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INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UME films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter 6ce, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard m ar^s, and improper alignment can adversely afreet reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zed) Road, Ann Arbor MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 HARDY HERBACEOUS PLANTS IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES GARDENS AND LANDSCAPES Volume I DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University by Denise Wiles Adams, B.S. ***** The Ohio State University 1998 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Dr. Steven M. Still, Adviser Dr. John C. Burnham JjLjyyiJJüJ Adviser Dr. Pablo S. Jourdan Horticulture and Crop Science Graduate Program Dr. Ronald L. Stuckey UMI N um ber: 9 8 3 3 9 3 8 Copyright 1998 by Adams, Denise Wiles All rights reserved. UMI Microform 9833938 Copyright 1998, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 Copyright by Denise Wiles Adams 1998 ABSTRACT This study traces and documents the commercial availability and landscape use of hardy herbaceous ornamental plants, perennial and biennial, in nineteenth-century gardens of the northeastern United States. Herbaceous plants are relatively ephemeral in the landscape, with some exceptions, for example, Paeonia and Hemerocallis, which have survived unchanged at many old homesteads. Documentation therefore must rely more on written records, utilizing period books, nursery catalogues, diaries, photographs, and business records and inventories. Nineteenth-century horticulture and garden design books, as well as 357 extant nursery and seed catalogues, representing 12 northeastern states and the District of Columbia, provided the data for this research. Additionally, period photographs and illustrations visually document some of the gardening practices. Perennials were not plants of fashion in the early 1800s. As the century progressed, the literature demonstrates that hardy herbaceous plants slowly became both available and fashionable, due to the efforts of garden writers and designers and a developing nursery trade. In this study, plants were ranked in order of the most available to the least available, based on protocol established by Robert Harvey in 1989. The most available plant for the nineteenth-century northeastern United States was Dianthus barbatus, an old-fashioned favorite, which was also the subject of breeding innovations. Almost 2700 taxa of hardy herbaceous plants were available in the nineteenth-century nursery trade. The state of Ohio provided a microcosm of the national trends. As the 1800s unfold, gardens were mainly practical in the developing state. Prominent citizens grew hardy herbaceous plants, but they were not often seen in the vernacular garden until the second half of the century. Ninety catalogues, representing the years 1835-1899, have demonstrated that Ohio’s nurseries and seed houses made hardy herbaceous plants available to the citizens of the state. The garden literature and also horticultural and civic organizations contributed to public interest in this group of plants. m For John, Heather, and Jonathan IV ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My graduate committee could not have been better! They are all superb editors and, additionally, offered other diverse gifts. Thanks go, first of all, to my major adviser, mentor, and good friend. Dr. Steve Still. He provided the go-ahead on a topic that he knew was close to my heart and, throughout the years, offered unfailing encouragement, advice, and support. Dr. John Burnham provided historical insight. Dr. Pablo Jourdan, technical advice, and Dr. Ronald Stuckey, organizational and nomenclature expertise. Many friends were involved in this research from the early stages. Many many thanks are due to Carolyn Still, the database expert, who was so generous with her time and her computer, to Tracy DiSabato-Aust, who took time from her book to give advice and encouragement on mine, to John Frederick for bibliographic skill and editorial comments, to Deb Knapke for affirming the project and reading the design chapter, and to John Fitzpatrick who, seven years ago, advised me to “become an expert on perennials in the Midwest.” Janet Oberliesen and Rich Pearson always had a kind and encouraging word, as did Laura Deeter, Michele Thomas, and other staff members and graduate students in the Department of Horticulture. The quest for nursery and seed catalogues took me to many important libraries in the eastern United States and the staffs were most accommodating and helpful. Thank you to Sherry Vance, Cornell University Bailey Hortorium; Judith Ho and Kurt Kuss, National Agriculture Library, Beltsville, Maryland; Marca Woodham, The Smithsonian Horticulture Library; Ingrid Eblen, Cleveland Medical Library Association/ Cleveland Health Sciences Library; Elva Griffith, The Ohio State University Libraries Rare Books and Manuscripts; and the staffs of the Lloyd Library, Cincinnati; the Andersen Horticultural Library at The University of Minnesota; The University of Delaware, Newark; the Ohio Historical Society; the Ross County Historical Society, David McKell Library, Chillicothe, Ohio; and the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, Boston. Rare book dealers, Karen Wickliff of Karen Wickliff Books, and Joanne Fucello and Brad Lyon of Elisabeth Woodbum Books, always kept me posted on new acquisitions. Richard Wamock and Stuart Hobbs of the Adena project at the Ohio Historical Society were both very generous with their archives. Jim Huber and Roger Whaley contributed catalogues to my research. Financial support was provided by the Perennial Plant Association, the Fairfield Herb Society, and the Landscape Faculty of the Department of Horticulture. None of this would have happened without their generosity. Finally, I wish to thank my family, John, Heather, and Jonathan. I could not have persevered without your patience and understanding. And to my sister, Melanie, thanks for always being there--(and you really don’t have to read it!) VI VITA October 19, 1950 ........................................................... Bom, Indianapolis, Indiana 1987 B.S., Summa cum Laude The College of Agriculture The Ohio State University 1988-1991 .......................................................................Volunteer Coordinator Chadwick Arboretum The Ohio State University 1991-199 2......................................................................Graduate Fellow The Ohio State University 1992-199 8 Teaching Assistant The Department of Horticulture and Crop Science The Ohio State University FIELD OF STUDY Major field: Horticulture and Crop Science vn TABLE OF CONTENTS page Abstract ..............................................................................................................................ii Dedication ...........................................................................................................................iv Acknowledgments .............................................................................................................v Vita..................................................................................................................................... vii List of Figures ....................................................................................................................ix Chapters: 1. Hardy Herbaceous Plants and Garden History .......................................................... 1 2. Hardy Herbaceous Plants in Nineteenth-Century Garden Design ........................... 42 3. The Commercial Availability of Hardy Herbaceous Plants .....................................93 4. Ornamental Horticulture and its Purveyors in O hio ...................................................131 5. Hardy Herbaceous Plants in Commerce ..................................................................... 200 6. Hardy Herbaceous Plants of the Nineteenth-Century .............................................. 243 7. Summary .......................................................................................................................322 Bibliography .......................................................................................................................329