americans: higher than Australians Some diseases of meat-intensive western nutrition include: • Obesity • Hypertension • Diabetes • Heart disease • Stroke • Cancers • Gallstones • Diverticulitis • Rheumatoid arthritis • Multiple sclerosis • Atherosclerosis • Osteoporosis • Lupus • Immune system disorders • Allergies • Asthma • Zoonotic diseases • Loss of antibiotics

Numerous studies show these diseases (e.g. Michael Greger, NutritionFacts.org) –  skyrocket when high meat consumption is the norm  plummet when more “traditional” plant-based diets persist http://nutritionfacts.org/video/uprooting-the-leading-causes-of-death/

Zoonotic diseases and meat production

• 2004: FAO, WHO, World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) Conference  Increasing intensive factory farming is a primary factor in emerging zoonotic diseases

• 2005: Council for Agricultural Science and Technology Report (with WHO )  Factory farming (especially birds and pigs) and its increased breeding of genetically uniform animals in overcrowded, stressful, faeces-infested, artificially lit conditions promotes "the rapid selection & amplification of pathogens …increasing risk for disease entrance and/or dissemination."  The report unequivocably concludes that the "cost of increased efficiency” is an increased global risk for diseases

• Scientists saw, for the first time in factory farms viruses that combined genetic material from bird, pig and human viruses

• Columbia and Princeton University scientists traced 6/8 genetic segments of the H1N1 swine flu to a pig farm in North Carolina

Drug resistant diseases

To avoid microbial adaption & resistance we limit drug quantities taken by humans

Factory farms feed antibiotics to animals with every meal (to compensate for animals' compromised immunity and enhance growth) 63 billion of animals killed every year for human consumption (~ 9 per person)

> ½ the world’s antibiotics are given to healthy animals (USA > 90%)

Since the ‘60s, scientists have warned against antibiotics in farmed-animal feed

The American Medical Association; Centres for Disease Control; Institute of Medicine (National Academy of Sciences); WHO continue to call, unsuccessfully, for a ban

“…we are looking at a very possible future when we are forced to accept the loss of antibiotics as a tool to prevent human suffering … Our choice is simple: cheap chicken or our health.” Jonathon Safran Foer

28 Westernisation of diets Non-communicable, nutrition-related diseases overtaking communicable diseases

• Global cancers up 20% < decade to 12 million new cases p/y largely attributed to a meat-rich diet  > 4x the 2.6 million annual number of new HIV infections (WCRF 2011)

Unethical to combat the diseases of poverty and hunger in ways that cause diseases of affluence

To forego western experience of expensive morbidity & mortality associated with a meat-rich diet, developing countries should urgently reaffirm their own traditional diets

33 Global inequality and hunger

UN reports we are currently producing enough food to feed 12 billion people (7 billion currently of which 1 billion are starving. By 2050 there will be about 3 billion more people on earth, so 4 billion more people to feed)

RIGHT NOW WE ARE PRODUCING ENOUGH FOOD FOR EVERYONE NOW AND INTO THE FUTURE

In a flexitarian world, population numbers HAVE NOT exceeded earth’s capacity to nourish & provide food for everyone

Yet global hunger (and overconsumption) continues to rise whilst western countries continue to feed animals grains that might instead feed people (grain meat conversion ration highly inefficient: as much as 16kg grain to produce 1kg meat. Calorie conversion equally inefficient.)

33 2008/2009

±2.27 billion tonnes of cereals produced globally

800 million tonnes (> 1/3 although many say it is >1/2) used to feed livestock

Average human needs 180 kg grain p/y to survive

Quick calculation: 800 million tonnes ÷180 kg = food for 4.4 billion people

So, if grain for livestock is reallocated to people = an immediate end to world hunger & food security into the foreseeable future without any additional requirements

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Despite lower direct cereal consumption, non-vegetarians indirectly consume more grain per capita than vegetarians

This gap will widen as beef cattle (and sheep) get more of their food from grain (as forecast)

As affluence increases, demand for meat increases and hunger and starvation increase…. (1 billion starving and 1 billion overfed people for the first time in history)

Obesity correlates with malnourishment (research in US shows 1 in 3 Americans will be type 2 diabetic by 2050)!

20% of the world population continues to consume 80% of the global food produced, including the grains consumed by meat animals (it is this “food system itself that is making people sick” - De Schutter [2012])

Simply put – excessive meat consumption, not overpopulation, is the problem

Result?

