•• MILIT ARHISTORISK TIDSKRIFT 1983 RAPPORT FRÅN MILITÄRHISTORISK KONFERENS VID MILITÄRHÖGSKOLAN I JUNI 1983 utgivare KUNGL KRIGSVETENSKAPSAKADEMIENS HANDLINGAR OCH TIDSKRIFT 1983 187. ÅRGÅNGEN BIHÄFTE KUNGLIGA KRIGSVETENSKAPSAKADEMIEN Sekreterare: Överste 1. gr Hans Ulfhielm 115 88 STOCKHOLM Telefon 09-782 56 10 (bostaden 08-99 77 12) Skrivelsertill Akademien adresseras till sekreteraren KUNGLIGA KRIGSVETENSKAPSAKADEMIENS HANDLINGAR OCH TIDSKRIFf Redaktör och ansvarig utgivare: Kommendör Stig Strömbäck Box 800 17, 104 50 STOCKHOLM Telefon 08-788 98 43 (bostaden 08-758 94 89) För frågor angående prenumeration, distribution ocll kassaärenden: Byrådirektör Reine Johansson: telefon 08-788 88 59 (bostaden 08-716 44 27) Postgirokonto nr 19 58 70-1 Prenumerationspris (7 nr) 75:-, varav kr 13:38 utgör mervärdesskatt SWEDISH JOURNAL OF MILITARY HISTORY 1983 REPORT FROM THE ROYAL STAFF COLLEGE OF THE ARMED FORCES CONFERENCE JUNE 1983 Edited by Bertil Johansson Klaus-Richard Böhme Göran Andolf Alf W. Johansson Contents Preface 4 Partidpants 5 Manfred Messerschmidt: German StaffOfficers' Education since the Beginning of the 19th Century. Innovations andTraditions 9 Gunnar Arteus: The Value of Advanced Theoretical Education: Some Obser­ vations Concerning the Training and Selection of Military Elites in 20th Century Sweden 21 Brian Bond: Educational Changes at R.M.A. Sandhurst, 1966-1982 33 Robin Higham: Education and Technology: Some Considerations of the Background ofU.S. Commanders in World Warll 45 Jussi T. Lappalainen: Responses to the Need for Trained Military Staff in Finland, 1918-1939 55 Donald M. Schurman: The Navy at the British Royal United Services Institution, 1890-1896 67 Gerke Teitler: Colonial Defence and the Challenge of Naval Technology: The Case of the Dutch Submarine 85 Anders Berge: The Swedish Navy in the Inter-war Period: Strategic Think-. ing at the Crossroads 101 Brian Bond: The Mechanization of the British Army in the 1930's: The Impact ofTechnical Innovation on a Conservative Institution 115 Knud J. V. Jespersen: New Technology versus Conscription. Some Reflections on Trends in Danish Army Organization <luring the First Twentyfive Years of NATO Membership 125 Robin Higham: Technology in American Aviation: Patterns in Innovation, Procurement, andUse 135 K/atlS-Richard Böhme: The Establishment of a New Service: The Experience of the Swedish Air Force 145 Discussions 159 3 Preface This issue of Militärhistorisk Tidskrift/SwedishJournal of Military His­ tory appears as a report from the conference on military history held under the auspices of the Royal Staff College of the Armed Forces in June 1983. The report contains the written papers presented at the conference and summaries of the discussions that followed. A list of the participants is included. Two themes were discussed at the conference: Higher Military Edu­ cation in the Western World after 1870 and Technology and Military Organization in the Western World after 1870. The purpose of the conference was to enable a number of schalars from Sweden and abroad to present current research in these fields and to widen the scope by discussions inspired by the reports present­ ed. The aim was to create an increased knowledge and understanding of the influence of structural factors and the importance of policy fac­ tors and their effects on recruitment and education as well as on the in­ troduction of new technology. The result was judged to be of direct in­ terest for the teaching at the Staff College and may be of some value for the planning by military authorities within the Swedish Defence Forces. The conference took place at the Staff College in Stockholm and at Hotell Havsbaden, Grisslehamn, 100 km north of Stockholm. In the sessions at the Staff College not only the regular conference members but also representatives of military headquarters and organizations as well as private individuals interested in military history took part in the discussions. Important contributions were made also by people outside of the military history profession. Responsibility for the conference has been carried by an organizing committee formed by the staff of the Department of Military History at the Staff College. In accordance with a Government resolution the conference costs were covered within the budget of the Staff College. The Committee for Military Historical Research, the Swedish Institute and the Swedish Aviation Historical Society gave valuable financial support. Bertil Johansson 4 Participants Dr. Andolf, Göran, Asst. Prof. Department of Military History Rapporteur of Proceedings Royal Staff College Box 80007 S-104 50 Stockholm Sweden Dr. Arteus, Gunnar, Assoc. Prof. Department of Military History Deputy Conference Secretary Royal Staff College Box 80007 S-104 50 Stockholm Sweden Mr. Berge, Anders, M.A. University of Stockholm Department of History S-106 91 Stockholm Sweden Mr. Björnsson, Anders, M.A. Swedish Broadcasting Corporation National Radio Network. Scienees and Arts Research Department. 