Transport in Haiti

As of 2000 Haiti had 4,160 km of roads, Primary roads 1,011 km of which was paved and Secondary Roads 3,149 km of which was unpaved.1 A 2004 assessment of Haiti’s roads showed that only 5% were in good condition. Since 1991, Haiti has lost more than a 1,000 km of rural roads.2 In 3 Haiti, 70% of all travel is done on foot while 85% of vehicle traffic is congested in the Port au Prince metropolitan area.4 Public transportation is provided 1 through Tap Taps, colourfully painted buses, pick up trucks and Tap Tap Bus minivans that provide transport Tertiary Roads within cities as well as between cities.5 Haiti has no public rail system, only small sections of private rail serving the ports.6 The following map denotes Haiti’s busiest ports. They are all connected Cap-Haitien by the country’s primary highway, the RN1. After Port au Prince, Cap- Haitien and Mirogoane are Haiti’s main ports for exports.7 Saint Marc is Gonaives currently the preferred destination for the import of goods because of its central location and the volatility in Port au Prince.8 Saint Marc shows high Saint Marc potential for future development as it is increasing in economic capacity, has a central location, and does not lie in a flood plane. Port au Prince Miragoane Precedent - Bogota, Columbia Bogota, Columbia is a city of approximately control. 3 The fleet of buses numbers over Bus 7.5 million people with a density of 4,670.5 1,000 and usage is estimated at 1.6 million Transmilenio per sq km. It is a large city in terms of passengers a day with peak usage of 43,000 1.6 million daily passengers land area occupying 1,587 sq km. The passengers per hour in each direction.4 9 lines population of the metropolitan area is They are still adding to the system and wish 84 km of busways close to 9.6 million.1 Bogota was a city to eventually have 388 km of busways.5 Over 1000 buses faced with severe problems concerning its transportation system. The city was The bike system, known as CicloRuta, is highly congested and polluted. In order comprised of 303 km of bike lanes and to alleviate these problems, the city had a recorded usage of 213,000 trips per devised a plan to implement a bus day as of 2005. Estimates for current usage rapid transit system as well as an extensive are 320, 000 trips per day, 4% of the total network of bicycle paths. The BRT system, number of daily trips in Bogota.6 The system known as Transmilenio, was opened to is divided into 3 sections, the main network the public in December of 2000.2 After 10 which connects key city centres, the years in existence, the system now has secondary network which mostly serves as 9 lines, 84 km of busways, 104 stations, a feeder for the Transmilenio system, and 10 integration points, integrated feeder the complementary network which mostly services and advanced centralized runs along river banks and through parks.7

Bicycle CicloRuta 320,000 trips per day 303 km of bike lanes

2 4 Precedent - Copenhagen, Denmark Copenhagen, Denmark has a population In Copenhagen 36% of residents commute of approximately 531,000 with a density of by bicycle. The city wishes to increase 6,019 per sq km. The area of the city is 88.25 this number to 50%.6 There were 339 km of sq km. The surrounding urban area is 455.61 bicycle lanes in the city as of 2004.7 The city sq km with a population of 1.18 million while is also developing bicycle ‘greenways’ the entire metropolitan area is 2,673 sq km which are totally separated from the road with a population of 2.8 million.1 There are 2 network, unlike the cycle lanes. There was main rail systems that serve Copenhagen, 37 km of greenways in the city as of 2004 the S-Train and the metro. There are 7 S-Train and the completed network will comprise 8 Metro and Train lines and 2 metro lines. The S-Train currently 22 routes totalling 100 km. Copenhagen 9 lines comprises 170 km of dual track, 85 stations was also the first city to launch a public bike 2 and serves over 300,000 passengers a day. sharing program. There are currently 110 190.5 km of track The S-Train lines are built in accordance stations in the downtown area providing 107 stations 9 with Copenhagen’s finger plan. The metro 2,500 bikes. The bikes can only be used in the Over 437,000 daily passengers system currently is comprised 20.5 km of daylight hours from mid-April to November track, 22 stations3 and had a ridership of and are taken out by depositing a 20 DKK over 50 million in 2009.4 A new city circle coin which is refunded when the bike is 10 metro line, which will encircle the core returned. The city is also developing an of the city, is scheduled to open in 2018.5 anti theft program which uses GPS tracking.11