 Increasingly sick Western population

32  Worrying prophecy that today’s children may not outlive their parents

Food that kills or makes people sick should not be considered food Why are we eating it?! it’s affecting our own health it’s affecting the health of the planet

Ecological health “The increase in meat consumption suddenly looms as one of the biggest environmental crises that we are now facing.”

“Meat consumption is one of the gravest threats to long-term sustainability of humankind.” Jonathon Porritt, Chair, UK Government’s Sustainable Development Commission

- + = Climate change The world is in crisis: sweltering, freezing, starving, thirsting, drowning Climate change predictions -increasingly violent, chaotic extreme weather events & climate change tragedies

Depression Mental health conditions PTSD Environmental refugees Families & community breakdown

Today’s kids will grow up in a world of life-threatening weather: violent storms, droughts, expanding deserts, floods, food & water scarcity, fire …

Climate change

Devastating effects

Urgent solutions required to increase decarbonising pathways

We have to implement technological solutions & change the way we behave

Technological solutions 2⁰C temperature increase BUT >4⁰C more likely

Technological solutions are necessary & possible BUT need time to develop and implement

Further, pollution from aerosols have a cooling/negative forcing effect = unintended mitigatory interventions

Technological implementation timeframes work synergistically with current aerosols/negative forcing pollutants

SO - How do we decarbonise fast and urgently while allowing technology to phase in? Climate Change

9 10 11 12

• 2001: Australian Greenhouse Office reports our livestock subsector is nation’s largest source of agricultural GHGs, contributing >13% of Australia’s total national emissions

• 2006: FAO/LEAD global meat supply emissions are 18% of world’s total GHG emissions

• 2009: Worldwatch Institute: global livestock sector impact has been vastly underestimated Is responsible for at least 51% of all annual, worldwide, anthropogenic GHG emissions – by far the biggest contributor to global GHGs)

• 2010: Canadian Study warns of livestock greenhouse gas boom – soaring international production of livestock that will single-handedly overshoot “safe” levels of climate change (Pelletier & Tyedmers) Sector with biggest impact on climate Livestock industry (immense amounts of methane from farm animals’ eructation (burping/95%!) – the average cow burps about 600 litres of methane a day - & flatulence (5%):

Massive collections of cattle are needed to supply the meat industry.  With the recent MOU signed with China, this is only set to increase!!  Farmers are now lobbying the Victorian government to allow grazing in mountain class A reserves

Changes in natural feeding habits  to reduce costs, we add more nitrogen to cattle feed - cows need less food to feel full. BUT, the added nitrogen also feeds stomach microorganisms more methane producing microorganisms = higher methane emissions

Although population predicted to grow only by ± 3 billion by 2050, per capita demand will more than double current production volumes

Cattle meat production (tonnes) 70000000 60000000 50000000 40000000 30000000 20000000 10000000 0 With predicted livestock & human population growth, it will not be possible to provide enough food to sustain humanity, particularly with the impacts of climate change on farming

Meat eaters’ guide to climate change (Hamershlag 2011) Halting climate change (stabilising atmospheric CO2 at 450ppm) will cost US$ 40 trillion by 2050

A worldwide shift from 2010-2030 would reduce this cost as follows: • a low-meat diet by > 50% (> US$20 trillion) • a completely meatless diet by >70% (> US$28 trillion) • a completely vegan diet by > 80% (> US$32 trillion)

People in the west consume significantly more meat than people in the developing world

Much of the opportunity for personal change exists where the bulk of GHGs is created Water depletion & degradation

Livestock sector & livestock farming practices are: • Directly & indirectly, a key contributor to global water depletion – vast-spread soil compaction – reduced infiltration, degraded watercourse banks, drying up of floodplains, lowering water tables – millions of wells drying up – more & more water is diverted to raising meat animals instead of producing crops for direct consumption • The largest single sectoral source of water pollution • Responsible for massive fish kills & outbreaks of disease

1 kg feedlot beef requires ~ 100 000 l water

Australian households use ~ 220 l of water p/p, p/d

1 kg of beef uses ~ 455 days of water

1 billion people in poorer countries use < 5l water p/p p/d

 1 kg of beef uses ~ 20 000 days or 55 years worth of water per person in poorer countries!

