Paleotempestology Evidence Recorded by Eolian Deposition in the Bohai Sea Coastal Zone During the Last Interglacial Period

Marine Geology 379 (2016) 78–83

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Letter Paleotempestology evidence recorded by eolian deposition in the Bohai Sea coastal zone during the last interglacial period

Shuhuan Du a,⁎,BaoshengLib,MuhongChena,RongXianga,DonefengNiub,YuejunSic a Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China b Department of Geography, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China c School of Geography and Planning, Guangxi Teachers Education University, Nanning 530001, China article info abstract

Article history: Reconstruction of the generation, development, and evolution of modern storms through paleotempestology is Received 10 October 2015 used to understand the regularity of storm activity and the relationship between storm activity and global climate Received in revised form 29 April 2016 change. Existing paleotempestology research in China is concentrated mainly on the low latitude sediments de- Accepted 24 May 2016 posited since the Holocene (about 7000 a). In this study, we examine the storm deposits in the eolian sediments Available online 25 May 2016 of the Bohai Sea coastal zone at middle latitudes, choosing the Miaodao stratigraphic section (MDS) as the target area. This area is located in the Bohai Sea strait and shows evidence of storms since the last interglacial period Keywords: Bohai Sea coastal zone using an analysis of the grain size parameter, element ratios, and marine micropaleontology foraminifera fossils Eolian sediments in the sediment during the last 130 ka that can be used in our paleotempestology research. The results include Marine micropaleontology three main ﬁndings: (1) the marine micropaleontology foraminifer fossils appear in the eolian sediment of the Paleotempestology record MDS and, in combination with grain size parameter and element ratios of the sediments, serve as evidence of Last interglacial period the paleotempestology record on the Bohai Sea coastal zone; (2) planktonic foraminifera fossils appear in the MDS, indicating that the Yellow Sea warm current affected the Bohai Sea during the last interglacial period; and (3) storm activity in the marine isotope stage (MIS) 5a has been recorded in the MDS 15 times. The ﬁndings of this study expand the paleotempestology record from 7000 a to 90 ka and serve as a reference for research for middle latitude storm activity. © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction from the middle latitudes in the western North Atlantic; while others have reconstructed the record for the western North Pacific(Woodruff In recent years, frequent cyclone strikes, with strong winds and et al., 2009, 2015), including Japan. Most of the paleotempestology re- heavy rains brought by powerful typhoons, have caused severe damage search has focused on the late to middle Holocene (Liu and Fearn, to life and property and have made significant impacts on fragile coast 2000; Mann et al., 2009; Boldt et al., 2010; Lane et al., 2011; Brandon ecosystems (Bianchette et al., 2009). These events have led to an in- et al., 2014). Relatively fewer paleotempestology studies have been con- creased amount of research focused on the relationship of extreme cli- ducted in China, and these are concentrated mainly on the low latitudes. mate events, including relationships between the storms and global Yu et al. (2004) has rebuilt the storm activity of the late Holocene, show- warming (Emanuel, 2005) or periodical typhoon interdecadal change ing an average of about 160 year cycles. Huang and Yan (1997) uses fo- (Goldenberq et al., 2001). Therefore, there is an urgent need for the ex- raminifera assemblages to identify the Holocene storm activity in the pansion of the timescale of storm records. The science of Pearl River estuary region and estimates a typhoon return period of paleotempestology uses written records, microfossils, isotopes, and ele- about 350 years. Both the sample resolution and deposition site affect ment ratios to reconstruct the variability in tropical cyclone activity the detection of storm frequency. Global differences have also been prior to the instrumental record. Researchers have focused mainly on noted, with more activity occurring at low latitudes than that at higher the study of paleotempestology frequency in recent decades. Donnelly latitudes, therefore paleotempestology research in the middle latitude et al. (2001), Donnelly and Woodruff (2007),andDonnelly et al. Bohai Sea coastal zone is difficult, the stratigraphic record is influenced (2015), recreated century- to millennial-scale strong storm activity by storm deposits that retain the evidence. The Bohai Sea, an enclosed sea with an average depth of only about 18 m, is connected by the Bohai Strait and the Yellow Sea. The strait is ⁎ Corresponding author at: Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea only 100 km wide and includes the Miaodao Archipelago. The Bohai Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164, West Xiangang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China. Sea is a region of strong storm activity with high frequency because E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Du). storm surges occur throughout the year (State Meteorological

