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Und ÖPNV-Nutzung – Fakultät Verkehrswissenschaften „Friedrich List“ Institut für Verkehrsplanung und Straßenverkehr Interdependenzen zwischen Fahrrad- und ÖPNV-Nutzung – Analysen, Strategien und Maßnah- men einer integrierten Förderung in Städten Forschungsvorhaben im Rahmen der Umsetzung des Nationalen Radverkehrsplanes Endbericht Gefördert vom Dresden, Januar 2010 01062 Dresden Telefon: + 49 (0) 3 51 4 63-3 29 75 Internet: http://www.tu-dresden.de/srv/ Telefax: + 49 (0) 3 51 4 63-3 72 64 E-Mail: [email protected] Das diesem Bericht zugrundeliegende Vorhaben wurde mit Mitteln des Bundesministe- riums für Verkehr, Bau und Stadtentwicklung unter dem Förderkennzeichen VB28/2007 gefördert. Die Verantwortung für den Inhalt dieser Veröffentlichung liegt beim Autor. Bearbeitungszeit: 01.04.2007 - 31.07.2009 (Redaktionsschluss) Förderer: Bundesministerium für Verkehr, Bau und Stadtentwicklung (BMVBS) Invalidenstraße 44 10115 Berlin Auftragnehmer: Landeshauptstadt Dresden Hauptabteilung Mobilität Postfach 12 00 20 01001 Dresden Projektleiter: Gerhard Ritscher Bearbeiter: Dr. Kerstin Burggraf Projektpartner und Dresdner Verkehrsbetriebe AG (DVB) Kofinanzierung: Verkehrsverbund Oberelbe (VVO) Projektbearbeiter: TU Dresden Lehrstuhl Verkehrs- und Infrastrukturplanung 01062 Dresden Projektleiter: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Gerd-Axel Ahrens Bearbeiter: Tanja Aurich, Thomas Böhmer, Jeannette Klotzsch, Anne Pitrone Studentische Mitarbeit: André Albrecht, Christoph Bochmann, Thomas Engel, Enrico Grieger, Andreas Grießbach, Stefanie Groß- mann, Jens Handrick, Maria Hanke, Tobias Hausdorf, Matthias Jürß, Matthias Kiepsch, Robert Müller, Robert Petras, Mario Reinhold, Martin Schmidt, Felix Weidner, Janette Zösch, Anke Zürner Lokale Arbeitsgruppe Verkehrsverbund Oberelbe GmbH: Torsten Meerbach der Projektpartner: Dresdner Verkehrsbetriebe AG: Alexander Czurzim, Mirko Rüde Regionalverkehr Dresden GmbH: Axel Ludwig Landeshauptstadt Dresden: HA Mobilität: Gerhard Ritscher, Dr. Matthias Mohaupt, Dr. Kerstin Burggraf, Dr. Michael Kaiser, Burkhard Fie- gert, Peter Tatzel Straßen- und Tiefbauamt: Gerd Jarosch Stadtplanungsamt: Stephanie Mau Projektbegleitender Landeshauptstadt Dresden, HA Mobilität: Gerhard Rit- Arbeitsausschuss: scher, Dr. Kerstin Burggraf, Peter Tatzel Landeshauptstadt Dresden, Ratsfraktionen: Jürgen Eckholt (CDU), Dr. Dietrich Ewers (SPD), Stephan Kühn (Fraktion Bündnis 90/Die Grüne) Bundesministerium für Verkehr, Bau und Stadtentwick- lung, Ref. SW 24: Dagmar Meyer Sächsisches Staatsministerium für Wirtschaft und Ar- beit, Abt. Verkehr: Barbara Bauer Regierungspräsidium Dresden, Ref. Personen- und Güterverkehr: Christiane Müller Deutscher Städtetag, FK Verkehrsplanung: Burkhard Horn Verband Deutscher Verkehrsunternehmen Köln: Bernhard Nickel Deutsches Institut für Urbanistik Berlin: Tilman Bracher ADFC Landesverband Sachsen: Michael Haase Dresdner Verkehrsbetriebe AG: Alexander Czurzim, Jan Bleis Verkehrsverbund Oberelbe GmbH: Torsten Meerbach DB Station und Service AG Dresden: Reinhard Elbertzhagen, Joachim Täubert Kurzfassung Die zentralen Ziele einer nachhaltigen integrierten Verkehrsentwicklung sind u. a. Si- cherung der Mobilität, Verbesserung der Erreichbarkeit und Erschließung von Wohn-, Wirtschafts- und Freizeitstandorten mit minimalen Emissionen, Verkehrsbeeinträchti- gungen, Energie- und Flächenverbrauch. Die Verkehrsträger sollen sich dabei zu ei- nem sinnvollen Gesamtsystem ergänzen. Statt sektorale Suboptimierung und der Ent- wicklung einzelner Verkehrssysteme stellt sich die Frage, ob nicht durch bessere Koo- peration und Zusammenarbeit, z. B. des „Umweltverbundes“, bestehend aus dem zu Fuß gehen, Radfahren und Öffentlichen Personennahverkehr (ÖPNV), Synergien ge- stiftet und zusätzliche Minderungspotenziale erschlossen werden können. Zunehmend erweitern Autoren den klassischen Begriff Umweltverbund und zählen zum sogenann- ten Mobilitätsverbund auch das CarSharing bzw. Öffentliche Autos, die ähnlich wie Öf- fentliche Leifahrräder ein multimodales Verkehrsverhalten fördern. In diesem Kontext wurden innerhalb des BMVBS-Forschungsprojektes „Interdepen- denzen zwischen Fahrrad- und ÖPNV-Nutzung“ speziell die Kombination und Wech- selwirkungen zwischen Fahrradverkehr und ÖPNV untersucht. Diese eröffnen interes- sante Potenziale, implizieren aber auch Konflikte, Konkurrenzen und gegenläufige Interessen, z. B. auf Seiten der ÖPNV-Anbieter oder bei der Straßenraumgestaltung. Konflikte und Unausgewogenheit könnten punktuell auch entstehen, wenn der Radver- kehr oder andere einzelne Verkehrsarten zu einseitig und isoliert gefördert würden. Das Forschungsprojekt widmet sich in diesem Zusammenhang insbesondere folgen- den Forschungsfragen: Wie groß sind der inter- bzw. multimodale Anteil und das Verlagerungspotenzial