DOCSLIB.ORG

Master's Thesis CLIMATE-GROWTH RELATIONSHIPS in MIXED FIR

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Master's Thesis CLIMATE-GROWTH RELATIONSHIPS in MIXED FIR Master’s thesis CLIMATE-GROWTH RELATIONSHIPS IN MIXED FIR-SPRUCE STANDS IN THE WESTERN RHODOPES, BULGARIA GERHARD SCHMIED Master’s course Forestry and Wood Science Ecosystem Dynamics and Forest Management Group Technical University of Munich (TUM) Matriculation number: 03698312 Supervision: 1. SEBASTIAN KIENLEIN (TUM) 2. DR. PETIA NIKOLOVA (WSL) In collaboration with: Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL) Department for Forest Resources and Management Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research (IBER) Department for Ecosystem Research, Environmental Risk Assessment and Conservation Biology Imprint Department Ecosystem Dynamics and Forest Management Group Technical University of Munich Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2 85354 Freising Author Gerhard Johannes Michael Schmied Elisabethstraße 14 80796 München Keywords Climate-growth relationship, Picea abies, Abies alba, Dendroclimatology, mixed stands, Western Rhodopes Recommendation for citation SCHMIED, GERHARD (2020): Climate-growth relationships in mixed fir-spruce stands in the Western Rhodopes, Bulgaria. Master’s thesis. Technical University of Munich. Ecosystem Dynamics and Forest Management Group. Freising. Acknowledgments First, I would like to thank Sebastian Kienlein and Dr. Petia Nikolova for their extensive supervision. Dr. Peter Brang (WSL), Prof. Dr. Tzvetan Zlatanov (IBER) and Dr. Wolfgang Beck I would like to thank for their professional input and support and Dr. Martin Gutsch (PIK Potsdam) for the supply of the climate data. Last but not least, I would like to thank my family and friends for their unlimited support and motivation- especially my colleague Dominik Ambs, who conducted the field work with me and who brought in a lot of useful new ideas. Cover image Mixed fir-spruce (-beech) stand near Smolyan in the Western Rhodopes © Gerhard Schmied Table of contents Table of contents ............................................................................................................................................ I Table of figures ........................................................................................................................................... IV List of tables ..............................................................................................................................................VIII Abstract ....................................................................................................................................................... IX 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Climate change, its impact on forest ecosystems and the possibility for assessment .................... 1 1.2. Silver fir and Norway spruce under climate change ...................................................................... 3 1.3. Aim of the study ............................................................................................................................ 6 2. Methodology and materials ................................................................................................................... 8 2.1. Study area ...................................................................................................................................... 8 2.1.1. Selection of the study region ................................................................................................. 8 2.1.2. Site selection .......................................................................................................................... 8 2.1.3. Tree selection ...................................................................................................................... 10 2.1.4. Climatic conditions .............................................................................................................. 11 2.1.5. Soil....................................................................................................................................... 14 2.2. Plot design description ................................................................................................................ 14 2.3. Assessment of the general stand information .............................................................................. 16 2.4. Assessing information for dendrochronological research ........................................................... 16 2.4.1. Description of the cored trees .............................................................................................. 16 2.4.1.1. Vitality and stability of the trees.................................................................................. 16 2.4.1.2. Social status and competition ...................................................................................... 17 2.4.2. Tree sampling ...................................................................................................................... 18 2.4.3. Core beam preparations and measurements ........................................................................ 19 2.5. Tree-ring analysis ........................................................................................................................ 20 2.5.1. Standardization .................................................................................................................... 20 2.5.2. Chronology building and basic assessment and statistics.................................................... 24 2.5.2.1. Chronology building .................................................................................................... 24 2.5.2.2. Basic chronology assessment and statistics ................................................................. 26 2.5.2.2.1. Expressed Population Signal (EPS) .......................................................................... 26 2.5.2.2.2. Signal-to-Noise Ratio (S/N, SNR)............................................................................ 27 2.5.2.2.3. Selection of the detrending method .......................................................................... 27 2.5.2.2.4. Mean sensitivity (MS) .............................................................................................. 28 2.5.2.2.5. Gleichläufigkeit (Glk) .............................................................................................. 28 I 2.5.3. Tree-Ring/ Environment interactions .................................................................................. 