Technische Universität München Jahrbuch 2005
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Der Archivar, Heft 1, Feb. 2005
58. Jahrgang · Februar 2005 · Heft 1 INHALT Internationaler Archivkongress 2004 in Wien. Von evangelischen Kirchenarchive in Drübeck/Harz Heiner Schmitt ....................................................................... 3 (M. Scholz): 41. – Frühjahrstagung der Fachgruppe 8 Vollregest, Findbuch oder Informationssystem – im „Verband Deutscher Archivarinnen und Archi- Anmerkungen zu Geschichte und Perspektiven der vare“ in Frankfurt/Main (W. Müller): 42. – „Die archivischen Erschließung. Von Peter Müller............... 6 Geschichtswissenschaften und die Archive. Perspek- tiven der Kooperation.“ DFG-Workshop im West- Zentrale Quellen zur Sozial- und Zeitgeschichte: fälischen Landesmuseum Münster (R. Boden/ Gewerkschaftsakten im Archiv der sozialen Demo- C. Mayr/C. Schmidt/T. Schwabach): 43. – 18. Archiv- kratie der Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. Von Hans-Holger pädagogenkonferenz in Weingarten (D. Klose): 46. Paul............................................................................................. 15 Notariatsakten als Quelle historischer Forschung. Die Auslandsberichterstattung Notariatsakten des Leiters der Rechtsabteilung der Deutschen Arbeitsfront als Beispiel rechtlicher Niederlande: Museum und Archiv der niederländi- Camouflage des nationalsozialistischen „Maßnahme- schen Literatur: das Letterkundig Museum in Den staates“. Von Peter Rütters.................................................. 21 Haag (M. Weber): 48. Ungarn: Das Archiv Offene Gesellschaft in Budapest Archivtheorie und -praxis (R. Parnica): 49. Archive und Bestände: -
Technical Series, No
' ' Technical Series, No. 20, Part II. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BXJRE^TJ OK' TClSrTOM:OIL.OG^Y. L, 0. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. TECHNICAL PAPERS ON MISCELLANEOUS .FOREST INSECTS. II. THE GENOTYPES OF THE SAWFLIES AND WOODWASPS, OR THE SUPERFAMILY TENTHKEDINOIDEA. S. A. ROHWER, Agent and Expert. Issued M.\rch 4, 1911. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1911. Technical Series, No. 20, Part II. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. L. 0. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. TECHNICAL PAPERS ON MISCELLANEOUS FOREST INSECTS. II. THE GENOTYPES OF THE SAWFLIES AND WOODWASPS, OR THE SUPERFAMILY TENTHREDINOIDEA. BY S. A. ROHWER, Agent and Expert. Issued Makch 4, 1911. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1911. B UREA U OF ENTOMOLOGY. L. O. Howard, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. C. L. Marlatt, Entomologist and Acting Chief in Absence of Chief. R. S. Clifton, Executive Assistant. W. F. Tastet, Chief Clerk. F. H. Chittenden, in charge of truck crop and stored product insect investigations. A. D. Hopkins, in charge offorest insect investigations. W. D. Hunter, in charge of southern field crop insect investigations. F. M. Webster, in charge of cereal and forage insect investigations. A. L. Quaintance, in charge of deciduous fruit insect investigations. E. F. Phillips, in charge of bee culture. D. M. Rogers, in charge of preventing spread of moths, field -work. RoLLA P. Currie, in charge of editorial work. Mabel Colcord, librarian. , Forest Insect Investigations. A. D. Hopkins, in charge. H. E. Burke, J. L. Webb, Josef Brunner, S. A. Rohwer, T. E. Snyder, W. D. Edmonston, W. B. Turner, agents and experts. -
Sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) Newly Recorded from Washington State