105 10 Stockholm Dr. Bond, Brian University of London King's College Strand London WC2R 2LS UK Dr. Böhme, K.laus-Richard, Assoc. Prof. Department of Military History Conference Secretary Royal Staff College Box 80007 S-104 50 Stockholm Sweden Dr. Carlgren, Wilhelm M., Prof. Department of Foreign Affairs Box 16121 S-103 23 Stockholm Sweden Lt. Col. Cronenberg, Arvid, M.A. Lundagatan 3A S-171 63 Solna Sweden Dr. Glete, Jan, Assoc. Prof. Västmannagatan 3 S-111 24 Stockholm Sweden Cpt. Grawe, Bo L., M.A. Rödklövervägen 12 S-162 41 Vällingby Sweden Dr. Higham, Robin, Prof. Kansas State University Department of History Manhattan Kansas 66506 USA 5 Dr. Jespersen, Knud J. V., Assoc. Prof. Odense University Institute of History Campusvej 55 DK 5230 Odense M Danmark Dr. Johansson, Alf W., Assoc. Prof. Department of Military History Rapporteur of Proceedings Royal Staff College Box 80007 S-104 50 Stockholm Sweden Col. Johansson, Bertil Director of the Department of Chairman Military History Royal StaffCollege Box 80007 S-104 50 Stockholm Sweden Lt. Col. Kjellander, Bo Department of Military History Administrative Officer Royal Staff College Box 80007 S-104 50 Stockholm , Sweden Dr. Lappalainen, Jussi T., Prof. Turun yliopisto University of Turku Henrikinkatu2 SF-20500 Turku50 Suomi/Finland Dr. Messerschmidt, Manfred, Prof., Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt D-7800 Freiburg i.Br. Griinwälderstr. 10-14 Bundesrepublik Deutschland Dr. Norberg, Erik Director of Krigsarkivet S-115 88 Stockholm Sweden Maj. Gen. Palmstierna, Nils- Fredrik Commander of the Royal Staff College Box80007 S-104 50 Stockholm Sweden Com. Rantanen, Kalle Finnish StaffCollege PL266 SF-00171 /Helsingfors Suomi/Finland Lt. Col. Rimstrand, Torbjörn Royal Staff College Box80007 S-104 50 Stockholm Sweden Dr. Rystad, Göran, Prof. University of Lund Department of History Magle Lilla Kyrkogata 9A S-223 51 Lund Sweden 6 Maj. Scheiderbauer, Sven F 20 Box 645 S-751 27 Uppsala Sweden Dr. Schurman, Donald M., Prof. Royal Military College of Canada Department of History Kingston Ontario K7L 2W3 Canada Dr. Teitler, Gerke, Prof. Koninklijk Instituut voor de Marine Het Nieuwe Diep 8 Den Helder Holland Dr. Thullberg, Per, Assoc. Prof. University of Stockholm Department of History S-106 91 Stockholm Sweden Dr. Torbacke, Jarl, Prof. University of Stockholm Department of History S-106 91 Stockholm Sweden Lt. Col. Wangel, Carl-Axel Militärhistoriska Förlaget Sandhamnsgatan 40B S-115 28 Stockholm Sweden Dr. Zetterberg, Kent, Assoc. Prof. Riksarkivet Box 34104 S-100 26 Stockholm Sweden 7 8 German Staff Officers' Education since the Beginning of the 19th Century. Innovations and Traditions By Manfred Messerschmidt After the defeat of the Prussian Army; indeed of the Prussian mon­ archy, at Jena, the time had come to reorganize the old fashioned army system, its principles and the organisation of military education. First steps in the new direction were taken by General v. Scharnhorst, to whom the king had given the functions if not the title of a minister of war. Scharnhorst's idea circled round a Military Academy ready to furnish the army with officers who had been imbued with what he preferred to call "Wissenschaft vom Kriege" - science of war. Hereby, it was expected, the army could create an educated elite in other words in contrast to the old structure based as it was on quasi feudal elements, on the nobility. It is well known that there was no chance to realize these schemes <luring the restoration era. The "Allgemeine Kriegsschule", as it was named after the wars of liberation, was not able to constitute an example of modern training and education within the framework of a society and within a political syst�m that tried to silence liberal and national thinking. What was given as a guidance in matters like philosophy of histo­ ry was no longer a mixture of rationalism and pragmatism but a combination of idealistic and historical conceptions that corresponded with the ideas of the romantic movement, with its typical nation of the state as a singular personality created by its history, special will and interests, its power and government system. So, already <luringthe era of restoration one finds traces of a kind of political thinking, in the activities of Prussia's Military High School, that was and remained opposed to the political inheritance of other western nations. Apart from this the school did not come up to Scharnhorst's vision of "science of war". As is clearly shown by the curricula of 1816 and of the following years, the army authorities seemed to believe they could mix this philosophy of history with the old type of förmal training based primarily on mathematics. The officers were to learn a lat of analysis, physics, same literature, chemistry, history and same special military items. 1 Mathematics and natural sciences had their special position. There was - even in theory - no attempt of integration of a general system of staff officer education. Carl v. Clausewitz in his capacity as military director of the school belonged to the critics of the system. But he had no influence on curricula planning.