30 2.5.3.1. Pointer year analysis .................................................................................................... 30 2.5.3.2. Determination of extreme climatic events ................................................................... 31 2.5.3.3. Growth responses to disturbances ............................................................................... 32 2.5.3.4. Examination of climate-growth relationships using program CLIMTREG ................ 33 3. Results ................................................................................................................................................. 37 3.1. General site descriptions.............................................................................................................. 37 3.1.1. Inclination and exposition ................................................................................................... 37 3.1.2. Basal area ............................................................................................................................ 38 3.1.3. Height .................................................................................................................................. 39 3.1.4. Age ...................................................................................................................................... 40 3.1.5. Determination of yield capacity .......................................................................................... 41 3.2. Characterization of the sampling trees ........................................................................................ 41 3.2.1. Stability of the sampling trees ............................................................................................. 41 3.2.2. Competition ......................................................................................................................... 42 3.3. Dendroclimatological analysis .................................................................................................... 43 3.3.1. Course of the growth ........................................................................................................... 43 3.3.2. Growth fluctuations ............................................................................................................. 45 3.3.3. Chronology characteristics .................................................................................................. 47 3.3.4. Pointer year analysis ............................................................................................................ 51 3.3.5. Evaluation of possible extreme climatic events .................................................................. 53 3.3.6. Growth response to disturbance in 1987 ............................................................................. 55 3.3.7. Determination of the climate-growth relationship of P. abies and A. alba ......................... 59 3.3.7.1. Climate- growth relationship of
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Geology of Eel River Valley Area, Humboldt
    TN 24 C3 :7u>.;fe4-. STATE OF CALIFOBina DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES GEOLOGY OF EEL RIVER VALLEY AREA HUMBOLDT COUNTY. CALtFOBNIA BULLETIN 164 IS53 DIVISION OF MINES FEBHY BUILDING, SftN FRANCISCO THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA DAVIS STATE OF CALIFORNIA EARL WARREN, Governor DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES WARREN T. HANNUM, Director DIVISION OF MINES FERRY BUILDING, SAN FRANCISCO 11 OLAF P. JENKINS. Chief SAN FRANCISCO BULLETIN 164 NOVEMBER 1953 GEOLOGY OF EEL RIVER VALLEY AREA HUMBOLDT COUNTY, CALIFORNIA By BURDETTE A. OGLE LIBRARY UNIVERSll Y OF CALIFORNIA DAVIS LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL To His Exccllencij The Honorable Earl Warren Governor of the State of California Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith Bulletin 164, Geology of Eel River Valley Area, Humholdt County, California, prepared under the direction of Olaf P. Jenkins, Chief of the Division of Mines, Depart- ment of Natural Resources. The report is accompanied by a detailed geologic map covering the Fernclale and Fortuna quadrangles and the northern part of the Scotia quadrangle, scale 1 : 62,500. The author, Bur- dette Ogle, mapped the geology of the area and prepared the report in fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctorate at the University of California. The area covers that part of the Eel River Basin in northwestern Cali- fornia where much interest is now being centered on the economic devel- opment of oil and gas resources. Other mineral materials of economic concern in the area are limestone, sand and gravel, crushed rock, volcanic ash, lignite, hematite, and water resources. This report represents the results of basic geologic studies which should be of value to all manner of interests in natural resources.
    [Show full text]
  • A Partial Glossary of Spanish Geological Terms Exclusive of Most Cognates
    U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY A Partial Glossary of Spanish Geological Terms Exclusive of Most Cognates by Keith R. Long Open-File Report 91-0579 This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards or with the North American Stratigraphic Code. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. 1991 Preface In recent years, almost all countries in Latin America have adopted democratic political systems and liberal economic policies. The resulting favorable investment climate has spurred a new wave of North American investment in Latin American mineral resources and has improved cooperation between geoscience organizations on both continents. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has responded to the new situation through cooperative mineral resource investigations with a number of countries in Latin America. These activities are now being coordinated by the USGS's Center for Inter-American Mineral Resource Investigations (CIMRI), recently established in Tucson, Arizona. In the course of CIMRI's work, we have found a need for a compilation of Spanish geological and mining terminology that goes beyond the few Spanish-English geological dictionaries available. Even geologists who are fluent in Spanish often encounter local terminology oijerga that is unfamiliar. These terms, which have grown out of five centuries of mining tradition in Latin America, and frequently draw on native languages, usually cannot be found in standard dictionaries. There are, of course, many geological terms which can be recognized even by geologists who speak little or no Spanish.
