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Nationalism As Ideology: a Reflection on the Group Remaking Tendencies in Macedonia
Nationalism as Ideology: A Reflection on the Group Remaking Tendencies in Macedonia Master Thesis for the award of the academic degree of Master of Arts (MA) at the Karl-Franzens-University of Graz submitted by: Branimir Staletovik at the Centre for Southeast European Studies Supervisor: Univ. Professor Florian Bieber Graz, 2015 Table of Contents Introduction............................................................................................................................1 The Rise of Nationalism in Macedonia................................................................................1 Chapter I: Nationalism as Ideology .....................................................................................5 Antiquization and Skopje 2014 – a critical reflection on the existing approaches ..............5 From Identity to Ideology ....................................................................................................8 Beyond Identity..................................................................................................................10 Nationalism as Ideology ....................................................................................................13 Thesis Goals and Methods .................................................................................................16 Nationalism in Macedonia and the Post-Yugoslav States..................................................18 Chapter II: The evolvement of ancient narrative in Macedonia and ‘diaspora’...........24 A Historical Reflection on the -
Content Analysis Baden & Stalpouskaya
Methodological Framework: Content Analysis Baden & Stalpouskaya 17 September 2015 INFOCORE Working Paper 2015/10 COMMON METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK: CONTENT ANALYSIS A MIXED-METHODS STRATEGY FOR COMPARATIVELY, DIACHRONICALLY ANALYZING CONFLICT DISCOURSE Christian Baden1 & Katsiaryna Stalpouskaya2 1Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 2Ludwig Maximilian University Munich INFOCORE Working Paper 2015/10 1 www.infocore.eu/results/ www.infocore.eu/results/ Methodological Framework: Content Analysis Baden & Stalpouskaya COMMON METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK: CONTENT ANALYSIS (EXECUTIVE SUMMARY) The “common methodological framework” sets out those elements of INFOCORE’s methodological strategy shared by the analyses of INFOCORE’s four content-analytic WPs. The framework departs from an understanding of discourse as the use of lexical indicators (in different languages and manifold variations) to express semantic meaning – meanings that can be compared over time, across conflicts, across media, across cases, and in many other ways. In order to meet INFOCORE’s complex analytic demands, the framework combines inductive with deductive approaches, applies mixed qualitative and quantitative methodology, and formulates a sequence of steps to ensure that the respective strengths of each part are integrated to inform subsequent steps. Specifically, INFOCORE follows three main stages. In the first stage, the involved WPs and conflict leaders gather material and input on the cultural richness and variability of conflict-related discourse. From a detailed, qualitative -
Gibbs Umd 0117E 12639.Pdf
ABSTRACT Title of Document: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LEGITIMACY, TERRORIST ATTACKS AND POLICE Jennifer Catherine Gibbs Doctor of Philosophy, 2011 Directed By: Professor Laura Dugan Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice Scholars often suggest that terrorism – “the threatened or actual use of illegal force and violence to attain a political, economic, religious or social goal through fear, coercion or intimidation” (LaFree & Dugan, 2007, 184) – is a battle of legitimacy. As the most ubiquitous representatives of the government’s coercive force, the police should be most susceptible to terrorism stemming from perceptions of illegitimacy. Police are attractive symbolic and strategic targets, and they were victimized in over 12% of terrorist attacks worldwide since 1970. However, empirical research assessing the influence of legitimacy on terrorist attacks, generally, and scholarly attention to terrorist attacks on police are scant. The purpose of this dissertation is to examine the influence of state and police legitimacy and alternative explanations on the proportion of all and only