für mehr „Radverkehr und ÖPNV“ in Städten? Welche soziodemographischen und sozioökonomischen Charakteristika zeichnen potenzielle Zielgruppen für mehr multimodale Rad- und ÖPNV-Nutzung aus? Welche Strategien und Maßnahmen zur gezielten und koordinierten Förderung von Rad- und ÖPNV-Nutzung sind sinnvoll? In Zusammenarbeit mit Referenzstädten und weiteren Projektbeteiligten, insbesondere Verkehrsunternehmen, wurden aktuelle Fragestellungen aus der Praxis aufgegriffen, analysiert und daraus Schlussfolgerungen und Empfehlungen entwickelt. Wesentliche Themengebiete waren dabei gemeinsames Marketing, Bike+Ride, Fahrradstationen, Fahrradmitnahme im ÖPNV, Öffentliche Fahrradverleihsysteme sowie spezielle ent- wurfstechnische Lösungen, insbesondere zur Führung des Radverkehrs an Straßen- bahn-Kaphaltestellen in beengten Räumen, auf Bussonderfahrstreifen und in Einbahn- straßen. Teilweise subjektiv vorhandenes Konfliktempfinden zwischen Fahrradnutzung und ÖPNV in unterschiedlichen Bereichen konnte aufgrund beobachteter Häufigkeiten in der Regel nicht in der Bedeutung bestätigt werden. Im Ergebnis der Untersuchung ist festzustellen, dass durch Kooperationen und ge- meinsame Verbesserung der Angebote für Radverkehr und ÖPNV die Nutzerpotenzia- le für den Umweltverbund noch erheblich vergrößert werden können. Das Fahrrad hilft zum Beispiel, die Einzugsbereiche des ÖPNV zu vergrößern. Potenziale für den Rad- verkehr und den ÖPNV liegen vor allem im Bereich der kurzen Wege, die zu oft un- ökonomisch und unflexibel mit dem Kfz zurückgelegt werden. Große Chancen werden in der Entwicklung „Öffentlicher Verkehrssysteme“ gesehen, die um Öffentliche Fahr- räder (Bike-Sharing) und Öffentliche Autos (CarSharing) ergänzt werden und damit ein lückenloses multimodales Angebot für eine umweltschonendere Nahmobilität nicht nur für die zunehmend größer werdende Gruppe der nicht motorisierten Haushalten schaf- fen. Schlagwörter: Integrierte Radverkehrsförderung, Fahrrad, Öffentlicher Personennah- verkehr (ÖPNV), Umweltverbund, Intermodalität, Multimodalität, Nahmobilität, Ver- knüpfungspunkte, Öffentliches Fahrradverleihsystem, B+R-Anlagen, Fahrradstation, Fahrradmitnahme, Kaphaltestelle, Radverkehrsführung gegen Einbahnstraßen, Mobili- tätsmanagement I Inhaltsverzeichnis Seite Abbildungsverzeichnis ............................................................................................. IV Tabellenverzeichnis .................................................................................................. IX Abkürzungsverzeichnis ............................................................................................. X Definitionen ............................................................................................................. XIII 1 Anlass und Ziel des Projektes ............................................................................... 1 2 Organisations- und Kooperationsstruktur des Projektes .................................... 4 3 Untersuchungsmethodik ........................................................................................ 8 4 Daten- und Problemanalyse zur Konkurrenz von Fahrrad und ÖPNV, Multimodalität und Verlagerungspotenzialen ..................................................... 12 4.1 Einführung ........................................................................................................ 12 4.2 Datenanalyse zu Variationseinflüssen, Konkurrenz und Synergien bei der Nutzung von Fahrrad und ÖPNV ...................................................................... 15 4.2.1 Abhängigkeiten von ÖPNV- und Fahrrad-Modal Split ................................ 15 4.2.2 Wetterabhängigkeit des Modal Split .......................................................... 20 4.3 Inter- und Multimodalität als Ansatz für Verkehrsverhaltensänderungen .......... 23 4.3.1 Definition von inter- bzw. multimodalem Verkehrsverhalten ...................... 23 4.3.2 Charakterisierung der Gruppe der Multimodalen mit Hilfe des Datensatzes MiD 2002 .............................................................................. 24 4.3.3 Intermodalität ............................................................................................ 29 4.3.4 Ergänzende Auswertungen mit dem Datensatz MOP ................................ 30 4.3.5 SrV-Zusatzerhebung zur Multimodalität 2008 ............................................ 33 4.4 Verlagerungspotenziale zum Umweltverbund sowie Zielgruppen für Maßnahmen ..................................................................................................... 36 4.5 Fahrrad und ÖPNV aus Sicht der Akteure, Ergebnisse der Befragungen ......... 44 4.5.1 Probleme und Konflikte der Städte und Verkehrsbetriebe/-verbünde ........ 44 4.5.2 Realisierte und geplante Maßnahmen der Städte zur
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