Administration, 1990) by the East Asian monsoon. The onset of the East following the procedures used for loess grains reported by Lu and An Asian paleomonsoon in China was in the late Oligocene Epoch to early (1997). The mean grain size (Mz; Φ) and its σ of the MDS samples Miocene Epoch (An et al., 1990); while the Bohai Sea coastal zone sed- were calculated by using a formula developed by Fork and Ward (1957). iment that formed in the late to middle Pleistocene was influenced by For the foraminifera analysis, a 50 g (dry weight) specimen was split East Asian paleomonsoon (Cao et al., 1987). Therefore, sediment in the from each sample. The specimens were weighed and soaked in distilled Bohai Sea coastal zone has maintained a good record for reconstructing water for ~24 h for disaggregation before washing over a 150 μmsieve the paleotempestology over a long time scale. and floating in carbon tetrachloride. The foraminifera were counted in Specifically, this study presents the Miaodao stratigraphic section the fractions smaller than 150 μm. (MDS) as the target area. Reconstruction is performed by determining The TOC and TN were determined in 2–5 mg sediment samples. The the ages and proxy paleoclimatic indices, such as the marine micropale- quantification was performed by calibration curves and using cystine as ontology, the element ratios, and the grain size parameters to reveal the the standard. The detection limits were 0.01% for TOC and 0.001% for TN. paleotempestology information recorded since the last interglacial period. 4. Results

2. Regional setting 4.1. Chronology

The MDS is located at N 37° 56′ 31.9″,E120°40′ 35.9″ at an elevation The AMS-14C specific sampling layer, depth, calibration age, and rel- of 12 m above sea level in the northwest region of the Miaodao Archi- evant parameters of the OSL are listed in Table 1. We use the known pelago in the Bohai Sea (Fig. 1). A total of 15 layers exist in the MDS ages and segmentation sedimentation rates to establish the MDS chro- (MD1 to MD15), and the chronology indicates that layers MD1 to nology since the Marine Isotope Stage 5e (Eemian, i.e. 124–119 ka) as MD14 have accumulated since the marine isotope stage (MIS) 5e (Fig. shown in Fig. 2.TheMDSisfirst divided into five stratigraphic segments 2). (MDS1–MDS5) on the basis of the determined ages. The other ages are calculated by using regression lines for the sedimentation rates (Fig. 2). 3. Methods and materials The results are listed in Table 2.

3.1. AMS-14C and OSL age test 4.2. Grain size

This study obtained 11 sets of age data, including three sets of accel- The results of the Mz analysis in the MDS show that Mz ranges from erator mass spectrometry radiocarbon dating (AMS-14C) data and eight 3.46 Φ (90 μm) to 6.32 Φ (13 μm), with an average of 4.80 Φ (36 μm). optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) datasets from 10 layers in the The content is mainly sand, which varies from 15.09% to 76.05%, follow- MDS. The AMS-14C age determination was completed in the AMS-14C ed by silt at 18.03% to 71.54%, and clay at 5.22% to 25.81% (Fig. 2). The Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology at Beijing University. average sand, silt, and clay contents are 44.64%, 43.75%, and 11.61%, re- The OSL procedure was conducted by the Daybreak 2200 OSL reader at spectively. The standard deviation (σ) of the MDS grain sizes ranges the OSL Laboratory of Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences and the from 1.53 to 2.53, with an average of 1.91. 1100B OSL instrument in the Isotope and OSL Dating Laboratory of Sun. Yat\\sen University. 4.3. Foraminifera analysis Organic matter was used as the test material for the AMS-14C test. The results of the 14C age were corrected through the CALIB 5.01 pro- The examination of 197 samples of marine micropaleontology in the gram and the IntCal04 database (Stuiver et al., 1998) and showed a MDS1 and MDS5 sections identifies 139 foraminifera in 15 samples, all range from 0 ka to 21.381 ka with an error of 2σ. concentrated in MDS5a. Of these foraminifera, 79.8% are benthic foraminifera, including eight genera and nine species (Table 3). Pseudononion 3.2. Proxy paleoclimate indices sp. A is the most abundant at 33.1% and is identified in 11 of the 15 samples of benthic foraminifera, followed by Guembelitria vivans at 12.2% in The samples, n = 314, were analyzed to determine the grain size eight of 15 samples, Ammonia beccarii at 10.8% in six of 15 samples , and from the top of the section downward through the MDS. In addition, Elphidium magellanicum at 7.91% in five of 15 samples. Other species some samples were collected for foraminifera, total organic carbon comprise b5% of the total. Eight samples contain planktonic foraminif- (TOC), and total nitrogen (TN) testing. era and indicated Globigerina bulloides at 20.1%. All of the individual fo- A Malvern Mastersizer 2000 M laser grain size analyzer with a mea- raminifera specimens in the sediments are b100 um in size, and a small suring range of 0.02–2000 μm was used for grain size analysis by amount have broken shells.