fatal terrorist attacks on police in 82 countries between 1999 and 2008. Data were drawn from several sources, including the Global Terrorism Database and the World Values Survey. Surprisingly, results of Tobit analyses indicate that police legitimacy, measured by the percentage of the population who have at least some confidence in police, is not significantly related to the proportion of all terrorist attacks on police or the proportion of fatal terrorist attacks on police. State legitimacy was measured by four indicators; only the percentage of the population who would never protest reached significance, lending limited support for this hypothesis. Greater societal schism, the presence of a foreign military and greater economic inequality were consistently significant predictors of higher proportions of terrorist attacks on police. -
Party Politics in the Western Balkans
Party Politics in the Western Balkans Edited by Věra Stojarová and Peter Emerson 2 Legacy of communist and socialist parties in the Western Balkans Věra Stojarová As Ishiyama and Bozóki note, the development of communist successor parties1 in post- communist politics has had an important effect upon the development of democracy (Bozóki and Ishiyama 2002: 393). In some countries the communist party was outlawed; in many cases it was transformed into a party of a socialist or social democratic character; elsewhere, the communist party began to take part in the democratic process, which led to varying results; in some cases, the party transformed itself into a classic socialist or social democratic party; while in other cases it retained a communist ideology. As the literature reveals, the type of the regime, the modus of transition, the manner of financing political parties, the organisation of the parties, as well as the whole political context, all matter. Ishiyama suggests that the patrimonial communist regime (as in Serbia) produced communist successor parties which had to distinguish themselves from the previous communist system and hence turned towards nationalism, while in a national- consensus regime (Slovenia, Croatia), the successor parties developed policies that divorced the party from the past, and led to the emergence of a social democratic identity (Ishiyama 1998: 81–2). Nevertheless, the application of the above- mentioned theory reveals the exceptionality of the Western Balkan countries. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, the ethnic structure and the different goals of the three ethnicities had a great impact on the formation of political parties, which were mainly based on ethnic grounds, and left little space to the parties with a social democratic orientation. -
Sovereignty Is Socially Constructed the State of and That It Changes with Time and Place
WORLD HISTORY | POLITICAL SCIENCE Howland EXPLORES HOW STATES CONSTRUCT and White THEMSELVES AND HOW STATE FORMS SEEK TO BE SOVEREIGN THE Contributors “The multidisciplinary character of the contributions reinforces the focus of the work—that sovereignty is socially constructed the state of and that it changes with time and place. Nearly unique in Mark Philip Bradley presenting the diff erent operationalizations of sovereignty while s Keith Brown avoiding the superfi ciality of other attempts to do so.” TATE Frederick Cooper —William Reno, Northwestern University Kevin C. Dunn The State of Sovereignty examines how the nation-state became the prevailing form of governance in the world today. Spanning s Siba N. Grovogui the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and addressing colo- OVEREIGNTY OF Douglas Howland nization and decolonization around the globe, these essays argue that sovereignty is a set of historically contingent practices, and Aida A. Hozic not something that accrues naturally to states. The contributors explore the diff erent ways in which sovereign political forms s Martha Kaplan have been defi ned and have defi ned themselves, placing recent debates about nations and national identity within a broader OVEREIGNTY John D. Kelly history of sovereignty, territory, and legality. Aims McGuinness DOUGLAS HOWLAND is the David D. Buck Professor Leonard V. Smith of Chinese History at the University of Wisconsin– Territories, Milwaukee. David Tucker LUISE WHITE is Professor of History at the University Laws, Luise White of Florida. Populations 21st Century Studies—Daniel J. Sherman, editor Edited by Douglas Howland INDIANA Cover illustration from Leviathan by University Press Thomas Hobbes, courtesy Special Collections, and Bloomington & Indianapolis University of Virginia Library INDIANA http://iupress.indiana.edu Luise White 1-800-842-6796 THE STATE OF SOVEREIGNTY The State of Sovereignty: Territories, Laws, Populations is Volume 3 in the series 21st Century Studies Center for 21st Century Studies University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee daniel j. -
