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DWARAPALA DALAM BUDAYA BALI: Sebuah Kajian Tentang Filosofi, Tata Aturan, Dan Varian Perwujudannya

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DWARAPALA DALAM BUDAYA BALI: Sebuah Kajian Tentang Filosofi, Tata Aturan, Dan Varian Perwujudannya BIDANG UNGGULAN: SOSIAL BUDAYA LAPORAN HIBAH PENELITIAN UNGGULAN UDAYANA DWARAPALA DALAM BUDAYA BALI: Sebuah Kajian tentang Filosofi, Tata Aturan, dan Varian Perwujudannya TIM PENELITI 1. I Gusti Agung Bagus Suryada, ST, MT (Ketua) 2. Ir. Ida Bagus Gde Primayatna, MErg. 3. I Nym. W. Paramadhyaksa, ST, MT, Ph.D 4. Ir. I Gusti Ngurah Anom Rajendra, MSc PROGRAM STUDI ARSITEKTUR FAKULTAS TEKNIK UNIVERSITAS UDAYANA TAHUN 2012 i HALAMAN PENGESAHAN 1. Judul Penelitian : Dwarapala dalam Budaya Bali: Sebuah Kajian tentang Filosofi, Tata Aturan, dan Varian Perwujudannya 2. Ketua Peneliti a. Nama Lengkap : I Gusti Agung Bagus Suryada, ST, MT. b. Jenis Kelamin : Laki-laki c. NIP : 19661030 199802 1 001 d. Pangkat/Gol : Penata/IIIc Lektor e. Jabatan Fungsional : Arsitektur/Teknik f. PS/Fakultas : Jln. Astasura no.2 Denpasar g. Alamat : 0 8 1 2 3 6 5 3 9 7 6 /[email protected] h. Telepon/e-mail : 3. Jumlah anggota peneliti : 4 orang 4. Jumlah mahasiswa : 3 orang 5. Jumlah biaya yang diajukan : Rp. 50.000.000,00 Denpasar, 30 Oktober 2012 Mengetahui, Pembantu Dekan I Ketua Peneliti, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Udayana (Dr. Eng. Made Sucipta, ST.,MT) (I Gusti Agung Bagus Suryada, ST, MT) NIP. 19741114 200012 1 001 NIP. 19661030 199802 1 001 Mengetahui Ketua Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat Universitas Udayana Prof. Dr. Ir. I Ketut Satriawan, MT. NIP 19640717 198903 1 001 ii I. Identitas Penelitian 1. Judul Proposal : Dwarapala dalam Budaya Bali: Sebuah Kajian tentang Filosofi, Tata Aturan, dan Varian Perwujudannya 2. Ketua Peneliti : a. Nama Lengkap : I Gusti Agung Bagus Suryada, ST, MT b. Jenis Kelamin : Laki-laki c. NIP : 19661030 199802 1 001 d. Pangkat/Gol : Penata/IIIc e. Jabatan fungsional : Lektor f. PS/Fakultas : Arsitektur/Teknik g. Alamat : Jln. Astasura no.2 Denpasar h. Telepon/e-mail : 0 8 1 2 3 6 5 3 9 7 6 /[email protected] 3. Anggota peneliti: No Nama Bid.keahlian Fakultas/PS Alokasi waktu Riset 1 I Gusti Agung Bagus Suryada, ST, MT Teknik/Arsitektur 8 jam/minggu Arsitektur Riset 2 Ir. Ida Bagus Gde Primayatna, MErg. Teknik/Arsitektur 8 jam/minggu Arsitektur I Nym.W.Paramadhyaksa, ST, MT, Filsafat 3 Teknik/Arsitektur 8 jam/minggu Ph.D arsitektur Ir. I Gusti Ngurah Anom Rajendra, Arsitektur 4 Teknik/Arsitektur 8 jam/minggu MSc trad.Bali 4. Objek penelitian: a. Jenis material : Literatur dan bangunan yang memuat filosofi, tata aturan, yang akan diteliti dan wujud-wujud dwarapala yang dikenal dalam tatanan kebudayaan Bali. b. Aspek yang akan diteliti : Filosofi, tata aturan, dan varian perwujudan dwarapala. 5. Masa pelaksanaan penelitian: 2 tahun 6. Anggaran yang diusulkan Tahun 2012 : Rp. 50.000.000,00 7. Lokasi penelitian: seluruh wilayah Bali 8. Hasil yang ditargetkan: a. Temuan baru yang merangkum secara komprehensif hal-hal yang berkenaan dengan filosofi, tata aturan, dan varian perwujudan dwarapala di Bali. b. Setidaknya sebuah draft tentang dwarapala yang akan dipublikasikan dalam sebuah jurnal ilmiah nasional terakreditasi dan/atau draft dari topik ini yang akan diterbitkan dalam jurnal nasional non-akreditasi dan makalah seminar nasional. c. Draft lengkap yang akan diajukan untuk diterbitkan sebagai buku widya di penerbit Udayana Press, Denpasar. 9. Institusi lain yang terlibat: - 3 DAFTAR ISI HALAMAN JUDUL ..................................................................................... i HALAMAN PENGESAHAN ……………………………………………… ii IDENTITAS PENELITIAN ………………………………………………... iii DAFTAR ISI .................................................................................................. iv DAFTAR GAMBAR ………………………………………………………. vi RINGKASAN ………………………………………………………………. viii SUMMARY ………………………………………………………………….. ix KATA PENGANTAR ……………………………………………………… x BAB I PENDAHULUAN .......................................................................... 1 1.1 Latar Belakang ......................................................................... 1 1.2 Tujuan Khusus ......................................................................... 2 1.3 Urgensi Penelitian .................................................................... 2 BAB II STUDI PUSTAKA ......................................................................... 4 2.1 Teori Simbol dan Pemaknaannya ............................................ 4 2.2 Penjelasan Singkat tentang Dwarapala .................................... 5 2.2.1 Pengertian Dwarapala secara Etimologi ......................... 5 2.2.2 Uraian Singkat tentang Patung Penjaga Pintu Kuil di Asia ................................................................................... 6 2.2.3 Dwarapala di Indonesia ................ 8 2.3 Konsepsi Rwa Bhineda dan Konsepsi Kiwa Tengen ................ 