Un Univers Dans Une Cuillère Sur La Terminologie Alimentaire Du Roumain

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Un Univers Dans Une Cuillère Sur La Terminologie Alimentaire Du Roumain PETRONELA SAVIN Un univers dans une cuillère Sur la terminologie alimentaire du roumain 2012 1 PETRONELA SAVIN Un univers dans une cuillère Sur la terminologie alimentaire du roumain 2012 2 Référents scientifiques: Stelian Dumistrăcel Rodica Ileana Zafiu Cristina Florescu Mircea Ciubotaru 3 TABLE DE MATIERES Avant-propos ... 6 Abréviations ... 7 INTRODUCTION ... 9 1. Le roumain comme langue romane ...9 2. La terminologie alimentaire roumaine dans la perspective de l’anthropologie culturelle ... 11 L’ORGANISATION STRATIGRAPHIQUE DE LA TERMINOLOGIE ALIMENTAIRE ROUMAINE ... 14 1. Le fond de base ... 16 1.1. La terminologie alimentaire héritée: mots du latin, mots du substrat ... 16 1.2. Les créations sur le terrain de la langue roumaine ... 30 2. Les emprunts, de la perspective des principaux aspects de la variation linguistique dans la diachronie ... 36 2.1. Manifestations de la variation concernant l’ensemble du vocabulaire: termes d’origine vieux-slave et du grec ancien ... 37 2.2. Les manifestations de la variation diatopique concernant des influences étrangères ultérieures ... 43 2.2.1. Terms d’origine turque et néo-grecque ... 44 2.2.2. Emprunts de l’ukrainien, du russe, du bulgare, du serbe et d’autres langues slaves modernes; les problèmes de l’étymologie multiple ... 50 2.2.3. Mots d’origine magyare et d’origine allemande ... 55 2.3. Marques de la variation diastratique en ce qui concerne les emprunts: mots d’origine française, italienne, latine savante et anglaise ... 60 DES NOYAUX DU CORPUS DE LA TERMINOLOGIE ALIMENTAIRE ... 68 1. Noms d’aliments ... 70 1.1. Termes génériques ... 70 1.2. Noms de matières: plantes comestibles, fruits, céréales, viande, lait, œufs, miel, sel et leurs produits ... 71 1.3. Noms de plats à base de céréales, de plantes, de viande, d’œufs, du sucre ... 76 2. Noms de boissons ... 83 3. Noms d’actions ... 85 4. Noms d’états ... 86 5. Noms d’activités ... 86 6. Noms de traits ... 87 7. Noms d’organes ... 88 8. Noms de sens ... 88 9. Noms d’instruments ... 88 10. Noms d’installations ... 91 MISE A JOUR: LE ROLE DE LA FONCTION PHATIQUE DANS LES DISCOURS DES MENUS (SUR LE TERRAIN DE LA VARIATION DIAFASIQUE) ... 92 1. La suffixation diminutive ... 92 2. Les composantes d’un langage fonctionnel (le cocktail des menus) ... 97 CONCLUSIONS ... 104 BIBLIOGRAPHIE... 107 ABSTRACT ... 119 ANNEXES ... 125 INDEX DES NOMS ... 130 INDEX DES TERMES ... 133 4 CONTENTS Foreword Abbreviations INTRODUCTION The Romanian food terminology from the perspective of cultural anthropology THE STRATIGRAPHIC ORGANIZATION OF FOOD TERMINOLOGY 1. Basic vocabulary 1.1. Inherited food terminology: words from the Latin layer; substrate words 1.2. Creations on Romanian ground 2. Loans from the perspective of the main aspects of linguistic variation in diachrony 2.1. Manifestations of variation related to the vocabulary as a whole: terms of ancient Slavic and ancient Greek origin 2.2. Manifestations of diatopic variation in terms of subsequent foreign influences 2.2.1. Terms of Turkish and Neo-Greek origin 2.2.2. Loans from Ukrainian, Russian, Bulgarian, Serbian, Croatian and other Neo-Slavic languages; problems of multiple etymology 2.2.3. Words of Hungarian and German origin 2.3. Marks of diastratic variation in terms of loans: words of French, Italian, classical Latin and English origin NUCLEI OF THE TERMINOLOGICAL CORPUS OF FOOD 1. Names of food 1.1. Generic terms 1.2. Names of matters: edible plants, fruits, cereals, meet, milk, honey, eggs, salt and their products 1.3. Names of dishes based on plants, cereals, meet, eggs, sugar 2. Names of drinks 3. Names of actions 4. Names of states 5. Names of activities 6. Names of characteristics 7. Names of organs 8. Names of senses 9. Names of tools 10. Names of facilities A SYNTHETIC UPDATING. THE ROLE OF PHATIC FONCTION IN THE DISCOURSE OF MENUS (THE FIELD OF DIAPHASIC VARIATION) 1. Diminution 2. The elements of a functional language (the cocktail of menus) CONCLUSIONS BIBLIOGRAPHY ABSTRACT ANNEXES INDEX OF NAMES INDEX OF TERMS 5 Avant-propos Cet ouvrage (qui a pour point de départ la thèse de doctorat soutenue sous la direction de M. le Professeur Stelian Dumistrăcel, à l’Université «Alexandru Ioan Cuza» de Iaşi, en 2009) propose une approche de la terminologie roumaine concernant l’alimentation humaine, en assumant les gains de l’espace de la linguistique actuelle, afin de répondre au défi d’Eugen Coşeriu relatif à l’étude du langage de la perspective de l’universalité de la culture et des exigences multiples de la recherche linguistique, à laquelle le grand linguiste reconnaît, par comparaison avec d’autres sciences humanistes, la relation la plus fidèle avec la manière d’être de l’homme en général. L’orientation de la démarche de Coşeriu est suggérée d’une manière ludique à partir du titre même. La structure Un Univers dans une Cuillère représente un discours répété par la modification du syntagme Universul din scoică (L’univers dans la coquille) du volume