The Impact of Economic Globalisation on the Rise of Nationalism: the Case of Western Balkan Countries
POLITIKON: The IAPSS Journal of Political Science Vol 39 (December 2018) The Impact of Economic Globalisation on the Rise of Nationalism: The Case of Western Balkan Countries Fiammetta Colombo https://doi.org/10.22151/politikon.39.4 Fiammetta Colombo, 25, from Pisa (Italy), is a graduate who received her bachelor’s degree in International Relations at the University of Pisa in 2017. She wrote her bachelor’s thesis on the decolonisation of East Timor and currently studies at the University of Pisa as a master’s degree student. Her interests include Balkan studies, postcolonial studies, and gender studies. E-mail: [email protected]. Abstract The Western Balkans went through a transition process when globalisation was at its maximum strength and expansion. This paper examines the Western Balkan economies during said transition period and the impact of the 2008 economic crisis on their social fabric. The aim is to investigate the repercussions of economic globalisation on nationalism. Using a comparative approach, this work firstly analyses the economic transition of Western Balkans, focusing on social consequences of economic globalisation. The results found in this first step are then compared with the electoral results of nationalist parties in the region. Furthermore, their attitude towards globalisation is examined. The findings show that the economic transition had strong consequences on unemployment, poverty, and inequality rates in the region; this fallout had a subsidiary role in the growth of nationalist parties. Finally, with the only exception of the Serbian case, nationalist forces appear to be in favour of globalisation. Keywords Comparative method; Economic crisis; Economic globalisation; Nationalism; Western Balkans 86 POLITIKON: The IAPSS Journal of Political Science Vol 39 (December 2018) Introduction Nowadays, the impact of globalisation on nationalism is considered one of the core issues both inside and outside the academic context. -
Macedonian Domestic and International Problems (1990−2019) 195 Which Considered That the Macedonian Orthodox Church Should Be Only a Part of It, Was Renewed
p O3l 2S /k 6 a. $a k$ a .D $e ' m (I 0a , $u m80,(-ĉ712ĝ&,I e j ę t n O ś c I To720m XXX ;;9, Stu678',$DIa śROD ĝ52'.2:2(8523(-6.,(kOWOeuROpejSkIe I B a, Ł%$à.$1,67<&=1(kanIStYcZne 2021 DOI'2,;66% 10.4467/2543733XSSB.21.014.13807 KATERINA%$5%$5$.5$8=02=(5 TODOROSKA Institute8QLZHUV\WHW-DJLHOORĔVNL of National History Skopje 72ĩ6$02ĝû±&=<72 7</.2680$6327.$ē MACEDONIAN DOMESTIC,232:,(ĝ&," AND INTERNATIONAL PROBLEMS (1990−2019) 7RĪVDPRĞüXIRUPRZDQDMHVWZDUXQNLHPRWZDUFLDVLĊQDĞZLDW1 Summary -5DW]LQJHU The article addresses the complex relations between the Republic of Macedonia and the neigh- 6áRZDNOXF]RZHIRUP\WRĪVDPRĞFLWRĪVDPRĞüXIRUPRZDQDWRĪVDPRĞüMHGQRVWNRZDWRĪVD boring countries formed after the breakup of Yugoslavia in 1991. Several reasons behind said difficul- PRĞü]ELRURZDG\VNXVMHRWRĪVDPRĞFL ties are discussed, namely: the dispute between Serbia and Macedonia concerning Belgrade’s lack of recognition7RĪVDPRĞü" of the A±DutocephalyFyĪWR]DRVREOLZRĞü"&RXNU\ZDVLĊ]DW\PVáRZHPEĊGąF\POHN of the Macedonian Orthodox church, the conflict with Albanians, whoV\NDOQą]DJDGNąNWyUHX]QDOLĞP\]DWDNXĪ\WHF]QHĪHMHVWHĞP\VNáRQQLSRVáXJLZDüVLĊ point out to human rights violations by the government in Skopje, and the contestations between North Macedonia and Bulgaria addressing Bulgaria’s suppression of Macedonian national identity QLPEH]UHÀHNV\MQLHX]QDZDü]DQLH]EĊGQHPLPRĪHÄQLHMDVQH´WUXGQHGRGHV\JQRZDQLD and language in the province of Pirin Macedonia (Blagoevgrad Province). Finally, we discuss the conflictZ\P\NDMąFHVLĊ]Z\Ná\PPHWRGRPREVHUZDFMLL with Greece -
National Myths in Interdependence