12 2.4 Mitologi Nandiswara dan Mahakala ......................................... 14 BAB III METODE PENELITIAN ............................................................... 15 3.1 Materi Penelitian ...................................................................... 15 3.2 Metode Penelitian .................................................................... 15 3.3 Rencana Tahapan dan Target Hasil Penelitian ......................... 17 3.4 Kendala dalam Melakukan Penelitian dan Realisasi Capaian Target ........................................................................................ 20 BAB IV HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN ...................................................... 21 4.1 Gambaran Dwarapala secara Umum ........................................ 21 4.2 Pasangan Dwarapala di Luar Indonesia ................................... 22 4.2.1 Dwarapala di India dan Nepal ........................................ 23 4.2.2 Dwarapala di Cina .......................................................... 29 4.2.3 Dwarapala di Jepang ....................................................... 33 4.2.4 Dwarapala di Asia Tenggara: Kinnara-Kinnari ............. 35 4.3 Dwarapala di Indonesia: Jawa dan Bali ................................... 37 4.3.1 Penempatan figur-figur Dwarapala ................................. 38 4.3.2 Wujud Fisik Dwarapala ................................................. 40 4.4 Latar Belakang Konsepsi dan Mitologi berkenaan Dwarapala 40 4.4.1 Konsepsi Sapta Loka dan Sapta Patala ........................... 40 4.4.2 Pura sebagai Simbolisasi Sorga, Istana Dewata, dan atau Alam setelah Kematian .................................................... 45 4 4.4.3 Tokoh-tokoh Dwarapala yang Popular di Bali ............... 46 4.5 Pembahasan ............................................................................... 81 4.5.1 Fungsi dan Peran Dwarapala ................................................. 81 4.5.2 Relasi antara Tokoh Dwarapala dan Tokoh Dewa Utama yang "Diiringi"-nya ................................................................ 83 4.5.3 Relasi antara Dwarapala dan Pintu Gerbang ......................... 85 4.5.4 Relasi antara Dwarapala dan Lokasi Penempatannya ........... 86 4.5.5 Varian dan Karakter Pasangan Dwarapala ............................ 88 4.5.6 Konsep Penempatan Dwarapala ............................................ 89 4.5.7 Perkembangan Wujud dan Konsep Dwarapala di Bali ......... 94 BAB V PENUTUP ...................................................................................... 100 5.1 Simpulan …………………………………………………….. 100 5.2 Saran …………………………………………………………. 102 DAFTAR PUSTAKA ..................................................................................... 104 LAMPIRAN .................................................................................................... 106 1. Justifikasi penggunaan anggaran ................................................................ 106 2. Riwayat Hidup Ketua dan Anggota Peneliti ............................................... 109 3. Sarana untuk Kegiatan Penelitian ............................................................... 121 4. Luaran Lain Penelitian (Artikel) ................................................................. 122 5 DAFTAR GAMBAR Gambar 1 : Erwang (Cina) ............................................................................ 6 Gambar 2 : Niō (Jepang) ............................................................................... 6 Gambar 3 : Thotsakhirithon (Thailand) ........................................................ 6 Gambar 4 : Arca Dewi Gangga di Taleju, Nepal ........................................... 7 Gambar 5 : Arca Dewi Durga di Taleju, Nepal ............................................ 7 Gambar 6 : Arca Dewi Yamuna di Taleju, Nepal ........................................... 7 Gambar 7 : Nandiswara dan Mahakala ......................................................... 10 Gambar 8 : Dwarapala Singasari .................................................................. 10 Gambar 9 : Dwarapala Berwujud Merdah ................................................... 11 Gambar 10: Dwarapala Berwujud Subali ...................................................... 11 Gambar 11: Dwarapala Berwujud Raksasa ................................................... 11 Gambar 12: Posisi Dwarapala pada Kori Agung ........................................... 11 Gambar 13: Dewi Gangga, Dewi Taleju Bhawani, dan Dewi Yamuna di Atas Golden Gate di Bhaktapur Durbar Square, Nepal ............. 25 Gambar 14: Ilustrasi Jaya dan Vijaya Menghalangi Keempat Kumara ......... 27 Gambar 15: Arca Jaya dan Vijaya Mengapit Pintu Kuil Wisnu di India ....... 29 Gambar 16: Pasangan Qin Shu Bao (Tjin Siok Po) dan Yu Chi Gong .......... 30 Gambar 17: Pasangan Shen Tu dan Yu Lei ................................................... 31 Gambar
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