Fig. 1. Location of the Miaodao stratigraphical section (MDS). 80 S. Du et al. / Marine Geology 379 (2016) 78–83

Fig. 2. Sequence and time scale of the Miaodao stratigraphical section during the last 130 ka.

4.4. TOC and TN complex mechanisms governing the storm formation, development, and evolution. The MDS is composed of continuous eolian sediments, The TOC and TN testing was performed on samples from the MDS5a which have accumulated since approximately 130 ka without marine section. The results indicate a small TOC/TN value in the sample includ- facies. However, its coastal zone position influences the material sources ing marine micropaleontology, with an average of 2.3. The TOC/TN in in the MDS at different periods of the sea level fluctuations. The sea level the samples not including marine micropaleontology is 2.5. reconstruction from the south Bohai Sea (Yi et al., 2012)showninFig. 3 is compared with the global sea level change (Waelbroeck et al., 2002) over the last 130 ka. During periods of low sea level, the desertification 5. Discussion of the seafloor sediments of the receded Bohai Sea provides the main source material (Zhao, 1991). Some research has been conducted on The paleotempestology research in China has been focused on the the marine micropaleontology in the sediments of the last glacial period Holocene and low latitudes (Huang and Yan, 1997; Yu et al., 2004), lon- and in the Holocene (Cheng et al., 1995; Li et al., 2002). During periods ger storm reconstructions that extend through past climatic epochs and of high sea level, the main sources of material in the MDS may have from locations that provide better spatial coverage are required in order been the eolian dune sand that was captured by the Bohai Sea, sand to better understand past changes in storm activity and, in turn, the from the coast of the North Yellow Sea, and silt from the Yellow River

Table 1 The relevant parameters of AMS-14CandOSL.

a. AMS-14C ages of some horizons in the Miaodao section and their calibrated results.

Horizon and lab record number Depth/m Ages of AMS-14C (ka BP) Calibrated ages (Cal ka BP)

Unit 15-GZ4217 0.25 2.210 ± 0.30 2.237 ± 0.88 Unit 15-GZ4218 0.50 4.305 ± 0.30 4.862 ± 0.30 Unit 14-GZ4220 0.90 8.065 ± 0.50 8.947 ± 0.18

b. OSL ages of some horizons in the Miaodao section and their analytical data.

Horizon and lab record number Depth/m U/10-6 Th/10-6 K/% Total dose/E.D. (Gy) Annual dose/(m Gy) Water content/% OSL/ka

MD4-SY01 1.50 1.8 10.4 1.75 71.05 ± 1.26 3.66 ± 0.3 3.46 19.41 ± 0.26 MD5-10G520 2.06 1.43 8.67 1.61 81.20 ± 0.94 3.10 3.69 26.2 ± 0.6 MD6-SY 02 2.48 1.7 11.1 1.73 139.75 ± 2.61 3.64 ± 0.3 4.31 38.39 ± 0.57 MD8-SY 03 3.02 1.4 9.1 1.78 187.69 ± 3.37 3.36 ± 0.3 4.51 55.84 ± 1.02 MD10-10G521 3.60 1.20 7.00 1.85 246.86 ± 3.48 3.01 7.58 82.1 ± 3.5 MD13-10G522 5.34 1.02 6.86 1.94 337.69 ± 4.89 3.03 6.73 111.4 ± 5.0 MD14-SY 04 5.40 1.5 10.6 1.96 404.39 ± 7.13 3.51 ± 0.3 11.20 115.18 ± 2.43 MD14-SY 05 6.30 1.3 7.9 1.29 309.52 ± 5.01 2.40 ± 0.2 11.67 129.05 ± 2.61 MD15-10G523 6.44 1.96 8.06 1.57 411.08 ± 9.49 3.02 11.37 136.1 ± 6.3 S. Du et al. / Marine Geology 379 (2016) 78–83 81

Table 2 Geochronology of major sections and every horizon in Miaodao section.

