DOCSLIB.ORG

Uti Possidetis Juris

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Uti Possidetis Juris Faculty of Law University of Helsinki FROM KOSOVO TO CRIMEA The Legal Legacies of the Socialist Federal Dissolutions Tero Lundstedt ACADEMIC DISSERTATION Doctoral dissertation to be presented for public examination, by due permission of the Faculty of Law at the University of Helsinki in Porthania Hall P674, on the 1st of August, 2020 at 12 o’clock Helsinki 2020 ISBN 978-951-51-6371-4 (paperback) ISBN 978-951-51-6372-1 (PDF) Unigrafia Helsinki 2020 ii Acknowledgements When it comes to speeches, I am a man of few words, so I will try to keep it short here as well. It has been a long journey to this place, and it would not have been possible without the contributions of many key people. First, I need to thank my supervisors Jan Klabbers and Jarna Petman. Throughout the years, their invaluable comments have made me a better legal and academic writer. They have always been ready to read my texts, listen to my ideas, and to write all those recommendation letters. My humblest of thanks to both of you, dear supervisors! Next in line is my ‘unofficial supervisor’ Lauri Hannikainen, with whom I shared an office at the Erik Castrén Institute (ECI) for most of the years I was working with the PhD. Lauri has contributed greatly to my work and his influence is certainly reflected in this dissertation. In addition, as we share many common research interests, it has been a great pleasure to cooperate with him on several common projects. Thank you for all these years, Lauri! I was honored to have James Summers to agree to act as an opponent in the public examination on 1 August. His work has been an inspiration to me, and when visiting him at Lancaster University in the spring of 2016 he made me reconsider some of my research angles. Looking forward to our discussion in August! I also want to thank my preliminary examiners Anne Peters and Jure Vidmar, whose comments have developed this manuscript further. Similarly, I am grateful to the members of the grading committee, Ida Koivisto and Mónica Garcia-Salmones, and Jan again for being both the non-voting member of the committee as well as acting as the custos. Then there is ECI. Starting from the elusive ‘Children’s Room’, my early close colleagues and academic contributors include Damarys Vigil Nolasco, Alice Neffe, Anna-Kaisa Tuovinen, Maria José Belmonte Sanchez, and Janis Grzybowski. Great times! Apart from my supervisors, the greatest single contributor to this dissertation is Ukri Soirila, with whom I have shared endless discussions and debates - often with football in the background - on academic topics. He read all my drafts before I dared to forward them to the supervisors, and his influence is detectable throughout this dissertation. Huge thanks to you, Ukri! Finally, ECI in general. There have been way too many people that have come and gone, but some of those who have affected my research and working environment, but have not been mentioned yet, include Elina Almila, Paolo Amorosa, Taru Auranne, Manuel Jimenez Fonseca, Samuli Haataja, Miikka Hiltunen, Laura Kirvesniemi, Tero Kivinen, Margareta Klabbers, Magdalena Kmak, Martti Koskenniemi, Vesa Kyyrönen, Ketino Minashvili, Sean Morris, Outi Penttilä, Walter Rech, Katariina Simonen, Sahib Singh, Pamela Slotte, Diliana Stoyanova, Immi Tallgren, Nadia Tapia, Tuomas Tiittala, Lauri Uusi-Hakala, Anna Van der Velde, Sanna Villikka, Sam iii Wrigley, and Kangle Zhang. Outside ECI, my other esteemed colleagues and inspirations include George Forji Amin, Jukka Kekkonen, Axel Marx, Tarja Pellinen, James Sweeney, and Jan Wouters. I also want to thank all my main funders (in chronological order): Foundation for Foreign Policy Research, Finnish Lawyer’s Association, Hame Students Foundation, and Ehrnrooth Foundation. This project would not have possible without your generous contributions. Lastly, my biggest thanks go to my family and loved ones, you know who you are. This work is dedicated to you. In Helsinki, June 2020 Tero Tapani Lundstedt iv Abstract This thesis is focused on the socialist federal dissolutions of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) in the early 1990s, and on a legal rule related to state succession, uti possidetis (juris). Briefly, uti possidetis transforms former internal administrative borders into international borders at the moment of state dissolution, with all the legal