JHR 49: 129–159 (2016)Sawflies( Hymenoptera, Symphyta) newly recorded from Washington State 129 doi: 10.3897/JHR.49.7104 RESEARCH ARTICLE http://jhr.pensoft.net Sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) newly recorded from Washington State Chris Looney1, David R. Smith2, Sharon J. Collman3, David W. Langor4, Merrill A. Peterson5 1 Washington State Dept. of Agriculture, 1111 Washington St. SE, Olympia, Washington, 98504, USA 2 Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, c/o National Museum of Natural History, NHB 168, Washington, D.C. 20560, USA 3 Washington State University Extension, 600 128th St. SE, Everett, Washington, 98208, USA 4 Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, 5320 122 Street NW, Edmonton, Alberta, T6H 3S5, Canada 5 Biology Department, Western Washington University, 516 High St., Bellingham, Washington, 98225, USA Corresponding author: Chris Looney ([email protected]) Academic editor: H. Baur | Received 5 November 2015 | Accepted 27 January 2016 | Published 28 April 2016 http://zoobank.org/319E4CAA-6B1F-408D-8A84-E202E14B26FC Citation: Looney C, Smith DR, Collman SJ, Langor DW, Peterson MA (2016) Sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) newly recorded from Washington State. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 49: 129–159. doi: 10.3897/JHR.49.7104 Abstract Examination of museum specimens, unpublished collection data, and field surveys conducted between 2010 and 2014 resulted in records for 22 species of sawflies new to Washington State, seven of which are likely to be pest problems in ornamental landscapes. These data highlight the continued range expansion of exotic species across North America. These new records also indicate that our collective knowledge of Pacific Northwest arthropod biodiversity and biogeography is underdeveloped, even for a relatively well known and species-poor group of insects. -
1 214 13. Oktober 1954: Fraktionssitzung
SPD – 02. WP Fraktionssitzung: 13. 10. 1954 214 13. Oktober 1954: Fraktionssitzung AdsD, SPD-BT-Fraktion 2. WP, 2, Ord. 25. 5. 1954 – 23. 2. 1955. Überschrift: »Protokoll über die Fraktionssitzung v. 13. 10. 1954, 10.00 Uhr«. 1. Die Fraktion ist mit den Vorschlägen zur Abwicklung der Tagesordnungen der Ple- narsitzungen v. 14. und 15.10. einverstanden. 2. Das Ergebnis der Vorstandswahl ergibt sich aus der anliegenden Liste.1 Wahlzettel für die Wahl der Vorsitzenden Erich Ollenhauer 125 Wilhelm Mellies 97 Erwin Schoettle 106 130 abgegebene Stimmen, 5 ungültige Stimmen Wahlzettel für die Wahl der weiteren Vorstandsmitglieder 1. Luise Albertz 69 18. Helmut Kalbitzer 41 2. Siegfried Bärsch 30 19. Lisa Korspeter 11 3. Peter Blachstein 70 20. Heinz Kühn 61 4. Paul Bleiß 86 21. Gertrud Lockmann 16 5. Hans Böhm 53 22. Gerhard Lütkens 72 6. Willy Brandt 77 23. Franz Marx 38 7. Bruno Diekmann 17 24. Ludwig Metzger 82 8. Clara Döhring 40 25. Karl Mommer 71 9. Fritz Erler 112 26. Franz Neumann 75 10. O.H. Greve 39 27. Willy Odenthal 54 11. Wilhelm Gülich 79 28. Carlo Schmid 101 12. Werner Hansen 59 29. Joachim Schöne 38 13. Rudolf Heiland 49 30. Käte Strobel 70 14. Elinor Hubert 19 31. Herbert Wehner 110 15. Werner Jacobi 31 32. Erwin Welke 71 16. Peter Jacobs 25 33. Fritz Wenzel 50 17. Wenzel Jaksch 47 34. Karl Wittrock 40 3. Der Antrag hinsichtlich der Londoner Schlußakte wird zurückgestellt bis nach der 2 Sitzung des Auswärtigen Ausschusses. 1 Zu der vorhergehenden Wahl des Fraktionsvorstandes am 18. -
Pests of Cultivated Plants in Finland