National Myths in Interdependence: The Narratives of the Ancient Past among Macedonians and Albanians in the Republic of Macedonia after 1991 By Matvey Lomonosov Submitted to Central European University Nationalism Studies Program In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts CEU eTD Collection Advisor: Professor Maria Kovács Budapest, Hungary 2012 Abstract The scholarship on national mythology primarily focuses on the construction of historical narratives within separate “nations,” and oftentimes presents the particular national ist elites as single authors and undisputable controllers of mythological versions of the past. However, the authorship and authority of the dominant national ist elites in designing particular narratives of the communal history is limited. The national past, at least in non- totalitarian societies, is widely negotiated, and its interpretation is always heteroglot . The particular narratives that come out of the dominant elites’ “think-tanks” get into a polyphonic discursive milieu discussing the past. Thus they become addressed to alternative narratives, agree with them, deny them or reinterpret them. The existence of those “other” narratives as well as the others’ authorship constitutes a specific factor in shaping mythopoeic activities of dominant political and intellectual national elites. Then, achieving personal or “national” goals by nationalists usually means doing so at the expense or in relations to the others. If in this confrontation the rivals use historical myths, the evolution of the later will depend on mutual responses. Thus national historical myths are constructed in dialogue, contain voices of the others, and have “other” “authors” from within and from without the nation in addition to “own” dominant national ist elite. -
DETERMINATION MOVEMENTS in BOSNIA, MACEDONIA, and KOSOVO Erin Jenne and Beáta Huszka
7. THE IMPORTANCE OF BEING BALANCED: LESSONS FROM NEGOTIATED SETTLEMENTS TO SELF-DETERMINATION MOVEMENTS IN BOSNIA, MACEDONIA, AND KOSOVO Erin Jenne and Beáta Huszka n every continent, self-determination movements have challenged Ostate governments for statehood, yielding a proliferation of de jure and de facto states extending from the former socialist republics of Yugoslavia, the Soviet Union, and Czechoslovakia to South Sudan, Er- itrea, and East Timor. Elsewhere they have produced “quasi-states” with limited international recognition, including South Ossetia and Ab- khazia in Georgia; Northern Cyprus; Nagorno-Karabakh in Azerbaijan; Somaliland; and Transnistria in Moldova.1 Today separatists the world over press for greater political independence from existing state governments— sometimes through violence, other times through popular referenda. Examples of the former include Kurds in northern Iraq and Russians in eastern Ukraine; examples of the latter include Scots in the United Kingdom, Québécois in Canada, and most recently Catalans of Spain. Once activated, movements for self-determination often recur peri- odically in tandem with regime transition and other institutional changes. Self-determination movements are potent sources of political desta- bilization, leading in extreme cases to violent conflict when the majority and minority fail to find a compromise that each would prefer to taking up arms.2 The preferred solution of the United Nations and other peace- making organizations is complex power-sharing agreements from which no party prefers to defect unilaterally. This means successful settlements 117 118 Erin Jenne and Beáta Huszka must at a minimum achieve an acceptable division of political power between majority and minority groups in the state while laying the foundation for a functional state over the entire territory. -
Uti Possidetis Juris
Faculty of Law University of Helsinki FROM KOSOVO TO CRIMEA The Legal Legacies of the Socialist Federal Dissolutions Tero Lundstedt ACADEMIC DISSERTATION Doctoral dissertation to be presented for public examination, by due permission of the Faculty of Law at the University of Helsinki in Porthania Hall P674, on the 1st of August, 2020 at 12 o’clock Helsinki 2020 ISBN 978-951-51-6371-4 (paperback) ISBN 978-951-51-6372-1 (PDF) Unigrafia Helsinki 2020 ii Acknowledgements When it comes to speeches, I am a man of few words, so I will try to keep it short here as well. It has been a long journey to this place, and it would not have been possible without the contributions of many key people. First, I need to thank my supervisors Jan Klabbers and Jarna Petman. Throughout the years, their invaluable comments have made me a better legal and academic writer. They have always been ready to read my texts, listen to my ideas, and to write all those recommendation letters. My humblest of thanks to both of you, dear supervisors! Next in line is my ‘unofficial supervisor’ Lauri Hannikainen, with whom I shared an office at the Erik Castrén Institute (ECI) for most of the years I was working with the PhD. Lauri has contributed greatly to my work and his influence is certainly reflected in this dissertation. In addition, as we share many common research interests, it has been a great pleasure to cooperate with him on several common projects. Thank you for all these years, Lauri! I was honored to have James Summers to agree to act as an opponent in the public examination on 1 August. -