ramifications this status change entails. The thesis reconstructs from the events an evolutionary process that led the international community to choose a specific version of uti possidetis regarding the socialist federal dissolutions. After demonstrating the mistakes made in this process, the thesis provides a proposal for an updated version of uti possidetis that can rebalance the legal principles of self-determination and territorial integrity in future state dissolution cases. Part I poses the research question of what are the legal legacies of the socialist federal dissolutions for international law in general and the post-federal successor states in particular? It claims that by a virtue of being a general legal principle, uti possidetis has to evolve alongside the shifting paradigm of the international legal order. After accounting for the evolution of uti possidetis with its application in the decolonization cases since the 1800s, the thesis concludes that this vital process was disrupted in the early 1990s. The chosen mode of application failed to take into account two legally crucial factors: the evolution of the right to self- determination and the unique socialist federal model. As uti possidetis was not updated to factor in these changed circumstances, it was misapplied, causing national fragmentation in the successor states. This has directly contributed to territorial conflicts, out of which Kosovo and Crimea are the most prominent. Part II introduces the two components of a proposed uti possidetis update. Chapter 3 exhibits the internal component, the last applicable legal order of the dissolving state. Chapter 4 presents the external component, the international legal rules regarding the dissolution. The combination of the two at the moment of dissolution generates an update of uti possidetis, titled ‘uti possidetis meritus’. It calls for expanded recognition of internal borders and draws legitimacy from its compatibility with the existing uti possidetis framework. Part III presents the legal aftermath of the socialist federal dissolutions and proposes the meritus formula as a remedy. Chapter 5 gives a comprehensive review of how the right to self-determination was realized in the socialist federal dissolutions and how this caused territorial conflicts. Chapter 6 concludes the argument by exhibiting two potential forms of application for meritus: it can be used to help settle already existing conflicts, as well as to minimize territorial fragmentation in the future state dissolution or independence cases. In sum, the vital evolution of uti possidetis was disrupted in its transformation into a non-colonial context. The legal legacies of the socialist federal dissolutions are the distortion of uti possidetis and the lack of balance between self-determination and territorial integrity in the successor states. Meritus aims to remedy both. v Contents PART I: UTI POSSIDETIS JURIS ................................................................................................................ 1 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 2 1.1 Research Question ................................................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Uti Possidetis Juris and Its Evolutionary Cycles .................................................................................... 3 1.3 The Two Components of the Third Cycle: Ethnofederalism and Internal Self-Determination .............. 6 1.4 Previous Research on Uti Possidetis and the Socialist Federal Dissolutions .......................................... 8 1.5 The Argument ....................................................................................................................................... 11 1.6 The Proposal for Uti Possidetis Meritus ............................................................................................... 12 1.7 The Structure of the Dissertation .......................................................................................................... 17 2. The Evolutionary Cycles of Uti Possidetis Juris ......................................................................................... 19 2.1 Original and Modern Versions of Uti Possidetis Juris ......................................................................... 20 2.2 The First Cycle: Decolonization of Spanish America ........................................................................... 22 2.3 The Second Cycle: Decolonization of Africa and South-Asia .............................................................. 25 2.4 The Legal Categorization of the Right to Self-Determination and Uti Possidetis ................................ 30 2.5 The Third Cycle: The Socialist Federal Dissolutions ........................................................................... 38 2.5.1 The Socialist Ethnofederal Model ................................................................................................ 38 2.5.2 The Breakdown of the Socialist Federal