    [Show full text]
  • Sanitation Milieu Projects
    TERMINDLOGV F A-TER SUFPPLY ER .: 0 R pm: DC E-,t : BOOTO RE NOVEMBEP 1990 Public Disclosure Authorized 11617 Public Disclosure Authorized PaulJ. Biron Public Disclosure Authorized Terminology of A Water Supply and World Bank- Environmental Englis4-French UNICEF Glossary Sanitation French-English Public Disclosure Authorized A World Bank-UNICEF Glossary Glossaire édité conjointement par la Banque mondiale et l'UNICEF Terminology of Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Terminologie de l'approvisionnement en eau et de l'assainissement du milieu English-French Français-anglais Paul J. Biron The World Bank Washington, D.C. Copyright 0 1987 UNICEF (United Nations Childrens Fund) (Fonds des Nations Unies pour l'enfance) International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank Banque internationale pour la reconstruction et le d6veloppement / Banque mondiale 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433, U.SA All rights reserved Tous droits rOservs First printing May 1987 Premire ddition mai 1987 Second printing November 1990 Deuxibme dition novembre 1990 Manufactured in the United States of America Publik aux Etats-Unis d'Amdrique Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Biron, Paul J. Terminology of water supply and environmental sanitation (A World Bank-UNICEF glossary) English and French 1. Water supply engineering-Dictionaries. 2. Sanitary engineering-Dictionaries. 3. English language-Dictionaries-French. 4. Water supply engineering-Dictionaries-French. 5. Sanitary engineering-Dictionaries-French. 6. French language-Dictionaries-English.
    [Show full text]
  • Interannual and Interdecadal Oscillations in Hydrological Variables: Sources and Modeling of the Persistence in the Elbe River Basin
    Interannual and interdecadal oscillations in hydrological variables: Sources and modeling of the persistence in the Elbe River Basin A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of Civil Engineering of the University of Kassel in Partial Ful¯llment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Engineering (Dr.-Ing.) by Danijela Markovi¶c Kassel, April 2006 ERKLARUNGÄ Hiermit versichere ich, dass ich die vorliegende Dissertation selbstÄandigund ohne unerlaubte Hilfe angefertigt und andere als die in der Dissertation angegebenen Hilfsmittel nicht benutzt habe. Alle Stellen, die wÄortlich oder sinngemÄa¼aus verÄo®entlichten oder unverÄo®entlichten Schriften entnommen sind, habe ich als solche kenntlich gemacht. Kein Teil dieser Arbeit ist in einem anderen Promotions- oder Habilitationsverfahren verwendet worden. Erster Gutachter: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Manfred Koch Zweiter Gutachter: Priv. Doz. Dr. rer. nat. Holger Lange Tag der mÄundlichen PrÄufung:9. Juni 2006 KURZFASSUNG Wenn man die Existenz von physikalischen Mechanismen ignoriert, die fÄurdie Struktur hydrologischer Zeitreihen verantwortlich sind, kann das zu falschen Schlussfolgerungen bzgl. des Vorhandenseins mÄoglicher GedÄachtnis (memory) -E®ekte, d.h. von Persistenz, fÄuhren.Die hier vorgelegte Doktorarbeit spÄurtder niedrigfrequenten klimatischen VariabilitÄatinnerhalb den hydrologischen Zyklus nach und bietet auf dieser "Reise" neue Einsichten in die Transformation der charakteristischen Eigenschaften von Zeitreihen mit einem LangzeitgedÄachtnis. Diese Studie vereint statistische
    [Show full text]
  • Diccionario Español – Inglés Terminos Geólogicos Y Mineros
    DICCIONARIO ESPAÑOL – INGLÉS TERMINOS GEÓLOGICOS Y MINEROS Welcome to Students Across Borders Página 1 de 1 Financial and program support provided by ExxonMobil Corporation, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona,the Universidad de la Sierra, Moctezuma, Mexico and Consortium for North American Higher Education Collaboration (CONAHEC) mhtml:file://P:\Johana\Welcome%20to%20Students%20Across%20Borders.mht 02/09/2004 A-1 A abigarrado,-da adj multi-colored, variegated | mottled abioglifo nm abioglyph aalenense adj Aalenian | nm Aalenian abiótico,-ca adj abiotic aaleniano,-na adj Aalenian abisal adj abyssal aaleniense adj Aalenian abísico,-ca adj abyssal aaltar nm regolith found in western Flanders abismal adj abyssal aas nm a type of sand dune abismo nm abyss | deep | steep face ábaco nm a. trough (artesa) in which