ANNALES AGRICULTURAE FE,NNIAE Maatalouden tutkimuskeskuksen aikakauskirja Vol. 1 1962 Supplementum 1 (English edition) Seria ANIMALIA NOCENTIA N. 5 — Sarja TUHOELÄIMET n:o 5 Reprinted from Acta Entomologica Fennica 19 PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS IN FINLAND NIILO A.VAPPULA Agricultural Research Centre, Department of Pest Investigation, Tikkurila, Finland HELSINKI 1965 ANNALES AGRICULTURAE FENNIAE Maatalouden tutkimuskeskuksen aikakauskirja journal of the Agricultural Researeh Centre TOIMITUSNEUVOSTO JA TOIMITUS EDITORIAL BOARD AND STAFF E. A. jamalainen V. Kanervo K. Multamäki 0. Ring M. Salonen M. Sillanpää J. Säkö V.Vainikainen 0. Valle V. U. Mustonen Päätoimittaja Toimitussihteeri Editor-in-chief Managing editor Ilmestyy 4-6 numeroa vuodessa; ajoittain lisänidoksia Issued as 4-6 numbers yearly and occasional supplements SARJAT— SERIES Agrogeologia, -chimica et -physica — Maaperä, lannoitus ja muokkaus Agricultura — Kasvinviljely Horticultura — Puutarhanviljely Phytopathologia — Kasvitaudit Animalia domestica — Kotieläimet Animalia nocentia — Tuhoeläimet JAKELU JA VAIHTOTI LAUKS ET DISTRIBUTION AND EXCHANGE Maatalouden tutkimuskeskus, kirjasto, Tikkurila Agricultural Research Centre, Library, Tikkurila, Finland ANNALES AGRICULTURAE FENNIAE Maatalouden tutkimuskeskuksen aikakauskirja 1962 Supplementum 1 (English edition) Vol. 1 Seria ANIMALIA NOCENTIA N. 5 — Sarja TUHOELÄIMET n:o 5 Reprinted from Acta Entomologica Fennica 19 PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS IN FINLAND NIILO A. VAPPULA Agricultural Research Centre, Department of Pest Investigation, -
The Tachinid Times
The Tachinid Times ISSUE 20 February 2007 Jim O’Hara, editor Invertebrate Biodiversity Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada C.E.F., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0C6 Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected] A few months ago the 6th International Congress of illustrate their articles with colour images, since these add Dipterology (ICD6) was held in Fukuoka, Japan. These to the visual appeal of the newsletter and are easily Congresses, held every four years, provide an excellent incorporated into the final PDF document. Please send forum for communicating the results of recent research and images as separate files apart from the text. for meeting with colleagues who share similar interests. In The Tachinid Times is purposely not peer-reviewed this issue of The Tachinid Times, the abstracts of oral and to retain its status as a newsletter and avoid attracting poster presentations on tachinid flies given at the Congress articles that are more properly published in recognized are reprinted. The topics spanned a variety of subdisciplines journals. However, I personally review and edit all sub- from morphological and molecular systematics to behavior, missions, and the newsletter as a whole is reviewed in- ecology and faunistics, illustrating the vast potential of the ternally within my organization before it is posted on the Tachinidae as subjects for investigative research. Anyone Internet and distributed in hardcopy. Articles in The wishing to view the entire Abstracts Volume from ICD6 Tachinid Times are cited in Zoological Record. can do so by visiting the International Congresses of I would like to thank Shannon Mahony for her Dipterology website. -
Molecular Phylogeny of the Sawfly Subfamily Nematinae (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)