Load more

Recommended publications
  • War and Insurgency in the Western Sahara
    Visit our website for other free publication downloads http://www.StrategicStudiesInstitute.army.mil/ To rate this publication click here. STRATEGIC STUDIES INSTITUTE The Strategic Studies Institute (SSI) is part of the U.S. Army War College and is the strategic-level study agent for issues relat- ed to national security and military strategy with emphasis on geostrategic analysis. The mission of SSI is to use independent analysis to conduct strategic studies that develop policy recommendations on: • Strategy, planning, and policy for joint and combined employment of military forces; • Regional strategic appraisals; • The nature of land warfare; • Matters affecting the Army’s future; • The concepts, philosophy, and theory of strategy; and, • Other issues of importance to the leadership of the Army. Studies produced by civilian and military analysts concern topics having strategic implications for the Army, the Department of Defense, and the larger national security community. In addition to its studies, SSI publishes special reports on topics of special or immediate interest. These include edited proceedings of conferences and topically-oriented roundtables, expanded trip reports, and quick-reaction responses to senior Army leaders. The Institute provides a valuable analytical capability within the Army to address strategic and other issues in support of Army participation in national security policy formulation. Strategic Studies Institute and U.S. Army War College Press WAR AND INSURGENCY IN THE WESTERN SAHARA Geoffrey Jensen May 2013 The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, the Department of Defense, or the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Ali El Aallaoui GENESIS and EVOLUTION of SAHARAWI
    Ali El Aallaoui GENESIS AND EVOLUTION OF SAHARAWI NATIONALISM The Saharawi proverb "Sahara belonged neither to a king, nor to a devil, nor to a sultan" is inked in the Saharawi historical memory as a pledge of the independence of the Saharawi people against the authority of the Sultans of Morocco. Indeed, it somehow expresses the fact that Western Sahara had not been dominated before the arrival of Spain by any Moroccan king. It is this fact that characterizes modern Saharawi nationalism in terms of its discourse and arguments. That is to say, for the Saharawis the refusal of the Sultanian authority throughout history is the backbone around which the Saharawi cultural and political identity has crystallized. With the wave of decolonization which shook all the territories of the African continent, Saharawi nationalism entered the arena of peoples who aspire to their independence by all possible and legitimate means. It should be understood from the outset that Saharawi nationalism falls into the historical category of African nationalism, having transformed a nomadic people into a people seeking its political identity within the international community. This was ultimately manifested in the creation of a new state in exile, called the Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR). It is through a historical perspective that began with the movement of decolonization in Africa that we can understand the origins of Saharawi nationalism. This prompts us to ask the question, how does a nation differ from another nation, in our case, the Saharawi from the Moroccan? In other words, what is the specificity of Saharawi nationalism, which is still developing under the colonial yoke? All this, to answer a fundamental question, how could Saharawi nationalism defend the Saharawi political identity in the quest for independence, despite the Spanish and Moroccan complicity against the Saharawi people? The theoretical framework of Saharawi nationalism Saharawi nationalism is circumscribed within the framework of the principle of the right of peoples to dispose of themselves.