Land misappropriation & degradation

• Livestock sector - the single largest anthropogenic user of land • Meat production accounts for 70% of all agricultural land use – 30% of total land surface of the planet – >26% of world’s total ice-free surface (grazing) – 33% of all arable land (feed crop production) • Land clearing & crop cultivation causes desertification, decreased vegetation, increased salinity & soil erosion, invasion by alien species

At current meat consumption levels humanity is already at earth’s carrying capacity

Over 50 “football fields” of Australian native trees, wildflowers and wildlife habitat are destroyed every hour

For example: Queensland - 3000-7000 sq km of native woodland cleared every year, largely for improved cattle pastures (much of the meat produced is exported)

Since 1997, 86 % of vegetation clearing in Queensland was to create pasture land, 10 % for crops and the remaining 4 % to forest, mining infrastructure and settlement

The grazing industry continues to expand into ever more marginal lands. Biodiversity Biodiversity threats are constant or increasing in intensity with current species loss 500 x higher than ever before

Livestock sector = the leading player in biodiversity reduction: • responsible for : – habitat loss (30% of earth’s surface use by/for livestock recently habitat for wildlife) – deforestation – land degradation – destruction of vegetative cover – pollution (land, water, air) – climate change – sedimentation of coastal areas – facilitation of alien species invasion – competition with wildlife for forage resources – resource conflicts with pastoralists – increasing human-predator conflicts (lion/tiger/cheetah/dingo killed as retaliation, precaution in order to prevent future losses)

“We are, quite literally, gambling with the future of our planet - for the sake of hamburgers." Peter Singer

“To consider yourself an environmentalist and still eat meat is like saying you're a philanthropist who doesn't give to charity. “ Lyman, Ex-livestock farmer Animal welfare Producing Animals

Chickens: • sociable, intelligent, have a large vocab, able to solve problems, grasp the permanence of objects ((unlike young children they understand that objects taken from view continue to exist), affectionate, have their own personalities, quirky • natural behaviours =highly social, communal, scratching, pecking for food, running around, taking dust baths, resting, strong nesting & nurturing urge (hen tends eggs in the nest, unborn chicks chirp back to her & to one another)

36 37

In Australia 488 million chickens slaughtered for meat ( 4% ‘free range” including about 2% of which are also ‘organic’)

50 years ago – 100 days to grow to 1.6kg/slaughter weight

Today, slaughter at about 37 days

Pressure for large breasts -distorted anatomy – broken legs- breast blisters, lameness, dislocation of joints, bone fractures, many birds unable to walk or stand up in the damp ammonia-soaked litter

Typically 40,000 - 60,000 birds per shed - 20 birds or 40kg per square metre! Birds slaughtered at 2 kg - 500 cm2 floor space (

“All-in/ all out”: for 5 - 7 weeks that birds are in the shed droppings accumulate on the floor, air polluted with ammonia, dust, bacteria, fungal spores =health problems for both people and chickens

Wherever animals are handled and slaughtered on mass there will be suffering, cruelty and terror

This is the inevitable reality of factory farming and slaughterhouses everywhere

There is no such thing as civilised slaughter - even in “civilised countries”

“If slaughterhouses had glass walls, we’d all be vegetarians” Sir Paul McCartney

Pigs Footage filmed in Gippsland, Victoria Nov ’11. Such cases continue to emerge (see Animals Australia or Australian Pig Farming – The Inside Story websites)

This footage was filmed in Gippsland, Victoria at the end of November 2011

• INSERT/SHOW VIDEO FOOTAGE HERE:

Lyn White: Ex-police woman, currently investigator & Campaign Director for Animals Australia, 2012 ABC NewsMaker of the Year

“Whilst watching this footage I reflected that for the first 38 years of my life I ate animals — completely unaware of the existence of factory farms, and ignorant of what animals experienced in slaughterhouses. Becoming informed was life-changing. No-one had reminded me that eating animals was a choice. … That regulations and standards didn't protect these animals from cruelty — and that even if they had — that they would still have been afraid, that they still would have suffered. The story of their final moments is so seldom known or told-yet it desperately needs it to be, because we live on, and we still have choices to make...They need us to make informed and compassionate ones.”