The Macedonian–Albanian Political Frontier: the Re-Articulation of Post- Yugoslav Political Identities
Nations and Nationalism 10 (3), 2004, 293–311. r ASEN 2004 The Macedonian–Albanian political frontier: the re-articulation of post- Yugoslav political identities KEVIN ADAMSONn AND DEJAN JOVIC´nn nDepartment of Government, Unversity of Essex, UK nnDepartment of Politics, University of Stirling, Scotland, UK ABSTRACT. The article examines the re-articulation of national identity in Macedonia since its independence in 1992. Both ethnic Macedonian and ethnic Albanian political identities have been engaged in a complex process of redefinition. Two ethnic groups had previously been strongly influenced by the Marxist paradigm and its Yugoslav official interpretation. During the 1990s, the elements of the old paradigm were combined with elements of the new – liberal democratic – concepts of nationhood. While some of the concepts developed within the old Yugoslav frame- work are still in use, the new liberal-democratic political paradigm finds it difficult to include them into an official discourse on nationhood. At the same time, introduction of the concepts inherent to the liberal-democratic paradigm has disturbed the fragile balance achieved through the old Yugoslav narrative. In new circumstances, the ethnic Macedonians transformed themselves from the ‘constitutive nation’ to ‘majority’. However, the ethnic Albanians found it more difficult to accept the status of ‘minority’, which was once (in Yugoslav Marxist narrative) considered to be politically incorrect. Thus, they insist on being recognised as a ‘nation’, equal to ethnic Macedonians. In its essence, the conflict in Macedonia is – to a large extent – a conflict between two different concepts of what is Macedonia and who are Macedonians. The questions posed are: is the minority (ethnic Albanians) part of the nation? Could two nations exist peacefully within one state? The article maps out differences between two different discourses on the identity of the new Macedonian state. -
Overview: the Diversity and Complexity of Separatist Movements in Europe Alan B. Anderson* University of Saskatchewan
Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe Vol 17, No 3, 2018, 4-44. Copyright © ECMI 2018 This article is located at: http://www.ecmi.de/fileadmin/downloads/publications/JEMIE/201 8/Anderson_intro.pdf Overview: the Diversity and Complexity of Separatist Movements in Europe Alan B. Anderson* University of Saskatchewan Of 42 independent countries in Europe (excluding mini-states, dependencies, and counting the four states together comprising the United Kingdom as a single country), almost all contain territorial-based ethnic minorities which have been, continue to be, or may potentially be engaged in separatist movements.1 While ‘separatism’ is often equated with full political secession, separatist movements – broadly defined – may actually range from secession to autonomy.2 Secessionist movements seek complete independence from an existing country. They may include militant independence movements, involving violence initiated by secessionists; violent state repression of secessionism; or non-violent democratic secessionism. Autonomist movements aim at achieving, strengthening, or maintaining political autonomy within an existing country, short of independence. Such movements may be working toward the achievement of autonomy; or may aim at increasing or strengthening existing autonomy; whereas some autonomous regions may simply be content with existing autonomy (the status quo). Several relatively newly independent countries have recently acquired their independence * Alan B. Anderson is Professor Emeritus of Sociology and a former chair of the International Studies Program at the University of Saskatchewan (Canada). Correspondence details: e-mail: [email protected]. JEMIE Vol 17, No 3, 2018 due to the dissolution of previous federations, and indeed some historic countries with a strong nationalistic identity wish to break away from existing federations.