Systematic Entomology (2006),31, 569–583 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3113.2006.00336.x Molecular phylogeny of the sawfly subfamily Nematinae (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) TOMMI NYMAN1 , ALEXEY G. ZINOVJEV2 , VELI VIKBERG3 and BRIAN D. FARRELL4 1Department of Biology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, 2Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia, 3Liinalammintie 11 as. 6, Turenki, Finland, 4Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Abstract. Nematinae is one of the largest subfamilies in the sawfly family Tenthredinidae, but internal relationships are unknown in the absence of any formal phylogenetic analysis. To understand the internal phylogeny of Nematinae, we sequenced a portion of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene and the nuclear elongation factor-1a gene from thirteen outgroup taxa and sixty-eight nematine species, the ingroup taxa of which represent all major genera and subgenera within the subfamily. Maximum parsimony and Bayesian phyloge- netic analyses of the DNA sequence data show that: (1) Nematinae are monophy- letic in a broad sense which includes Hoplocampa, Susana and the tribe Cladiini, which have been classified often into separate subfamilies; together with Craterocercus, these taxa form a paraphyletic basal grade with respect to the remaining Nematinae, but among-group relationships within the grade remain weakly resolved; (2) the remainder of the ingroup, Nematinae s. str, is monophy- letic in all combined-data analyses; (3) within Nematinae s. str, the ‘Higher’ Nematinae is divided into three groups, Mesoneura and the large tribes Nematini and Pristiphorini; (4) although the traditional classifications at the tribal level are largely upheld, some of the largest tribes and genera are obviously para- or polyphyletic; (5) according to rate-smoothed phylogenies dated with two fossil calibration points, Nematinae originated 50–120 million years ago. -
Neuanfang Setzt Realismus Und Augenmaß Voraus Interview Mit Olaf Von Wrangel, Vorsitzender Des Innerdeutschen Ausschusses Des Bundestages Etwas Unterkühlter Sommer
&teute zu Wxons Wloskau-Heise: ^Atlantische Sotgen und ein tfräühent UNABHÄNGIGE WOCHENZEITUNG FÜR DEUTSCHLAND Jahrgang 25 — Folge 27 2 Hamburg 13, Parkallee 86 / 6. Juli 1974 C 5524 C Neuanfang setzt Realismus und Augenmaß voraus Interview mit Olaf von Wrangel, Vorsitzender des Innerdeutschen Ausschusses des Bundestages Etwas unterkühlter Sommer H. WELLEMS Der deutschland- und ostpolitische Sommer ließ sich an wie das Wetter — Sonnenschein Hamburg — über Meldungen und und Regen, leicht gemischt, leicht unterkühlt. Kommentare zum politischen Zeitge• Prognose: Kein anhaltendes Hoch in Sicht! schehen hinaus haben wir uns stets be• Sonne, strahlend gute Laune brachte Däne• müht, unseren Lesern „Politik aus erster marks schöne Königin ins Haus. Sie kam, gibt's Hand" zu bieten und hierbei diejenigen das noch, um nichts zu suchen, nichts zu holen, unmittelbar zu Wort kommen zu lassen, einfach „nur so", um zu lächeln, rechts- wie links- die an Brennpunkten des Geschehens hin deutschen Nachbarn zuzulächeln. Auch gab es keine Probleme, Grenz- und Minderheiten• stehen. Heute bringen wir ein Inter• fragen, zu erörtern. Alles ist, da es rechtens view mit dem Vorsitzenden des Inner• geregelt ist, auch in dieser Hinsicht zwischen deutschen Ausschusses des Deutschen Deutschen und Dänen in Ordnung. Eine kleine Bungestages, dem Bundestagsabgeord• Unterlassung deutscherseits wäre allenfalls an• zumerken. Wäre es nicht angebracht gewesen, neten Olaf von Wrangel: dem dänischen Staatsoberhaupt anläßlich seines ersten Nachkriegsbesuches mit einem Wort da• Beginnt neue Ära? für zu danken, daß dieses Land in schwerster „Herr von Wrangel, in Bonn hat der ständige Zeit, in größter seelischer und materieller Be• drängnis Tausenden von Flüchtlingen aus Ost- Vertreter der ,DDR', Kohl, seine Tätigkeit aut• und Westpreußen Zuflucht gegeben hat, daß die genommen. -
Transactions of the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists' Society Paul Banham Describes the Distribution of Seaweeds at Wells -Next-The Sea on the North Norfolk Coast