    [Show full text]
  • Nationalism As Ideology: a Reflection on the Group Remaking Tendencies in Macedonia
    Nationalism as Ideology: A Reflection on the Group Remaking Tendencies in Macedonia Master Thesis for the award of the academic degree of Master of Arts (MA) at the Karl-Franzens-University of Graz submitted by: Branimir Staletovik at the Centre for Southeast European Studies Supervisor: Univ. Professor Florian Bieber Graz, 2015 Table of Contents Introduction............................................................................................................................1 The Rise of Nationalism in Macedonia................................................................................1 Chapter I: Nationalism as Ideology .....................................................................................5 Antiquization and Skopje 2014 – a critical reflection on the existing approaches ..............5 From Identity to Ideology ....................................................................................................8 Beyond Identity..................................................................................................................10 Nationalism as Ideology ....................................................................................................13 Thesis Goals and Methods .................................................................................................16 Nationalism in Macedonia and the Post-Yugoslav States..................................................18 Chapter II: The evolvement of ancient narrative in Macedonia and ‘diaspora’...........24 A Historical Reflection on the
    [Show full text]
  • KFOS LOCAL and INTERNATIONAL VOLUME II.Pdf
    EDITED BY IOANNIS ARMAKOLAS AGON DEMJAHA LOCAL AND AROLDA ELBASANI STEPHANIE SCHWANDNER- SIEVERS INTERNATIONAL DETERMINANTS OF KOSOVO’S STATEHOOD VOLUME II LOCAL AND INTERNATIONAL DETERMINANTS OF KOSOVO’S STATEHOOD —VOLUME II EDITED BY: IOANNIS ARMAKOLAS AGON DEMJAHA AROLDA ELBASANI STEPHANIE SCHWANDNER-SIEVERS Copyright ©2021 Kosovo Foundation for Open Society. All rights reserved. PUBLISHER: Kosovo Foundation for Open Society Imzot Nikë Prelaj, Vila 13, 10000, Prishtina, Kosovo. Issued in print and electronic formats. “Local and International Determinants of Kosovo’s Statehood: Volume II” EDITORS: Ioannis Armakolas Agon Demjaha Arolda Elbasani Stephanie Schwandner-Sievers PROGRAM COORDINATOR: Lura Limani Designed by Envinion, printed by Envinion, on recycled paper in Prishtina, Kosovo. ISBN 978-9951-503-06-8 CONTENTS ABOUT THE EDITORS 7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 12 INTRODUCTION 13 CULTURE, HERITAGE AND REPRESENTATIONS 31 — Luke Bacigalupo Kosovo and Serbia’s National Museums: A New Approach to History? 33 — Donjetë Murati and Stephanie Schwandner- Sievers An Exercise in Legitimacy: Kosovo’s Participation at 1 the Venice Biennale 71 — Juan Manuel Montoro Imaginaries and Media Consumptions of Otherness in Kosovo: Memories of the Spanish Civil War, Latin American Telenovelas and Spanish Football 109 — Julianne Funk Lived Religious Perspectives from Kosovo’s Orthodox Monasteries: A Needs Approach for Inclusive Dialogue 145 LOCAL INTERPRETATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL RULES 183 — Meris Musanovic The Specialist Chambers in Kosovo: A Hybrid Court between
    [Show full text]
  • THE VEPSIAN ECOLOGY CHALLENGES an INTERNATIONAL PARADIGM Metaphors of Language Laura Siragusa University of Tartu
    ESUKA – JEFUL 2015, 6–1: 111–137 METAPHORS OF LANGUAGE: THE VEPSIAN ECOLOGY CHALLENGES AN INTERNATIONAL PARADIGM Metaphors of language Laura Siragusa University of Tartu Abstract. At present Veps, a Finno-Ugric minority in north-western Russia, live in three different administrative regions, i.e., the Republic of Karelia, and the Leningrad and Vologda Oblasts. Due to several socio-economic and political factors Veps have experienced a drastic change in their communicative practices and ways of speaking in the last century. Indeed, Vepsian heritage language is now classifi ed as severely endangered by UNESCO. Since perestroika a group of Vepsian activists working in Petrozavodsk (Republic of Karelia) has been promoting Vepsian language and culture. This paper aims to challenge an international rhetoric around language endangerment and language death through an analysis of Vepsian language ecology and revitalisation. Vepsian ontologies and communicative practices do not always match detached meta- phors of language, which view them as separate entities and often in competition with each other. The efforts to promote the language and how these are discussed among the policy-makers and Vepsian activists also do not concur with such a drastic terminology as death and endangerment. Therefore, this paper aims to bring to the surface local ontologies and worldviews in order to query the paradigms around language shift and language death that dominate worldwide academic and political discourse. Keywords: Vepsian, language endangerment, death and revival, metaphor of a language, heritage language, ways of speaking, communicative practices DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/jeful.2015.6.1.07 1. Introduction Veps, a Finno-Ugric minority in the Russian Federation, live in three different administrative regions of north-western Russia (namely, the Republic of Karelia, and the Leningrad and Vologda Oblasts) (Strogal’ščikova 2008).
