Baltic Security and Defence Review ________________________________________________________ Volume 15, Issue 2 2013 Baltic Security and Defence Review is the bi-annual publication of the Baltic Defence College © 2013, Baltic Defence College, All rights reserved ISSN 1736-3772 (print) 1736-3780 (online) Editorial Board Editor: Dr. James S. Corum, Dean, Baltic Defence College Deputy editor Mr. James Rogers, Baltic Defence College Harold E. Raugh, Jr., Ph.D. Command Historian, V Corps Lt. Col. John Andreas Olsen PhD, Norwegian Air Force, Dean, Norwegian Defence University College Dr. Augustine Meaher, Department of Political and Strategic Studies, Baltic Defence College Dr. Hannu Kari, Finnish National Defence University Dr. Maja Ericksson, Swedish National Defence Academy Erik Mannik, International Centre for Defence Studies Dr. Olaf Mertelsmann, Tartu University Dr. Margarita Seselgyte, Vilnius University Lithuania Dr. Zaneta Ozolina, University of Latvia Layout: Oliver Toots Cover and print: www.ecoprint.ee Electronic version of the Baltic Security and Defence Review can be accessed on the website of the Baltic Defence College at www.bdcol.ee All articles of the Baltic Security and Defence Review are also available through the International Relations and Security Network (ISN) at www.isn.ethz.ch All inquiries should be made to the Baltic Defence College, Riia 12, 51013 Tartu, Estonia, ph: +372 717 6000, fax: +372 717 6050, e-mail: [email protected] Disclaimer: The Baltic Defence College publishes the Baltic Security and Defence Review as a journal of research and commentary on security issues in order to facilitate academic discussion. The views presented in the articles are those only of the authors, and do not represent any official views of the three Baltic States, or their armed forces, or of the Baltic Defence College Baltic Security & Defence Review Vol 15, Issue 2, 2013 Contents Ingrians in the Estonian War of Independence: Between Estonia, Russia and Finland By Kari Alenius- Associate Professor, Department of History University of Oulu, Finland ............................................................................................................. 5 Coping with a New Security Situation – Swedish Military Attachés in the Baltic 1919–1939 By Fredrik Eriksson- Assistant Professor National Defence College, Military History Division, Stockholm ..................................................................................... 33 (Re)Constructing Russian Soft Power in Post-Soviet Region By Nerijus Maliukevičius- an Associate Professor at the Vilnius University, Institute of International Relations and Political Science, Vilnius, Lithuania. ........... 70 What Does Finnish Military Ethnography Involve? By Captain Juha Jokitalo- a member of the faculty in the Leadership Department, Finnish Air Force Academy ................................................................. 98 The Future of U.S. Bases in Europe—A View from America By Luke Coffey - Margaret Thatcher Fellow at the Heritage Foundation in Washington DC...................................................................................................... 125 SECURITY COOPERATION BETWEEN POLAND AND THE BALTIC REGION By Zdzislaw Sliwa- PhD is associate professor at the Baltic Defence College, Tartu, Estonia ........................................................................................................ 146 By Marcin Górnikiewicz- PhD is on the faculty of the Stanislaw Staszic College of Public Administration in Bialystok, Poland ........................................................ 146 NATO Commander General Lauris Norstad and the Art of Alliance Leadership By Dr. James S. Corum- Dean of the Baltic Defence College, Tartu, Estonia ......... 183 The Rise of China and the Departure of America: Operational Implications for Europe (2013 Joint Course Prize Paper) By Major Sandris Gaugers, Latvian Army ............................................................ 225 3 Baltic Security & Defence Review Vol 15, Issue 2, 2013 Note from the Editor—Issue 2 2013 The Baltic Defence College has produced another issue of the Baltic Security and Defence Review with a good mix of articles that cover current European security issues such as Russian soft power, Poland’s geopolitical view of the Baltic, the rise of China and implications for Europe, as well as the future of the US in Europe and the role of the US in Europe. But we also have a mandate to encourage scholarship in the broader aspects of security, especially in the Baltic region, so we included an article on Finnish military ethnography. We have a strong interest in promoting scholarship in the military history of the Baltic region so we have an article on the Estonian Independence War and on the