Bicycle 350 km of bicycle lanes

100 km of bicycle greenways Commuter rate of 36%

1 2 4 Precedent - Barcelona, Spain Barcelona, Spain has a population bicycle program designed for shorter Metro and Tram 5 of approximately 1.6 million with trips within the urban core. Users pay 11 metro lines a density of 15,991 per sq km. The an annual 30 Euro fee to register. 157.51 km of track area of the city is 101.9 sq km. The There are currently 400 stations 209 stations metropolitan area is 803 sq km large located around 300 to 400 metres 361 million trips (2009) and has a population of around 5 apart that supply over 6,000 bikes.6 4 tram lines million people. 1 Barcelona has an Stations are usually located close to extensive metro system. Currently other forms of transit. Users are issued there are 11 underground lines, 209 a stripe card to take out the bicycles. stations and 157.51 km of track.2 In Trips under 30 minutes are free, then addition to the metro there are 4 lines each half hour costs 50 cents up of above ground trams. Barcelona to a maximum of 2 hours when the currently has the most metro route charge becomes 3 Euros per hour.7 3 kilometres per person in the world. The bicycles can be returned to any Ridership of the Barcelona metro was station after use. There are currently recorded at 361 million trips in 2009.4 175,000 registered users and an average of 50,000 trips on Bicing bikes In 2007 Barcelona launched the each day.8 The city is now considering Bicing program. It is a community how to expand the program.9

Bicycle Bicing Program 400 stations 6000 bicycles 175,000 users

1 3 Port au Prince Given the topography of for easier construction and the country, wide spread rail the avoidance of flood implementation has severe plains. The primary road limitations in Haiti. As such, network is already built the rapid bus system of along these areas and Bogota (which has a similar provides basic infrastructure topography) sets an excellent to facilitate this growth. precedent. Buses can easily Based on the precedent ascend the mountainous studies, Port au Prince would terrain where rail cannot. require around 10 lines of However, the drawback light rail or rapid bus transit to with bus transportation is the adequately accommodate reliance on imported diesel a populace of 2-3 million fuel, which will become and remove the current increasingly less available traffic congestion in the city. over the next 30-50 years, Given the density of Port au especially for a country Prince , it is possible that the like Haiti. Haiti currently has same routes would have to limited electrical capacity be covered by multiple lines. so the implementation of light rail would require Being that Haitians have a substantial increase in a communal society, the electrical production. For the implementation of communal Precedents for Street Design future development of Port bicycle programs like those of au Prince, Copenhagen’s Copenhagen and Barcelona finger plan which utilizes linear have great potential. A well growth could be applied. run program would allow Linear growth along the for masses of impoverished tamer terrain of the coasts Haitians to substantially and mountain valleys allows improve their mobility. Traffic Calmed Street - Barcelona Bicycle Greenway, Copenhagen