    [Show full text]
  • The Future of the Caucasus After the Second Chechen War
    CEPS Working Document No. 148 The Future of the Caucasus after the Second Chechen War Papers from a Brainstorming Conference held at CEPS 27-28 January 2000 Edited by Michael Emerson and Nathalie Tocci July 2000 A Short Introduction to the Chechen Problem Alexandru Liono1 Abstract The problems surrounding the Chechen conflict are indeed many and difficult to tackle. This paper aims at unveiling some of the mysteries covering the issue of so-called “Islamic fundamentalism” in Chechnya. A comparison of the native Sufi branch of Islam and the imported Wahhaby ideology is made, in order to discover the contradictions and the conflicts that the spreading of the latter inflicted in the Chechen society. Furthermore, the paper investigates the main challenges President Aslan Maskhadov was facing at the beginning of his mandate, and the way he managed to cope with them. The paper does not attempt to cover all the aspects of the Chechen problem; nevertheless, a quick enumeration of other factors influencing the developments in Chechnya in the past three years is made. 1 Research assistant Danish Institute of International Affairs (DUPI) 1 1. Introduction To address the issues of stability in North Caucasus in general and in Chechnya in particular is a difficult task. The factors that have contributed to the start of the first and of the second armed conflicts in Chechnya are indeed many. History, politics, economy, traditions, religion, all of them contributed to a certain extent to the launch of what began as an anti-terrorist operation and became a full scale armed conflict. The narrow framework of this presentation does not allow for an exhaustive analysis of the Russian- Chechen relations and of the permanent tensions that existed there during the known history of that part of North Caucasus.
    [Show full text]
  • Democracy and European Emerging Values: the Right to Decide
    DEMOCRACY AND EUROPEAN EMERGING VALUES: THE RIGHT TO DECIDE COORDINATED BY GERARD BONA LANGUAGE REVIEW BY EMYR GRUFFYDD CENTRE MAURITS COPPIETERS 2015 Contents Foreword 6 Introduction 8 LAKE OR RIVER 14 THE POLITICAL CARTOONING OF CORNISH SELF-DETERMINATION 22 SELF-DETERMINATION AND WALES 44 TOWARDS SOVEREIGN FAROE ISLANDS 54 ABOUT TRANSYLVANIA 62 THE UDBYOUTH : HOW TO BE YOUNG, BRETON AND LEFT-WING WITHOUT AUTONOMY? 72 THE AUTONOMY GENERATION 80 SELF-DETERMINATION AND THE SILESIAN ISSUE 84 THE VALENCIAN COUNTRY AND THE RIGHT OF SELF-DETERMINATION 96 LIBERTY FOR BAVARIA 106 SOVEREIGNTY TO BUILD A GALIZA WITH THE PROMISE OF WORK AND A FUTURE FOR OUR YOUNG PEOPLE 112 “UNTIL ECONOMIC POWER IS IN THE HANDS OF THE PEOPLE, THEN THEIR CULTURE, GAELIC OR ENGLISH, WILL BE DESTROYED” 124 FLANDERS: ON THE ROAD TO BELGIAN STATE REFORM NUMBER 7 132 THE RIGHT OF SELF-DETERMINATION IN THE CATALAN COUNTRIES: 146 THE RIGHT TO DECIDE OF THREE COUNTRIES AND THEIR NATION This publication is financed with the support of the European Parliament (EP). THE MORAVIAN RIGHT TO SELF-DETERMINATION 154 The EP is not responsible for any use made of the content of this publication. The editor of the publication is the sole person liable. THE ROLE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN THE SELF-DETERMINATION PROCESS OF ARTSAKH 164 This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. THE YOUTH, PIONEERS IN THE SELF-DETERMINATION OF SOUTH TYROL? 178 This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information CENTRE MAURITS COPPIETERS 188 contained therein.