d’interviews avec Eugen Coşeriu, réalisé par Gheorghe Popa, Maria Şleahtiţchi et Nicolae Leahu et publié à Chişinău, Ştiinţa, 2004. La présente étude dépasse le niveau de recherche généralement terminologique et considère le cadre plus large de l’anthropologie culturelle. Elle met en valeur les cadres cognitifs et les modèles culturels fixés en roumain au niveau de la terminologie alimentaire. L’analyse du point de vue étymologique du lexique comme moyen de communication spécialisé sert, d’une manière pragmatique, à l’interprétation d’un langage fonctionnel dans perspective de la stylistique linguistique. En prenant en considération le rôle de la fonction phatique du langage sur le terrain de l’analyse de diverses marques langagières des discours des menus, nous élargissons l’aire d’investigation, qui touche aussi la zone de la communication en espace public. L’ouvrage veut avoir également un caractère instrumental, en offrant une valorisation du matériel terminologique investigué dans la perspective d’une organisation systémique en catégories du réel. Cette mise en système de la terminologie alimentaire de la langue roumaine, qui respecte la stratification étymologique, donne l’occasion, par la relation transparente entre la langue et la culture, de stimuler les recherches de type ethnolinguistique. L’ouvrage peut se présenter comme un instrument utile aussi bien pour le linguiste ou le spécialiste en sciences de la communication, que pour le grand public, préoccupé par la langue roumaine sous l’aspect de l’expressivité et de son usage spécialisé. 6 *** Nous remercions ici Monsieur Stelian Dumistrăcel, Professeur des Universités, à l’Université «Alexandru Ioan Cuza» de Iaşi pour son soutien et pour l’intérêt accordé à notre recherche. Nous mentionnons aussi que le financement des activités de recherche nécessaires au perfectionnement de cette étude a été assuré par le projet POSDRU/89/1.5/S/49944, « Le développement de la capacité d’innovation et l’augmentation de l’impact de la recherche par des programmes post doctoraux » de l’Université « Alexandru Ioan Cuza » de Iaşi, et par le projet PD, no. 582 « Dictionnaire phraséologique. Le champ onomasiologique de l’alimentation de l’homme », financé par UEFISCDI par le Plan National, PN II (2007-2013), de l’Université « Vasile Alecsandri » de Bacău. 7 Abréviations a.gr. = ancient grec log. = logoudorien alb. = albanais m. = moyen all. = allemand m.bg. = moyen-bulgare angl. = anglais mégl. = mégléno-roumain ar. = arabe ngr. = néo-grec arch.= archaïque n.s. = nouvelle série aroum. = aroumain pg. = portugais berb. = langues berbères pol. = polonais bg. = bulgare pop. = populaire biél. = biélorusse pr-roum. = protoroumain camp. = campidanien prov. = provençal cat. = catalan rég. = régional cf. = voir, comparer roum. = roumain dacoroum.= daco-roumain russ. = russe dalm. = dalmate s. = siècle dial. = dalectal sard. = sarde esp. = espagnol sax. = saxon fr. = français sb. = serbe frioul. = frioulan sl. = slave gal. = galicien slov. = slovène gr. = grec slq. = slovaque hongr. = hongrois tch. = tchèque istroroum. = istro-roumain trad. = traduction it. = italien ukr. = ukrainien lat. = latin v. = vieux lat. clas. = latin classique v.sl. = vieux slave lat. pop. = latin populaire lat. sav. = latin savant 8 INTRODUCTION 1. Le roumain comme langue romane Le roumain est une langue indo-européenne, romane, la seule représentante actuelle de la latinité dans l’Est de l’Europe, ce qui lui confère un intérêt scientifique particulier. Dans le cadre de la romanité, le roumain fait preuve d’une individualité très poussée dont parlait le grand linguiste italien Matteo Bartoli, pour lequel le roumain était le plus fidèle et, en même temps, le plus infidèle à Rome des provinces romaines (Bartoli, 1940: 1-13). Cette individualité est due au fait que la langue roumaine est née est s’est développée dans des conditions spéciales, dans un milieu non-roman. Al. Rosseti propose cette définition généalogique de la langue roumaine: « Le roumain est le latin parlé sans interruption dans la partie orientale de L’Empire Romain – à savoir les provinces danubiennes romanisées (Dacie, Pannonie du sud, Dardanie, Mésie supérieure et inférieure) – dépuis l’époque de la pénétration du latin dans ces provinces et jusqu’à nos jours » (Rossetti, 1977: 101). Les conditions dans lesquelles la langue roumaine s’est développée peuvent être résumées en quelques lignes1. Conquise par l’empereur Trajan en 106, la Dacie fut l’un des derniers territoires acquis par l’Empire romain. Elle conserva ce statut jusqu’en 271, lorsque l’empereur Aurélien l’abandonna, en transférant l’administration et l’armée au sud du Danube, pour renforcer la frontière de l’Empire devant les attaques successives des peuples germaniques. Après la retraite de l’armée et de l’administration, la population de langue latine, issue de la coexistence des autochtones et des colons est restée sur place. Le latin parlé en Dacie a évolué vers le roumain. À partir du VIe siècle, les Slaves pénétrent dans la Péninsule Balkanique et y fondent les États Slaves méridionaux, en détruisant l’unité romane.
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