Transmilenio Station Swanston Street, Copenhagen References

Transport in Haiti Precedent - Bogota, Columbia

1. Lazacode (2011). Bogota, The Capital City of Columbia. Retrieved Jan 15, 2011 from 1. Central Intelligence Agency .(2011). The World Factbook - Transportation: Haiti. Retrieved http://lazacode.com/south-america/bogota-the-capital-city-of-colombia January 12, 2011 from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ 2. Mckone, J. (2010). Transmilenio: Ten Years Down The Line. Dec 22, 2010. paragragh 1. ha.html Retrieved January 16, 2011 from http://thecityfix.com/transmilenio-ten-years-down-the-line/ 2. Inter-American Development Bank. (2009). Haiti Invest heavily in rebuilding roads. April 3. Mckone, J. (2010). Transmilenio: Ten Years Down The Line. Dec 22, 2010. paragragh 5. 13, 2009. paragraph 8. Retrieved January 12, 2011 from http://www.iadb.org/en/news/ Retrieved January 16, 2011 from http://thecityfix.com/transmilenio-ten-years-down-the-line/ webstories/2009-04-13/haiti-invests-heavily-in-rebuilding-roads,5339.html 4.Mckone, J. (2010). Transmilenio: Ten Years Down The Line. Dec 22, 2010. paragragh 5. 3. Coalition of Caribbean Urbanists. (2010). Report for Discussion : Workshop on the Retrieved January 16, 2011 from http://thecityfix.com/transmilenio-ten-years-down-the-line/ Reconstruction of Port au Prince, Haiti. p. 17. Retrieved January 9, 2011 from http://haiti- 5. Hildago, D. (2004). Transmilenio Bus Rapid Transit System Expansion 2002-2005. p 1. patrimoine.org/?p=345 retrieved January 16, 2011 from http://www.codatu.org/francais/publications/actes/ 4. Global Security. (2011). Millatary: Haiti -Infrastructure. paragraph 3. Retrieved January 14, conferences/codatu11/Papers/hidalgo.pdf 2011 from http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/haiti/infrastructure.htm 6. C40 Cities. (2010). Transport: Bogota, Columbia. paragraph 2. Retrieved January 16, 2011 5. PBS: Frontline. (2010). Solving the Tap Tap Puzzle (video). Retrieved Jan 20, 2011 from from http://www.c40cities.org/bestpractices/transport/bogota_cycling.jsp http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/haiti/view/tap-tap.html 7. C40 Cities. (2010). Transport: Bogota, Columbia. paragraph 3. Retrieved January 16, 2011 6. Global Security. (2011). Millatary: Haiti -Infrastructure. paragraph 15. Retrieved January 14, from http://www.c40cities.org/bestpractices/transport/bogota_cycling.jsp 2011 from http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/haiti/infrastructure.htm 7. Global Security. (2011). Millatary: Haiti -Infrastructure. paragraph 11. Retrieved January 14, Images 2011 from http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/haiti/infrastructure.htm 8. Moving2Haiti.net. (2011). Major Cities in Haiti:Saint Marc. Retrieved January, 18, 2011 from 1. Sustainable Cities. (2008). Retrieved January 24, 2011 from http://sustainablecities.dk/en/ http://www.moving2haiti.net/major-cities-in-haiti/saint-marc.html city-projects/cases/bogota-more-bikes-and-buses-fewer-cars

2. CTS Mexico. (2010). Retrieved January 24, 2011from http://thecityfix.com/transmilenio- Images ten-years-down-the-line/ 3. La Vida Es Loca. (2009). Retrieved January 25, 2011 from http://lavidaesloca.wordpress. 1.Christian Relief Ministries. (2007). Retrieved January 25, 2011 from http:// com/category/cali/ christianreliefministries.net/photos 4. Ride for Climate. (2006). Retrieved January 25, 2011 from http://www.rideforclimate. com/journals/?page_id=137&g2_itemId=2124 Source for Haitian roads Logistics Cluster. (2010). Retrieved January 10, 2011 from http://www.logcluster.org/ Source for Transmilenio and CicloRuta routes ops/hti10a/haiti-road-conditions-map City of Bogota. (2008). Retrieved January 19, 2011 from http://metrobabel.wordpress. com/2008/09/06/bogota-a-model-for-the-rest-of-us/ Further info on Transport: Air Travel

Haiti has 14 airports, 4 with paved runways, 10 with unpaved runways. Haiti has one international airport, the Toussaint Louverture International Airport in Port au Prince. Source: Global Security. (2011). Millatary: Haiti -Infrastructure. paragraph 12. Retrieved January 14, 2011 from http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/haiti/infrastructure.htm Precedent- Copenhagen, Denmark Precedent - Barcelona, Spain