Swedish military view of the Baltic region in the interwar period. Call for Articles The BSDR is a peer reviewed academic journal and we publish articles on issues considering all aspects of Baltic security, as well as articles that deal with aspects of European security and broader conflict as well as current issues that affect the NATO nations, such as counterinsurgency and recent campaigns. Of course, we still try to maintain a Baltic focus. We are published in both print and e-editions We invite scholars and officers to submit articles for the Baltic Security and Defence Review. Articles should be in English, well-researched, and be between 6,000 and 12,000 words. Articles are to be submitted in word format electronically to the editor. We use Chicago style endnote citations. Each article will be published after a blind review process. If an author has any questions we can send a style guide. If you are interested in submitting an article to the BSDR please send an email to the editor: Dr. James Corum, Dean of the Baltic Defence College, Tartu Estonia. Email: [email protected] 4 Baltic Security & Defence Review Vol 15, Issue 2, 2013 Ingrians in the Estonian War of Independence: Between Estonia, Russia and Finland By Kari Alenius- Associate Professor, Department of History University of Oulu, Finland Introduction In the years 1918–1919, during the Estonian War of Independence, several thousand foreign volunteers fought as subordinates of the Estonian government. Nearly 4,000 volunteers arrived from Finland and participated in battles during the winter and spring of 1919. The majority of Finns returned to their homeland in April when their original service contracts ended. In the spring of 1919 a few hundred volunteers from Sweden and Denmark arrived in Estonia, serving in the Estonian army until the autumn of 1919.1 Forming their own entity were the White Russians of the Russian Civil War. Already in the autumn of 1918 the German occupation administration in the Baltic had allowed Russian anti- Bolshevik groups to organize military units in the area of Pskov. This force was known as the Northern Army (Russkij Severnyj korpus, RSK). As the World War ended in November, 1918 the Northern Army comprised about 3,000 men. When Germany began a withdrawal from the Baltic, and Soviet Russia began to conquer the territory back after the conclusion of the armistice, it became essential to organize relations between the RSK and the Estonian (and Latvian) national governments.2 An agreement of co-operation against Bolshevism and Soviet Russia, which had launched an attack on Estonia, was signed between Estonia and the RSK on 1 December, 1918. The Estonian government promised to maintain the Northern Army and the Northern Army promised to submit to the command of the Commander-in-Chief of the Estonian armed forces. At the same time the RSK promised not to interfere in the internal affairs of Estonia, although in principle White 5 Baltic Security & Defence Review Vol 15, Issue 2, 2013 Russians did not recognize the independence of Estonia. In any case, in spite of their mutual distrust, a mutual enemy led Estonia and the Northern Army to co-operation. In practice cooperation was carried out during the winter and spring 1919 when Soviet Russian troops were repulsed from Estonian territory. In the late spring and early summer of 1919 the RSK and Estonian army were able to temporarily occupy fairly large areas east of Estonia. The Russian forces grew to 20,000 men, thus becoming by far the largest foreign force subordinate to the Estonian armed forces.3 As a consequence of the conflicts between Estonia and the RSK, General Laidoner, the commander-in-chief of the Estonian army, withdrew from the command of the Northern Army in June 1919. From then on, the Russians operated independently without being directly subordinate to the Estonian armed forces. To distinguish itself from a similar White grouping operating in Murmansk, the Northern Army changed its name to the Northwest Army (Severo-zapadnaja armija, SZA) in July 1919. In July, mainly because of pressure from Great Britain, self-government for North-West Russia was formally established as background for the SZA. General Yudenich became the commander of the army, replacing General Rodzianko who had been commander in the spring and summer. The Northwest Army suffered a crushing defeat in the autumn as it tried to capture St. Petersburg, and at the turn of 1919–1920 the forces of the SZA that had withdrawn back to Estonia were disarmed and disbanded.4 Among the various groups fighting the Soviet Russians -- Estonians, Russians and foreign volunteers-- there was another significant military group – the Ingrians. These were the Ingrian Finns and neighbouring kindred peoples to