Section Sequence Depth/m Age/ka BP Section Sequence Depth/m Age/ka BP

MDS1 MD1 0.50–00–4.862 MDS3 c MD8 3.02–2.75 46.8–55.8 MD2 1.02–0.51 4.862–11.0 MDS4 MD9 3.36–3.03 55.8–71.2 MDS2 MD3 1.22–1.03 11.0–14.5 MDS5 a MD10 4.02–3.37 71.2–89.2 MD4 1.88–1.23 14.5–24.0 b MD11 4.58–4.03 89.2–98.6 a MD5 2.46–1.89 24.0–37.8 c MD12 4.98–4.59 98.6–105.3 b MD6 2.64–2.47 37.8–43.6 d MD13 5.38–4.99 105.3–113.9 MDS3 MD7 2.74–2.65 43.6–46.8 e MD14 6.28–5.39 113.9–129.1 estuary (Cao et al., 1987). No marine micropaleontology has been de- appearance of the latter four species in the MDS may be attributed to tected in this period. If marine micropaleontology are found in the eo- the differences in the water environment from the Yellow Sea Warm lian sediment formed at periods of high sea level with no current (YSWC). The planktonic foraminifera G. bulloides in MDS5a transgression to the sedimentary face, such marine micropaleontology was also carried by the YSWC. G. bulloides is a temperate distribution could be used as evidence of storm deposition. Such evidence, combined specie and is the most widely distributed specie in the modern with the grain size parameter and the element ratio index of the sedi- Globigerina genera. This cold water specie has a strong tolerance to ment, would be beneficial for restoring the paleotempestology record low temperatures and low salt content (Zheng and Zheng, 1960). Mod- at middle latitudes since the last interglacial period. ern planktonic foraminifera live mostly in the high salinity of the open The results of the Mz and σ of the MDS (Fig. 3)showthatσ ranges ocean and are rare in the shelf basin, and their northern distribution from 1.53 to 2.53, with an average of 1.91, since the last interglacial pe- in China is limited to about 36° N (Zheng and Zheng, 1960). Some re- riod. Using σ of 2 as an index, with b2 indicating better sorting and N2 searchers have reported that planktonic foraminifera were brought by indicating poor sorting, all of the sediments of the MDS belong to the the warm current from the Yellow Sea during high sea level during better sorting category. In the various subsections, the better sorting the last interglacial period and deposited with the benthic foraminifera sediments are mainly concentrated in the last glacial period (MDS2– by the winter monsoon during low sea level periods (Li et al., 1992; MDS4) and the Holocene (MDS1) period with σ averages of 1.80 and Cheng et al., 1991). 1.84, respectively. The σ in the last interglacial period is 2.01, indicating Research on the impact of the YSWC in the Bohai Sea has focused on poor sorting. As shown in Fig. 3, the Mz values for MDS5e, MDS5a, and the Holocene and the last glacial maximum (Li et al., 2007; Wang et al., MDS1 indicate a fine grain size. A paleosol facies developed under the 2011). However, no direct evidence has been reported on the effects of prevalent East Asian summer monsoon period in which the wind was the YSWC on the Bohai Sea during the last interglacial period. The fora- the major transporting agent, indicating a warm and humid climate as minifera fossils appearing in MDS5a, particularly G. bulloides planktonic the obvious pedogenesis. However, the σ values of MDS5a and MDS5e foraminifera confirm that the YSWC affected the Bohai Sea during the are poorer than those in MDS1. All developed in the same climate and last interglacial period. During that period, global sea level fluctuations with the same sedimentary facies; however, the difference in the occurred multiple times (Potter and Lambeck, 2004; Waelbroeck et al., sorting coefficient indicates that the sediment of MDS5 was disturbed 2002)(seeFig. 3). The Bohai Sea coastal zone also experienced sea by climatic events because some marine micropaleontology foraminifer level oscillations during the last interglacial period. Yi et al. (2012) re- fossils were identified in the eolian sediment of MDS5. The initial hy- constructed the reference water level in the south Bohai Sea (Fig. 3) pothesis for the interference seen in the sediment is storm deposition. and showed the highest sea level in MDS5a was caused by tectonic The benthic foraminifera fossils species in MDS5a include some movement at about 100–80 ka that resulted in the uplift of the sur- modern, common types found in the Bohai Sea, such as A. beccarii, Am- rounding mountains. Species of planktonic and benthic foraminifera liv- monia convexidorsa, Cribrononion incertum, E. magellanicum,and ing in the Yellow and East China seas appear in MDS5a, revealing that Pseudononionella variabilis Zheng, and in the Yellow Sea and East the Yellow Sea warm water mass moved northward along the Yellow China Sea continental shelf, such as Pseudononion sp. A. G. vivans, Sea trough into the Bohai Sea during the highest sea level in MDS5a, Cassidulina carinata Silvestri, and Rosalina vilarbodeana d'Orbigny. The causing their heterochthonous burial in the MDS by the extreme high

Table 3 Results of foraminiferal identiﬁcation in MDS5a.