1. New World Encyclopedia. Copenhagen. Retrieved January 22, 2011 from http://www. 1.Answers.com. (2011). Barcelona. Retrieved Jan 20, 2011 from http://www.answers.com/topic/barcelona newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Copenhagen 2. Barcelona -travelGuide.com. (2011). Barcelona Metro. paragraph 1. Retrieved January 20, 2011 from http:// 2. DSB Group. (2010). Company Overview. paragraph 1-2. Retrieved January 23, 2011 from www.barcelona-travelguide.com/transport/barcelona-metro.html http://www.dsb.dk/Global/PDF/Skole%20og%20studiemateriale/Virksomheden%20DSB%20S-tog. 3. Freemark, Y. (2010). Barcelona’s Metro Continues Its Expansian at Relatively Cheap Price. paragraph 3. pdf Retrieved January, 2011 from http://urbantoronto.ca/showthread.php?13388-Barcelonas-Metro-Continues-Its- 3. Copenhagen Metro. (2010). Copenhagen Metro: The History. paragraph 2. Retrieved January Expansion-at-a-Relatively-Cheap-Price&p=420123 23, 2011 from http://www.m.dk/Metronyt/Artikler/2010/2009+i+Metroen.aspx 4. National Statistics Institute. (2010). Passenger Transport Statistics. Retrieved January 20, 2011 from http:// 4. Copenhagen Metro. (2010). 2009 in the Metro. paragraph 2. Retrieved January 23, 2011 from www.ine.es/jaxiBD/tabla.do?per=01&type=db&divi=ETV&idtab=1 http://www.m.dk/Metronyt/Artikler/2010/2009+i+Metroen.aspx 5. Sustainable Cities. (2010). Barcelona -Bicing Club for City Residents. paragraph 3. Retrieved January 21, 2011 5. Copenhagen Metro. (2010). Copenhagen Metro: The History. paragraph 14. Retrieved January from http://sustainablecities.dk/en/city-projects/cases/barcelona-biking-club-for-city-residents 23, 2011 from http://www.m.dk/Metronyt/Artikler/2010/2009+i+Metroen.aspx 6. Sustainable Cities. (2010). Barcelona -Bicing Club for City Residents. paragraph 6. Retrieved January 21, 2011 6. Lazacode. (2010). Copenhagen:The Largest City and Capital of Denmark - Transportation. from http://sustainablecities.dk/en/city-projects/cases/barcelona-biking-club-for-city-residents paragraph 3. Retrieved January 23, 2011 from http://lazacode.com/europe/copenhagen-the- 7 City of Barcelona. (2011). Bicing: Rates. Retrieved January 22, 2011 from http://www.bicing.cat/servicio/ capital-and-largest-city-of-denmark tarifas/tarifas.php?TU5fSU5GT1JNQUNJT05fVEFSSUZBUw%3D%3D&NA%3D%3D 7.Copenhagen Cycling Facilities Design Approaches.(2004). Transportation without Pollution. 8.Sustainable Cities. (2010). Barcelona -Bicing Club for City Residents. paragraph 3. Retrieved January 21, 2011 p. 7. Retrieved January 23, 2011 from http://presentations.thecyclistwebhouse.com/The_Third_ from http://sustainablecities.dk/en/city-projects/cases/barcelona-biking-club-for-city-resident Wave_of_Cyclists/Presentation%20-%20Third%20Wave%20of%20Cycling%20-%20BCCC/BCCC%20 9. Sustainable Cities. (2010). Barcelona -Bicing Club for City Residents. paragraph 9. Retrieved January 21, 2011 Presentation%20-%20Copenhagen%20-%20Cycling%20Facilities%20Design%20Approaches%20 from http://sustainablecities.dk/en/city-projects/cases/barcelona-biking-club-for-city-resident -%20Version%20Condensed.pdf 8. Copenhagen Cycling Facilities Design Approaches.