gold placers abisolbéntico,-ca adj abyssal-benthic are washed | washtrough, buddle | graph, abisolito nm batholith chart, nomogram abisolítico,-ca adj abyssolitic abajadero nm slope, downgrade abisopelágico,-ca adj abyssal-pelagic abajador nm [Sp, Méx] tool carrier in (a mine) ablación nf erosion | ablation abajamiento nm subsidence ablatógrafo nm ablatograph abajar vtr to lower, let down | to fall, descend abocardado,-da adj bell or funnel shaped abajo adv down, below, under abocarder vtr to widen the opening of or to abajor nm depression something abaluartado,-da adj rock mass in the form of a abocardo nm drill bulwark (baluarte) abocelado,-da adj torus-shaped abancalado,-da adj terraced abocinado,-da adj trumpet shaped, splayed
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    C- p _Di- 2 1L a.... Tv .... PUJ .(S) 0- P ' e /`' .- D , JV., NVAiwzBLcvT5 Public Disclosure Authorized 11617 Public Disclosure Authorized PaulJ. Biron Public Disclosure Authorized Terminologyof A WaterSupply and WorldBank- Environmental Englisl-French UNICEFGlossary Sanitation French-English Public Disclosure Authorized A World Bank-UNICEFGlossary Glossairedditd conjointementpar la Banque mondialeet l'UNICEF Terminologyof Water Supply and EnvironmentalSanitation Terminologiede l'approvisionnement en eau et de l'assainissementdu milieu English-French Francais-anglais Paul J. Biron The WorldBank Washington,D.C. Copyright© 1987 UNICEF(United Nations Childrens Fund) (Fonds des NationsUnies pour l'enfance) InternationalBank for Reconstruction and Development/ The WorldBank Banque internationale pour la reconstruction et le developpement/ Banque mondiale 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington,D.C. 20433, U.SA Allrights reserved Tousdroits reserves Firstprinting May 1987 Premi&reedition mai 1987 Secondprinting November 1990 Deuxiemeedition novembre 1990 Manufacturedin the United States of America Publie aux Etats-Unisd'Amerique Library of CongressCataloging in Publication Data Biron, Paul J. Terminologyof water supply and environmental sanitation (A WorldBank-UNICEF glossary) English and French 1. Water supply engineering-Dictionaries. 2. Sanitaryengineering-Dictionaries. 3. English language-Dictionaries-French. 4. Water supply engineering-Dictionaries-French. 5. Sanitary engineering-Dictionaries-French. 6. French language-Dictionaries-English. I.
    [Show full text]
  • Pennsylvania Folklife Vol. 30, No. 2 Robert F
    Ursinus College Digital Commons @ Ursinus College Pennsylvania Folklife Magazine Pennsylvania Folklife Society Collection Winter 1981 Pennsylvania Folklife Vol. 30, No. 2 Robert F. Ensminger Terry G. Jordan Bryan J. Stevens William B. Fetterman Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/pafolklifemag Part of the American Art and Architecture Commons, American Material Culture Commons, Christian Denominations and Sects Commons, Cultural History Commons, Ethnic Studies Commons, Fiber, Textile, and Weaving Arts Commons, Folklore Commons, Genealogy Commons, German Language and Literature Commons, Historic Preservation and Conservation Commons, History of Religion Commons, Linguistics Commons, and the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons Click here to let us know how access to this document benefits oy u. Recommended Citation Ensminger, Robert F.; Jordan, Terry G.; Stevens, Bryan J.; and Fetterman, William B., "Pennsylvania Folklife Vol. 30, No. 2" (1981). Pennsylvania Folklife Magazine. 91. https://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/pafolklifemag/91 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Pennsylvania Folklife Society Collection at Digital Commons @ Ursinus College. It has been accepted for inclusion in Pennsylvania Folklife Magazine by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Ursinus College. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ~ontrilJutor~ ROBERT F. ENSMINGER is associate professor of geography at Kutztown State College. He has taught there since 1966 with M.A.'s from Lehigh and Rutgers Universities. His investigation into origins of the Penn­ sylvania Barn grew out of a concern for preserva­ tion of Pennsylvania German culture and his specific interest in folk art and the vernacular architecture of that culture. His article synthesizes five years of re­ search into the Pennsylvania Barn.
