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A High-Resolution Paleoenvironmental and Paleoclimatic History of Extreme Events on the Laminated Sediment Record from Basin Pond, Fayette, Maine, U.S.A

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A High-Resolution Paleoenvironmental and Paleoclimatic History of Extreme Events on the Laminated Sediment Record from Basin Pond, Fayette, Maine, U.S.A University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Masters Theses Dissertations and Theses November 2015 A High-Resolution Paleoenvironmental and Paleoclimatic History of Extreme Events on the Laminated Sediment Record from Basin Pond, Fayette, Maine, U.S.A. Daniel R. Miller University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/masters_theses_2 Part of the Biogeochemistry Commons, Climate Commons, Geochemistry Commons, Other Environmental Sciences Commons, and the Sedimentology Commons Recommended Citation Miller, Daniel R., "A High-Resolution Paleoenvironmental and Paleoclimatic History of Extreme Events on the Laminated Sediment Record from Basin Pond, Fayette, Maine, U.S.A." (2015). Masters Theses. 286. https://doi.org/10.7275/7416079 https://scholarworks.umass.edu/masters_theses_2/286 This Open Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Dissertations and Theses at ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A HIGH-RESOLUTION PALEOENVIRONMENTAL AND PALEOCLIMATIC HISTORY OF EXTREME EVENTS ON THE LAMINATED SEDIMENT RECORD FROM BASIN POND, FAYETTE, MAINE, U.S.A. A Thesis Presented by DANIEL R. MILLER Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts Amherst in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTERS OF SCIENCE September 2015 Department of Geosciences © Copyright by Daniel R. Miller 2015 All Rights Reserved A HIGH-RESOLUTION PALEOENVIRONMENTAL AND PALEOCLIMATIC HISTORY OF EXTREME EVENTS ON THE LAMINATED SEDIMENT RECORD FROM BASIN POND, FAYETTE, MAINE, U.S.A. A Thesis Presented by DANIEL R. MILLER Approved as to style and content by: _______________________________________ Raymond S. Bradley, Chair _______________________________________ Isla S. Castañeda, Member _______________________________________ Jonathan Woodruff, Member _______________________________________ Timothy Cook, Member ____________________________________ Julie Brigham-Grette, Department Head Department of Geosciences ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This thesis is the culmination of four semesters of hard but worthwhile work. While only one name may be on this thesis, this project could not have been done without the help of a multitude of people both at the University of Massachusetts – Amherst and back home. First and foremost, I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Raymond Bradley, for his guidance and support. Despite being a world-renowned climate scientist and seemingly being in a different country every week, somehow Ray found time for a lowly grad student and was always there to answer all my questions, concerns, and thoughts. Ray always supported any endeavors or directions I was interested in pursuing, even if that was a 3 month stint in New Zealand. Thanks Ray, for introducing me to Paleolimnology and field work, and for letting me loose to play around with some really cool lake mud. I feel I have learned more in the past two years than I have at any other institution, and a large part of that is thanks to you. With your help and support, I’m excited to apply what I have learned going forward into my PhD. I would also like to thank my committee, who have all given me valuable help throughout the entirety of this project. To Dr. Isla Castañeda, for your unending knowledge and enthusiasm for organic geochemistry and its applications. Thank you for all of the time and energy you put in to introducing me to the field of organic geochemistry, and for being there whenever I had a question or was confused. Your teaching methods and enthusiasm are unrivaled, and I can’t wait to continue work in the biogeochem lab. To Dr. Jon Woodruff and Dr. Tim Cook, for helping with any questions I had about sedimentology or XRF data and for giving me additional crash courses in iv field work. Field work was one of the highlights of my first two years at UMass, and was definitely made all the better by you both. I’d also like to thank the Department of Interior’s Northeast Climate Science Center and the United States Geological Survey (USGS) for providing funding for this research project. Special thanks to Dr. Debra Willard, coordinator of the Climate and Land Use Change Research and Development Program at the USGS, for providing funding for radiocarbon analysis. Thank you to the NECSC staff, fellows and the people that make everything operate smoothly on a daily basis. Special thanks to Toni Lyn and Addie Rose for making the experience of being a fellow so enjoyable and worthwhile. Last but certainly not least, to: My family, for supporting me no matter what and always pushing me to be better; My friends back home, for reminding me that no matter where you end up, once a Buckeye, always a Buckeye. O-H! My friends here at school, who somehow put up with my insanity and still like to spend time with me; Petie, for the unwavering adoration only a trusty canine sidekick can give. “Spitter-spatter, let’s get at her, bring me back some mud, honey!” v ABSTRACT A HIGH-RESOLUTION PALEOENVIRONMENTAL AND PALEOCLIMATIC HISTORY OF EXTREME EVENTS ON THE LAMINATED SEDIMENT RECORD FROM BASIN POND, FAYETTE, MAINE, U.S.A. SEPTEMBER 2015 DANIEL R. MILLER, B.S., THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY M.S., UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST Directed by: Distinguished Professor Raymond S. Bradley Future impacts from climate change can be better understood by placing modern climate trends into perspective through extension of the short instrumental records of climate variability. This is especially true for extreme climatic events (such as hurricanes, floods, fires and droughts), as the period of instrumental records provides only a few examples and these have likely have been influenced by anthropogenic warming. Multi-parameter records showing the past range of climate variability can be obtained from lakes. Lakes are particularly good recorders of climate variability because sediment from the surrounding environment accumulates in lakes, making them sensitive recorders of climate variability and providing high-resolution histories of local environmental conditions in the past. Furthermore, algae and other microorganisms produced within the lake (and its surrounding catchment area) can also be used as sensitive recorders of past environmental conditions of the lake, such as lake temperature and lake productivity. In some cases, such as at Basin Pond, Fayette, Maine, sediment is preserved efficiently enough to produce distinguishable annual laminations (varves) in the sedimentary record. The varved record at Basin Pond was used to construct an accurate, highly-resolved age-to-depth model over the past 300 years. vi Using a multi-proxy analysis, including organic biomarker analysis of molecular compounds and sedimentological features preserved in the sediment record, a history of environmental change at Basin Pond was constructed. Basin Pond and its surrounding catchment area has been affected by human activity throughout the 20th century, as seen through the fluctuations in lake productivity levels mid-century. The most significant change, seen as a drop in dinoflagellate algae activity in the lake in the mid-20th century, is most likely an effect of the chemical treatment of Basin Pond to remove “unwanted species” from the lake environment. These sedimentary analyses were compared with the record of known extreme events (from instrumental measurements and historical documents), including 129 years of high-resolution (daily) precipitation and temperature meteorological data, 19 tropical systems over the past 145 years, and two known wildfire events over the past 190 years. While only the largest storms show a possible signal in the sedimentary record, longer- term trends in precipitation, including the increase in precipitation seen throughout the last half of the 20th century and the decreased precipitation of the mid-20th century, are thought to be captured in the analysis of long-chain n-alkane distributions. Furthermore, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), a class of organic compounds that can be used to trace combustion activity, were found in abundance in the Basin Pond sedimentary record. Peaks in the abundances of two PAHs (retene and chrysene) and the ratio retene/(retene + chrysene) were found to be highly correlated with the known wildfire events occurring in the historical period, demonstrating the potential for using these compounds and ratio as a robust proxy for regional wildfire events in northeastern U.S lacustrine sediment records. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................. iv ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ xii LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... xiii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND PROJECT BACKGROUND ..................................................1 1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................1 1.2 Overview of Geologic and Environmental History of the Northeastern U.S. ..............................................................................................................3
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