    [Show full text]
  • Non-State Nations in International Relations: the Kurdish Question Revisited
    2018 Non-State Nations in International Relations: The Kurdish Question Revisited RESEARCH MASTERS WITH TRAINING – THESIS SUBMISSION JESS WIKNER 1 Statement of Declaration: I declare that this thesis is my own account of my research and contains as its main content work which has not previously been submitted for a degree at any tertiary education institution. 2 Abstract This thesis explores the fundamental research puzzle of why non-state nations struggle to achieve independent sovereign statehood through secession. It explores why non-state nations like the Kurds desire sovereign statehood, and why they fail to achieve it. This thesis argues two main points. Firstly, non-state nations such as the Kurds seek sovereign statehood because of two main reasons: the essence of nationhood and national self-determination is sovereign statehood; and that non-state nations are usually treated unfairly and unjustly by their host state and thus develop a strong moral case for secession and sovereign statehood. Secondly, non-state nations like the Kurds fail to achieve sovereign statehood mainly because of key endogenous and exogenous factors. The endogenous factors comprise internal divisions which result in failure to achieve a unified secessionist challenge, due to differences in factions which result in divergent objectives and perspectives, and the high chances of regime co-optation of dissident factions. Exogenous factors include the international normative regime which is unsupportive of secession, hence non-state nations like the Kurds do not receive support from the UN and other global bodies in their quest for sovereign statehood; and that non-state nations also seldom receive the backing from Major Powers, both democratic and non-democratic, in their efforts to secede from their host state and set up their own sovereign state.
    [Show full text]
  • Myth-Making and the Historical Imagination: an Investigation of the Historiography of Islamic Iberia Through Castilian Literature
    Myth-making and the Historical Imagination: An Investigation of the Historiography of Islamic Iberia Through Castilian Literature Gaston Jean-Xavier Arze Springfield, Virginia BA English, University of Virginia, 2017 A Thesis presented to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Virginia in Candidacy for the Degree of Master of Arts Department of Religious Studies University of Virginia December, 2018 Dr. Ahmed H. al-Rahim Dr. E. Michael Gerli 2 1. Introduction A historical narrative is thus necessarily a mixture of adequately and inadequately explained events, a congeries of established and inferred facts, at once a representation that is an interpretation and an interpretation that passes for an explanation of the whole process mirrored in the narrative. Hayden White, Tropics of Discourse (1978). The history of Islam in Spain is a deeply contested historical narrative, whose interpretation has significant implications for Spain’s perception of its national identity, as well as its historical memory, and modern political discourse. The rejection of Islamic Iberia plays an important role in the modern understanding of the nascence of the Spanish state. This is because, the history of medieval Iberia is largely framed as an 800-year struggle for independence from invading Muslims. This historical narrative is obviously at odds with the historical presence of the religion of Islam, the irrefutable linguistic contact between Arabic and Peninsular Romance, and the role of Arabic and Arabic sources in Iberia’s rich literary history. The aforementioned interpretation of the history of the Iberian Peninsula also rejects the influence that Islam played in the creation of identities unique to the peninsula: namely, the Mudéjars, the Moriscos and the Mozarabs.