    [Show full text]
  • Quantification and Dating of Floodplain Sedimentation in a Medium-Sized Catchment of the German Uplands
    Vol. 144, No. 1 · Research article Quantification and dating of floodplain sedimentation in a DIE ERDE Journal of the medium-sized catchment of the Geographical Society of Berlin German uplands: a case study from the Aar Valley in the southern Rhenish Massif, Germany Christian Stolz1, Jörg Grunert2, Alexander Fülling3 1 Interdisziplinäres Institut für Umwelt-, Sozial- und Humanwissenschaften, Abteilung Geographie, Universität Flensburg, Auf dem Campus 1, 24943 Flensburg, Germany, [email protected] 2 Geographisches Institut, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany, [email protected] 3 Geographisches Institut, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany, alexander. [email protected] Manuscript submitted: 23 May 2011 / Accepted for publication: 12 April 2012 / Published online: 2 September 2013 Abstract The distribution, thickness and composition of the floodplain sediments in the valleys of the Aar and its tributaries (Taunus Mountains) were investigated by way of extensive fieldwork at 25 locations. In the entire catchment area, 48.8 million tons of loamy floodplain fines could be assessed. Most of these were deposited since late medieval times due to extensive historical land use and forest clearing, especially in the mining region along the middle course of the Aar. In its lower course, the enhanced sedimentation of loamy floodplain sediments started during the Bronze Age. Zusammenfassung Die Verteilung, Mächtigkeit und Zusammensetzung der Auelehme in den Tälern der Aar und ihrer Neben- flüsse wurden im Rahmen ausgedehnter Geländearbeiten an 25 Standorten untersucht. Im gesamten Ein- zugsgebiet der Aar konnten insgesamt 48,8 Mill. t Auelehm erfasst werden. Der Großteil davon wurde seit dem Spätmittelalter als Folge der historischen Landnutzung und Entwaldung, insbesondere im Berg- baugebiet am Mittellauf der Aar, sedimentiert.
    [Show full text]
  • Durham E-Theses
    Durham E-Theses The Neolithic Archaeology of the South west of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia AL-GHAMDI, SAUD,ABDULAZIZ How to cite: AL-GHAMDI, SAUD,ABDULAZIZ (2011) The Neolithic Archaeology of the South west of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia , Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3224/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 The Neolithic Archaeology of the South west of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia S. Al-ghamdi PhD in Archaeology DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY DURHAM UNIVERSITY 2011 Chapter 3 CHAPTER 3: THE NEOLITHIC SEQUENCES OF THE NEAR EAST AND THE KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA AND A REVIEW OF THE HISTORY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN ARABIA 3.1 INTRODUCTION Having defined the geography of the Near East and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in Chapter 2, the aim of this chapter is to define a number of the core Neolithic sequences of the Near East and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and to critically evaluate the development of the discipline of archaeology within the Kingdom.
    [Show full text]
  • CAPSULE SUMMARY Monocacy Natural Resources Management Area MIHJP# F-7-141 Dickerson Vicinity Frederick and Montgomery Counties, Maryland NRMA=1974 Public
    CAPSULE SUMMARY Monocacy Natural Resources Management Area MIHJP# F-7-141 Dickerson vicinity Frederick and Montgomery counties, Maryland NRMA=1974 Public The Monocacy Natural Resources Management Area (NRMA) occupies 2,011 acres that includes property along both banks of the lower Monocacy River and most of the Furnace Branch watershed in southeastern Frederick and western Montgomery counties. The area is predominantly rural, comprising farmland and rolling and rocky wooded hills. Monocacy NRMA's main attraction is the Monocacy River, which was designated a Maryland Scenic River in 1974. The NRMA began in 1974 with the acquisition of the 729-acre Rock Hall estate. The purpose of this Maryland Inventory of Historic Properties (MIHP) form is to evaluate the Monocacy NRMA as a potential historic district and to assess each built resource owned by the Maryland Department of Natural Resources (MdDNR) constructed prior to 1960 applying the National Register Criteria for Evaluation (36CFR Part 60.4[a-d]) and the criteria for the Maryland Register of Historic Properties (Annotated Code of Maryland, Article 83B, Title 5). NRMAs, as defined by the MdDNR, are managed "for the optimal use of resources on the site, including wildlife management and agriculture" (MdDNR 2002). NRMAs do not accommodate intensive recreational uses. The appropriate historic context for evaluating the NRMA is the theme of conservation between 1974 and the 1990s with a sub-theme of passive public recreation. Monocacy NRMA has been managed for wildlife management, agriculture, and limited recreational uses. No built resources, designed landscapes, or vernacular landscapes are associated with the NRMA. The built resources constructed prior to 1960 contained within the NRMA are associated with the regional industrial development of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and with regional agriculture between the nineteenth and mid-twentieth centuries.