Samples Species

Ammonia Ammonia Guembelitria Cribrononion Elphidium Cassidulina Pseudononion Pseudononionella Rosalina Globigerina beccarii convexidorsa vivans incertum magellanicum carinata Silvestri sp. A variabilis Zheng vilarbodeana bulloides

MD10-01 + − + −− − + −−− MD10-02 −− + −− − −− −− MD10-03 −− − ++ −−−−− MD10-07 −− − − − − + −−− MD10-10 −− − + −− −− −− MD10-11 −− − − − − + − ++ MD10-17 −− − − − − + − + − MD10-18 −− + −− − + −−+ MD10-21 −− − − + −−−−− MD10-22 + + + + + + + + − + MD10-24 + + + −− − + −−+ MD10-25 + − + −− ++−−+ MD10-26 + −−−− ++−−+ MD10-28 −− + − ++ +−−+ MD10-33 + − + − ++ +− ++

Note: MDS5a, layer MD10, which depth 66 cm, divided into 33 samples (e.g. MD10-01 and MD10-02), each sample was collected by 2 cm depth. “+” means contain this species of foraminifer and “−” means inexistence in each sample. 82 S. Du et al. / Marine Geology 379 (2016) 78–83

Fig. 3. Change curves of the grain size parameter Mz (Φ, green line), standard deviation (σ, blue line) in the MDS compared to relative sea level in the south Bohai Sea (Yi et al., 2012,black line) and global sea level changes (Waelbroeck et al., 2002, gray line). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.) sea level (storm surge) deposition event. The foraminifera group in 6. Conclusions these layers, including a mixture of the euryhaline and the stenohaline species, shows high differentiation and low dominance. The shells ap- The results of this study are summarized in the following points: pear in yellow ground glass, and most are small individual shells. A similar sediment grain size distribution and marine micropaleontology of 1. The marine micropaleontology of the MDS in the Bohai Sea coastal the foraminifera fossils can be found in the eolian sediment of the zone includes foraminifera fossils in the eolian sediment from pe- MDS on the rocky coast; therefore, the most likely mechanism is riods of high sea level during the last interglacial period. These fossils, storm surge. in combination with the grain size parameter and the element ratios The paleotempestology includes marine matter with smaller TOC/ of the sediments, serve as evidence for the paleotempestology TN than in the terrigenous matter (Fan et al., 2007). The TOC/TN results record. of the MDS5a also indicate low TOC/TN values in the sample containing 2. The planktonic foraminifera fossils appearing in the MDS confirm the foraminifera fossils and high values in other terrigenous sediments. that the YSWC affected the Bohai Sea during the last interglacial For example, MD10-33, containing marine micropaleontology, has a period. TOC/TN value of 1.6; and MD10-31, which does not contain foraminifera 3. The MDS record shows 15 strong storm events during MIS5a. This fi fossils, has a ratio of 3.3. The TOC/TN results for the MDS5a con rmed deposition frequency is similar to the millennial scale frequency of that foraminifera fossils represent storm deposition, which serves as ev- the Holocene at low latitudes. Therefore, the paleotempestology re- idence of paleotempestology recorded in the Bohai Sea coastal zone cord from 7000 a in the Holocene to the last interglacial period of during the last interglacial period. Although the MDS1 and MDS5c sub- 90 ka records the middle latitude storm activity. sections were deposited during periods of high sea level (Fig. 3), no evidence of storm deposits were found. It is possible that this is related to the altitude of the MDS beyond the storm surge depositional surface at Acknowledgements that time. The sediment accumulation was 66 cm during 73.4–88.9 ka of the MDS5a. Of the 33 samples from this subsection, 15 included forami- We thank reviewer Dr. Jonathan D. Woodruff for his comments that nifera fossils. If each sample represents one storm event, then 15 strong greatly improved this manuscript. This work was supported by the Na- storm events occurred during MDS5a, representing a millennial scale tional Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos. 41206036, periodicity. 41290254, 91228207, and 41471159; the Guangdong Province Science This millennial scale frequency record of storm deposition events in and Technology Project under Grant No. 2015A020216015; and by the the MDS during the last interglacial period is similar to that of the Holo- Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology, Chinese Academy of Sciences cene record in the low latitude areas of China (Huang and Yan, 1997; Yu under Grant No. SQ201306. et al., 2004). This reconstruction of the storm deposits from the last interglacial period can serve as a reference for Quaternary climate change References research and can provide an important basis in forecasting storm activ- An, Z.S., Liu, T.S., Lu, Y.C., Porter, S.C., Kukla, G., 1990. The long-term paleomonsoon vari- ity under global warming conditions. ation recorded by the loess sequence in Central China. Quat. Int. 7-8, 91–95. S. Du et al. / Marine Geology 379 (2016) 78–83 83

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