They have no choice

But we do …

Summary

and where to from here If we do not mitigate

• Climate change health related problems • Direct and indirect effects of excessive meat consumption • Economic health costs – replacing diseases of poverty with diseases of affluence • People currently living longer but sicker (more expensive), new generations are likely to have shorter life expectancies • Food insecurity for developing countries • Destruction of global life-support systems Some benefits of flexitarianism: • Decreased nutrition-related chronic and non- communicable diseases • Decreased mortality • Decreased public health costs due to excessive meat consumption • Slowed biodiversity loss • Decreased GHG emissions • Improved environmental health (including decreased water and land pollution) • Arrested livestock-related deforestation • Freed-up agricultural land and water resources • Freed-up grain for direct human consumption

Reid, M.A., Marsh, K.A., Zeuschner, C.L., Saunders, A.V. & Baines, S.K. (2012). Meeting the nutrient reference values on a vegetarian diet. The Medical Journal of Australia, MJA Open 2012; 1 Suppl 2: 33-40. Retrieved 22 June 2012 from https://www.mja.com.au/open Tragedy of the commons Perhaps meat consumption should no longer be a matter of individual choice??

• Abusing the global environmental commons • Abusing public health system

Given estimated impacts on sustainability boundaries – livestock should figure strongly in efforts to more effectively manage the global commons for sustainability objectives (decarbonisation)

• Cigarettes (high tax) • Alcohol (high tax) • Petrol (high tax) • Energy (high tax) • Meat???

Possible local policy pathways to support flexitarianism include:

• One meat-free day per week or Meat-Free Mondays • Veggie Street Maps • Meat as a treat (Be meat-wise, enjoy responsibly, for the sake of your health and the health of the planet, please enjoy in moderation) • Nutritional recommendations (Harvard’s Healthy Eating Plate, Educational info on maximum safe consumption levels) • Support for alternatives (tax incentives to those promoting meat- substitutes/plant alternatives) • Educational initiatives (similar to anti-smoking, anti-suntan) • Internalising externalities – GST, more expensive mass produced meat/cheaper quality meats • LESS but BEST

Replacing meat with plant-based foods offers a more rapid impact on reducing GHG emissions & their atmospheric concentrations than any action to replace fossil fuels with renewable energies

Flexitarianism: 25% reduction in global meat production = 12.5% reduction in global anthropogenic GHGs

This is about the personal power & potential of individuals 

Moving towards a flexitarian lifestyle

1. Spring clean your fridge and freezer (out of sight is out of mind) 2. Don’t supermarket shop on an empty stomach 3. Get your family on board (voluntarily or forcefully ) 4. Plan ahead – at least initially 5. Experiment! Try!! Cook a vegetarian meal you’ve never cooked before. 6. Eat generously (if you’re hungry-you aren’t eating enough good stuff – more fruit and veggies ) 7. Stay motivated (write down the reasons you’re doing this and put them somewhere you can see them regularly) 8. Seek support and advice (dinner clubs, cooking classes, cook books, the internet) 9. Educate yourself (Forks Over Knives, Michael Greger, Engine2Diet, Earthlings, Peaceable Kingdom, Ghosts in our Machine) 10. Give it a go! You’ve got nothing to loose and everything to gain 

“You can change your light bulbs, buy a hybrid car and plant more trees till the cows come home, but nothing is as effective, available, inexpensive, quick, powerful for the individual in affecting global warming as the choice of where to stick your fork.” Paul Watson, Sea Shepard

References

• Raphaely, T., Marinova, D. (2014) “Flexitarianism: A More Moral Dietary Option”, International Journal of Sustainable Society, Vol. 6, Nos 1/2, pp. 189–211

• Raphaely, T., Marinova, D. (2012) “Flexitarianism: Traditional Diets as Social Innovation for Sustainability”, Visão Global Review, Vol. 15, No. 1–2, pp. 403–422

• Raphaely, T., Marinova, D., Crisp, G., Panayotov, J. (2012) “Flexitarianism (Flexible or Part-time Vegetarianism): A User-based Dietary Choice for Improving Personal, Population and Planetary Wellbeing”, International Journal of User-driven Healthcare (forthcoming}

• Raphaely, T. (2012) The power of us: Counteracting decreasing sustainability, PhD, Curtin University, Australia

• Raphaely, T., Marinova, D. (2011) Preventing further climate change: A call to individual action through a decrease in meat consumption, MODSIM 2011 International Congress on Modelling and Simulation, Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand, Perth, Australia, pp. 3066–3072

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