    [Show full text]
  • Gonzalo Torrente Ballester, La Saga/Fuga De JB, and The
    Beyond Borders: Gonzalo Torrente Ballester, La saga/fuga de J.B., and the Construction of Literary Fields by Michael L. Martínez, Jr., B.A., M.A. A Dissertation In Spanish Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Texas Tech University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Approved Dr. Carmen Pereira-Muro Chair of Committee Dr. Sara Guengerich Dr. Susan Larson Mark Sheridan Dean of the Graduate School May, 2018 Copyright 2018, Michael L. Martínez, Jr. Texas Tech University, Michael L. Martínez, Jr., May 2018 For those professors—Carmen, Sara, and Susan—who, through their dedication and kindness, taught me about the kind of person I want to be… And for my biggest fans: Dad & Grandma. ii Texas Tech University, Michael L. Martínez, Jr., May 2018 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................... ii ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................... v LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................ vi INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 1 I. BOURDIEU AND THE GENERAL SCIENCE OF PRACTICES ............ 16 I. Subjectivist and Objectivist Modes of Knowledge .................................... 17 II. Sociological Modes of Knowledge .......................................................... 21 III. Habitus .................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Hamilton Dissertation
    Lake Effects Transnational History and the Making of a Valencian Landscape By Sarah R. Hamilton A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (History) in the University of Michigan 2013 Doctoral Committee: Associate Professor Dario Gaggio, Co-Chair Associate Professor Douglas Northrop, Co-Chair Professor Gabrielle Hecht Adjunct Professor Richard Tucker If the Albufera is not cared for it will disappear, but its disappearance will not cause anything else to happen. There will not be any geological cataclysm; nor any sort of catastrophe, or anything like that. Moreover, the physical destiny of the Albufera is that it will disappear. The lake, abandoned to itself, with no sort of attacks upon it or any efforts to care for it, is irretrievably condemned to disappearance. But this is the fate of any historical or artistic monument. Every building, for example, is condemned to disappearance, just as the construction of extinguished civilizations disappeared, and just as little by little the castles, chapels and monasteries lost in the Spanish geography are disappearing, important victims of carelessness, theft, and hooliganism. Restoration work is undertaken in order to alleviate this inexorable fate as much as possible. This is why any monument or work of economic or cultural interest is object of a permanent guarding and conservation that will allow such legacies of our parents to pass to our children. There is no explanation, then, for the abandonment and pillage that an area of scenic and cultural interest such as the Albufera has undergone. We have a responsibility to our descendants that this patrimony is not lost; that the cultural wealth of the Albufera, in the broadest sense of the word, passes intact to the generations to come.
    [Show full text]
  • Left Hand Left Behind
    Britt-Marie Thuren Left Hand Left Behind The Changing Gender System of a Barrio in Valencia, Spain Left Hand Left Behind Left eft ehind The Changing Gender System of a Barrio in Valencia, Spain. Britt-Marie Thuren Stockholms Studies in Social Anthropology 1988 Left Hand Left Behind The changing gender system of a barrio in Valencia, Spain. Doctoral dissertation Stockholm Studies in Social Anthropology, 22. © Britt-Marie Thuren 1988 Cover by Juaco LOpez Photos by author unless otherwise indicated. Drawings by Juaco LOpez. Department of Social Anthropology University of Stockholm S-106 91 Stockholm All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the author. ISBN 91-7146-711-4 Produktion Nalkas Boken For1ag For Jaime and Joaquin 1939 politics: "The work of women in the revolution was a supporting mission, not a directive mission, because the latter penains only to men. ( ... ) The most valuable contribution a woman can make to the future is to return to the bosom of the family and avoid discussions in bad taste and the public exhibitions that are not fitting for women." Pilar Primo de Rivera, director of the Women's Section (Secci6n Femenina) of the Falange. Quote from Scanlon in Garcia de Lean 1982. (My translation) 1986 sociology: "That is why I doubt if the Renaissance really existed: the Humanism and the Modernism of the Golden Century shone scarcely in what its great ideologues thought about women. ( ... ) One could even doubt if the Ancien Regime is over, even today. (... ) For many women access to educated reason, the construction of a world to their measure, the freedom to interpret themselves without foreign obediences and all the conquests that the Renaissance symbolizes for men and that never existed for women, are beginning to become possible only now.
    [Show full text]