    [Show full text]
  • Brachiopods and Their Response to the Early–Middle Frasnian Biogeochemical Perturbations on the South Polish Carbonate Shelf
    Brachiopods and their response to the Early–Middle Frasnian biogeochemical perturbations on the South Polish carbonate shelf ANDRZEJ BALIŃSKI Baliński, A. 2006. Brachiopods and their response to the Early–Middle Frasnian biogeochemical perturbations on the South Polish carbonate shelf. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 51 (4): 647–678. The brachiopod faunas from deposits recording the Early–Middle Frasnian transition of Poland are poorly known. The present report describes these faunas that were recovered from Wietrznia and Kostomłoty (Holy Cross Moun− tains) and Dębnik (Silesian−Cracow Upland) regions positioned on the southern Polish carbonate shelf. The brachio− pod distribution was analysed relative to a significant d13C excursion, referred recently to as Palmatolepis punctata Event. The sporadic occurrence of brachiopods at Dębnik makes it difficult to analyse the biotic response to this geo− chemical anomaly. However, higher brachiopod frequency in the topmost part of the section coincides with a gradual decrease of d13C down to the Frasnian background values. At two studied sections at Wietrznia the greatest taxonomic diversity and abundance of brachiopods (Flabellulirostrum–Coeloterorhynchus assemblage) are confined to the Pal− matolepis transitans Zone. In the following Pa. punctata Zone brachiopods are rare (Biernatella lentiformis assem− blage) or absent, which suggests a serious deterioration of the environmental conditions linked probably with periods of benthic anoxia−dysoxia and oligotrophic conditions in the basin. In two Kostomłoty sections brachiopods faunas of this age are members of the mostly monospecific rhynchonellid−dominated Phlogoiderhynchus polonicus assem− blage which inhabited deeper−water environments characteristic of intrashelf oxygen−depleted basins of Łysogóry− Kostomłoty region. In some horizons large shells of P.
    [Show full text]
  • Dirt: the Erosion of Civilizations
    The publisher gratefully acknowledges the generous contribution to this book provided by the General Endowment Fund of the University of California Press Foundation. David R. Montgomery For Xena T. Dog, enthusiasticfield assistant, dedicated receptionist, and very best friend walk with me forever, sweet girl ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Ix I / GOOD OLD DIRT i 2 / SKIN OF THE EARTH 9 3 / RIVERS OF LIFE 27 4 / GRAVEYARD OF EMPIRES 49 5 / LET THEM EAT COLONIES 83 6 / WESTWARD HOE 115 7 / DUST BLOW 145 8 / DIRTY BUSINESS 179 9 / ISLANDS IN TIME 217 10 / LIFE SPAN OF CIVILIZATIONS 233 NOTES 247 BIBLIOGRAPHY 251 INDEX 271 This book could never have been written without the support of Anne Bikle who, once again, put up with a dining room table covered with endless revisions. Susan Rasmussen chased down obscure historical sources and proved an incredible library sleuth. Polly Freeman, Blake Edgar, and Edith Gladstone provided exceptional editorial input and guidance, and Sam Fleishman was a tremendous help in finding the manuscript a good home. Charles Kiblinger and Harvey Greenberg helped prepare the illustrations. I am also grateful to the Whiteley Center at the University of Washington's Friday Harbor Laboratory for providing the perfect environment to finish the manuscript. I am deeply indebted to the researchers whose work I have relied on in this synthesis and compiled at the end of the book for readers interested in finding the original sources. Naturally, I alone remain responsible for any inadvertent errors and oversights. Finally, in the interest of brevity and narrative I have chosen not to focus on the history and details of the work of the Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly the Soil Conservation Service), even though its important work remains among the most underappreciated on the planet-and essential to our future.
    [Show full text]