TRANSACTIONS OF THE NORFOLK & NORWICH NATURALISTS' SOCIETY Vol. 33 Part 1 (June 2000) -ji\ (ViuScUM i I 22 AUQ 2000 j j I BXCHAKISO i - QENfcRAL | TRANSACTIONS OF THE NORFOLK AND NORWICH NATURALISTS’ SOCIETY ISSN 0375 7226 Volume 33 Part 1 (June 2000) Editor P.W.Lambley Assist. Ed. Roy Baker OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY 2000-2001 President: T.N.D.Peet Vice-Presidents: Dr R Baker. P R Banham. Mrs M. A.Brewster, A L. Bull. K.B.Clarke.,E.T.Daniels. D.A.Dorling. K.C Durrant. RE Evans, RC Haney, R. Jones, Mrs J. Robinson. Chairman: K.B.Clarke, Decoy House, Browston, Great Yarmouth, NR31 9DP. Tel. 01502 730363 Secretary: Dr A.R.Leech. 3, Eccles Rd, Holt. NR25 6HJ Assistant Secretary: J.F.Butcher. 4. Hillvue Close. New Costessey, NR5 ONQ Treasurer: D.l. Richmond, 42. Richmond Rise, Reepham. NRIO 4LS Membership Committee: D.L.Paull (Chairman), 8, Lindford Drive, Eaton, Norwich NR4 6LT, Tel: 01603 457270; S.M.Livermore, (Secretaiy) 70 Naseby Way, Dussingdale, Norwich NR7 OTP. Tel 01603 431849 Programme Committee:R.W.Ellis (Chairman). Dr S.R.Martin (Secretary) Publications Committee: Dr R.Baker (Chairman). P.W.Lambley. Dr M.Perrow. G.E. Dunmore, (Editors) Research Committee: R. W. Maidstone (Chairman).Dr I.F.Keymer (Secretary) Hon. Auditor: Mrs S. Pearson Wildlife 2000 Committee: S.M. Livermore, Project Director Elected Members of Council: A.C. Brown, A.L.Howes, D.Nobbs, Mrs C.W. Haines, Mrs A. Harrap, D.B.MacFarlane, M.H.Poulton, J. Clifton, F.LJ.L.Farrow, W.G. Mitchell, P.Westley o 3 Q fc3 Q o c U s 8 O 2 3 «s >3 O a c/3 orchids § 5 a, 'P read T3 cfl 8 tM 3 O orchard 8 u o c3 s t for ^2 24:- o U-) 0> page cx <u »-• Opposite o cx Ocx Hw fV-5 vJ UM 22 A’: a 2CuO WILDLIFE 2000 exckai^gsid qOMCRAL During its 125th anniversary celebrations, the Vurl'Olk ' f^rwicir Naturalists' Society announced its intention to document the wildlife of Norfolk for the start of the new millennium in a project called Wildlife 2000. -
Inhaltsverzeichnis
Inhaltsverzeichnis Einleitung xvii Verzeichnis der Bestände 1 I. Akten von Exilorganisationen sowie Sammlungen zur Geschichte der politischen Emigration 1. Akten von Exilorganisationen a) Parteien, Gewerkschaften, parteinahe Verbände Bewegung "Freies Deutschland" für den Westen (BFDW) - Comite "Allemagne Libre" Pour l'Ouest (CALPO) 1 Internationaler Jugend-Bund (IJB) und Internationaler Sozialistischer Kampfbund (ISK) 3 Internationale Transportarbeiter-Föderation (ITF) 4 Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands 1918-1946 (Historisches Archiv der KPD) 5 Sopade - Akten des Vorstandes der Sozialdemokratischen Partei Deutschlands 13 Sopade - Vorstandsprotokolle 23 Sopade - Erich Ollenhauer 23 Sopade - Erich Rinner .. 23 Sozialistische Arbeiterpartei Deutschlands (SAP) 24 Sozialistische Jugend-Internationale (SJI) 25 b) Parteiübergreifende Organisationen Maurice J. Goldbloom Collection: Papiere der American Friends of German Freedom und der American Association for a Democratic Germany . 27 American Guild for German Cultüral Freedom, New York 28 Comite Allemand, Paris ... 33 Deutscher PEN-Club im Exil 34 Emergency Rescue Committee und Nachfolgeorganisationen, New York .... 37 Centre Americain de Secours - Akten Daniel Benedite 38 Föderation Internationale des Ligues pour la Defense des Droits de l'Homme et du Citoyen, Paris 39 Verband deutscher Journalisten in der Emigration, Paris 39 c) Presse Redaktion "Das Neue Tage-Buch", Paris 40 http://d-nb.info/931576873 Redaktion "Deutsche Informationen", Paris 41 Redaktion "Die Neue Weltbühne", Paris 41 -
A Generic Classification of the Nearctic Sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta)
THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY rL_L_ 5 - V. c_op- 2 CD 00 < ' sturn this book on or before the itest Date stamped below. A arge is made on all overdue oks. University of Illinois Library UL28: .952 &i;g4 1952 %Po S IQ";^ 'APR 1 1953 DFn 7 W54 '•> d ^r-. ''/./'ji. Lit]—H41 Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive in 2011 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign http://www.archive.org/details/genericclassific15ross ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS Vol. XV No. 2 Published by the University of Illinois Under the Auspices of the Graduate School Ukbana, Illinois 1937 EDITORIAL COMMITTEE John Theodore Buchholz Fred Wilbur Tanner Harley Jones Van Cleave UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 1000—7-37—11700 ,. PRESS A GENERIC CLASSIFICATION OF THE NEARCTIC SAWFLIES (HYMENOPTERA, SYMPHYTA) WITH SEVENTEEN PLATES BY Herbert H. Ross Contribution No. 188 from the Entomological Laboratories of the University of Illinois, in Cooperation with the Illinois State Natural History Survey CONTENTS Introduction 7 Methods 7 Materials 8 Morphology 9 Head and Appendages 9 Thorax and Appendages 22 Abdomen and Appendages 29 Phylogeny 33 The Superfamilies of Sawflies 33 Family Groupings 34 Hypothesis of Genealogy .... 35 Larval Characters 45 - Biology 46 Summary of Phylogeny 48 Taxonomy 50 Superfamily Tenthredinoidea 51 Superfamily Megalodontoidea 106 Superfamily Siricoidea 110 Superfamily Cephoidea 114 Bibliography 117 Plates 127 Index 162 ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is an elaboration of a thesis sub- mitted in partial fulfillment for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Entomology in the Graduate School of the University of Illinois in 1933. The work was done under the direction of Dr. -
1.Title Page FINAL
Global Population Genetics and Evolution of Invasive Biotypes in the Whitefly Complex Bemisia tabaci By Margarita Hadjistylli A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Science, Policy, and Management in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor George K. Roderick, Chair Professor Rosemary G. Gillespie Professor Craig Moritz Fall 2010 Global Population Genetics and Evolution of Invasive Biotypes in the Whitefly Complex Bemisia tabaci © 2010 by Margarita Hadjistylli Abstract Global Population Genetics and Evolution of Invasive Biotypes in the Whitefly Complex Bemisia tabaci by Margarita Hadjistylli Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Science, Policy, and Management University of California, Berkeley Professor George K. Roderick, Chair The presence of morphologically cryptic lineages with divergent molecular, ecological, and physiological traits within a species is an intriguing evolutionary phenomenon that offers unique opportunities for evolutionary genetics studies. One such system is the whitefly species complex Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), which comprises several cryptic lineages, known as “biotypes” with worldwide distribution, including two of the world’s worst invasive pests. In this dissertation I take a population genetics approach to examine the global genetic structure of B. tabaci biotypes, with a focus on the origins, historical demography, and invasion pathways of the two invasive biotypes, known as “B” and “Q”. I begin with a historical overview of multilocus molecular markers used to examine aspects of the biology, ecology, and genetics of the B. tabaci species complex. The first markers employed were allozymes, particularly esterases, which became the basis for the biotype nomenclature, and were substantiated by ecological and biological data.