(2004). Transportation without Pollution. Images p. 8. Retrieved January 23, 2011 from http://presentations.thecyclistwebhouse.com/The_Third_ Wave_of_Cyclists/Presentation%20-%20Third%20Wave%20of%20Cycling%20-%20BCCC/BCCC%20 1. Barcelona Travelogue. (2011). Retrieved January 23, 2011 from http://www.barcelonatravelogue.com/ Presentation%20-%20Copenhagen%20-%20Cycling%20Facilities%20Design%20Approaches%20 barcelona-bike-rental/ -%20Version%20Condensed.pdf 2. User:1997. (2007). Retrieved January 23, 2011 from http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bicing_ 9. Copenhagen City Bikes. (2011). Bycyklen History. paragraph 6. Retrieved january 23, 2011 from Barcelona_Urban_Cycling.JPG http://www.bycyklen.dk/dansk/nyhederhistorie/bycyklenshistorie.aspx 3.Sanchez, R.A. (2005). Retrieved January 23, 2011 from http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Barcelona_ 10. Copenhagen City Bikes. (2011). The Noble Art of Citing Biking. paragraph 1. Retrieved january metro_pl_Espanya.JPG 23, 2011 from http://www.bycyklen.dk/english/thenobleartofcitybiking.aspx 11. Copenhaganize.com. (2009). The Chips Are Up in Copenhagen. paragraph 1-7. Retrieved January 23, 2011 from http://www.copenhagenize.com/2009/06/chips-are-up-in-copenhagen. Source for metro routes html City of Barcelona: Metro Map. (2009). Retrieved January 19, 2011 from https://community.jivesoftware.com/ docs/DOC-9330 Images Source for bicyle lanes 1. WorldChanging. (2011). Retrieved January 24, 2011 from http://www.worldchanging.com/ City of Barcelona: Bicing Map.(2009). Retrieved January 19, 2011 from http://www.bicing.cat/usuarios/carril_ local/seattle/archives/008349.html bici/carril_bici.php?TU5fVVNVQVJJT1NfQ0FSUklM&Mg%3D%3D 2. CycleSeven. (2009). Retrieved January 24, 2011 from http://cycleseven.org/greater-levels-of- cycling 3. MyDenmarkTV.com. (2010). Retrieved January 25, 2011 from http://www.mydenmarktv.com/ tag/s-train-in-copenhagen/ Port au Prince 4.Copenhaganize. com. (2008). Retrieved January 25, 2011 from http://www.copenhagenize. com/2008/08/bikes-on-trains.html Map of Port au Prince: Defense Mapping Agency. (2010). Retrieved January 10, 2011 Source for Metro and S-Train routes City of Copenhagen. (2008). Retrieved January 19 from http://www.wandawanders.com/ Street Sections content/view/106/76/ 1.Transmilenio Station: City of Bogota. (2009). Retrieved January 14, 2011 from http://www.elespectador. com/noticias/bogota/imagen-asi-quedara-fase-iii-de-transmilenio-calle-26 Source for Bicycle lanes 2.Swanston Street: Copenhagen Cycling Facilities Design Approaches.(2004). Transportation without Pollution. City of Copenhagen. (2004). Retrieved January 20, 2011 from http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/ p. 32. Retrieved January 23, 2011 from http://presentations.thecyclistwebhouse.com/The_Third_Wave_of_ Cyclists/Presentation%20-%20Third%20Wave%20of%20Cycling%20-%20BCCC/BCCC%20Presentation%20-%20 copenhagen-paradise-for-cyclists1 Copenhagen%20-%20Cycling%20Facilities%20Design%20Approaches%20-%20Version%20Condensed.pdf 3. Copenhagen Greenway and Traffic Calmed Street sections are author’s