Motor Vehicle Emission Regulations and Fuel Specifications Appendix to Part 1 2004/2005 Update
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appendix to report no. 5/06 Motor vehicle emission regulations and fuel specifications appendix to part 1 2004/2005 update Prepared for the CONCAWE Fuels Quality and Emissions Management Group by its Special Task Force, FE/STF-3: J. Dartoy and J. Magain (Joint Chairmen) M. Abbas L. Baldini J.S. Rogerson N. Thompson (Technical Coordinator) R.C. Hutcheson (Consultant) The contents of this report represent the status of the regulations, legislative instruments and specifications at the time of going to print. It does not replace the need to consult the official source documents. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. © CONCAWE Brussels June 2006 I appendix to report no. 5/06 ABSTRACT This appendix must be read in conjunction with Report No. 5/06. It employs the same structure and heading numbers as the “Part 1” report, but the headings are preceded by the letter “A” to identify their location in the appendix. It summarises background details to changes in worldwide legislation and regulations governing motor vehicle emissions, fuel specifications and fuel consumption. CONCAWE have adopted this structure to avoid overloading Report No. 5/06 with material which, whilst important, may not be of interest to the general reader. KEYWORDS Appendix to Part 1 (report no. 5/06), vehicle emissions, legislation, automotive fuels, specifications NOTE Considerable efforts have been made to assure the accuracy and reliability of the information contained in this publication. However, neither CONCAWE nor any company participating in CONCAWE can accept liability for any loss, damage or injury whatsoever resulting from the use of this information. This report does not necessarily represent the views of any company participating in CONCAWE. II appendix to report no. 5/06 CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION – HOW TO USE THIS APPENDIX X A.1. EUROPEAN UNION 1 A.1.1. VEHICLE EMISSION LIMITS 1 A.1.1.1. Passenger Cars and Light Commercial Vehicles - EU Directive 98/69/EC 1 A.1.1.2. Passenger Cars and Light Commercial Vehicles - “Euro 5” Emissions Proposals 1 A.1.1.3. Heavy Duty Vehicle Emissions - EU Directive 1999/96/EC 1 A.1.1.4. Motorcycle Emission Standards 3 A.1.1.5. Non-road Mobile Machinery Emissions 5 A.1.1.6. Tractor Emissions 7 A.1.1.7. The Clean Air for Europe Programme - EU CAFÉ: Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution 7 A.1.2. FUEL QUALITY REGULATIONS AND SPECIFICATIONS 8 A.1.2.1. Introduction 8 A.1.2.2. Fuel Specifications for 2005 - EU Directive 2003/17/EC 8 A.1.2.3. European (EN) Standards for Gasoline and Diesel Fuel 8 A.1.2.4. Fuel Quality Monitoring 8 A.1.2.5. Other European Specifications for Gasoline and Diesel Fuel 9 A.1.2.6. Alternative Fuels 9 A.1.2.7. Fuels Legislation - Future EU Review 19 A.1.3. EMISSIONS AND FUEL ECONOMY TEST PROCEDURES 20 A.1.3.1. Introduction 20 A.1.3.2. NEDC Cycle (Formerly ECE 15 and EUDC) for Light Duty Vehicles 20 A.1.3.3. Heavy Duty Testing 23 A.1.3.4. Motor Cycle Testing 24 A.1.3.5. Illustration of Current European Test Cycles 25 A.1.3.6. Year 2000 EU Evaporative Emissions Procedures 27 A.1.4. REFERENCE FUELS 28 A.1.4.1. Introduction 28 A.1.5. FUEL CONSUMPTION AND CO2 REGULATIONS 29 A.1.5.1. Introduction 29 A.1.5.2. The Kyoto Protocol 29 A.1.5.3. Passenger Cars 29 A.1.5.4. Test Procedure 30 A.1.5.5. Other European Legislation 31 A.1.6. IN-SERVICE EMISSIONS LEGISLATION AND ON-BOARD DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEMS 32 A.1.6.1. In-Service Emissions Testing 32 A.1.6.2. Control of Compliance of Vehicles in Service 32 A.1.6.3. OBD 34 A.1.6.4. Heavy Duty OBD 34 A.2. OTHER EUROPEAN COUNTRIES, TURKEY AND RUSSIA 35 A.2.1. VEHICLE EMISSION LIMITS 35 A.2.1.1. Central and Eastern European Countries 35 A.2.1.2. Russia 35 A.2.1.3. Central and Eastern European Gasoline Specifications (excluding Russia) 35 A.2.1.4. Turkey Gasoline Specifications 35 A.2.1.5. Russia Gasoline Specifications 35 III appendix to report no. 5/06 A.2.1.6. Central and Eastern European Diesel Fuel Specifications (excluding Russia) 35 A.2.1.7. Turkey Diesel Fuel Specification 35 A.3. US FEDERAL REGULATIONS 36 A.3.1. VEHICLE EMISSION LIMITS 36 A.3.1.1. Tier 2 Motor Vehicle Emission Standards 36 A.3.1.2. Future Motor Vehicle Emission Standards - Tier 2 Limits: Background Information and Additional Details 37 A.3.1.3. Emissions Compliance Programmes for New Light Duty Vehicles and Light Duty Trucks 39 A.3.1.4. Heavy Duty Highway Diesel Engine Legislation 40 A.3.1.5. 2005 Motor Cycle Emissions Standards 40 A.3.1.6. Non-road Diesel Emissions Standards 40 A.3.1.7. Non-Road Large Spark Ignition Engines Exhaust Emissions 43 A.3.1.8. Non-Road Recreational Engines Exhaust Emissions 45 A.3.2. FUEL QUALITY REGULATIONS AND SPECIFICATIONS 47 A.3.2.1. ASTM Gasoline Specifications 47 A.3.2.2. Conventional Gasoline 47 A.3.2.3. Reformulated Gasolines 52 A.3.2.4. Reformulated Gasoline – Simple and Complex Models 61 A.3.2.5. Deposit Control Additives 71 A.3.2.6. ASTM Diesel Fuel Specification 75 A.3.2.7. Legislated Quality Requirements - EPA Diesel Fuel Standards 75 A.3.2.8. Alternative Fuels 76 A.3.2.9. US Federal Energy Policy Act of 2005 80 A.3.3. EMISSIONS AND FUEL ECONOMY TEST PROCEDURES 81 A.3.3.1. Light Duty Vehicle Emissions Test Procedures 81 A.3.3.2. Motorcycle Emissions Test Procedure 86 A.3.3.3. Heavy Duty Exhaust Emission Test Procedures 86 A.3.3.4. Test Procedures for Highway and Non-road Engines – Proposed Rules 89 A.3.3.5. Non-Road Large Spark ignition Engine Emissions Test Procedures 90 A.3.3.6. Off-highway Motorcycle and ATV Emissions Test Procedures 95 A.3.3.7. Evaporative Emissions Test Procedure 96 A.3.3.8. Permeation Emissions Test Procedure 100 A.3.3.9. Inspection and Maintenance Procedure - US IM 240 101 A.3.4. REFERENCE FUELS 103 A.3.5. FUEL CONSUMPTION AND CO2 REGULATIONS 103 A.3.5.1. PNGV Programme 103 A.3.6. IN-SERVICE EMISSIONS LEGISLATION AND ON-BOARD DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEMS 103 A.3.6.1. In-Use Surveillance Testing: Non-Routine Testing 103 A.3.6.2. In-Use Surveillance Testing: Continuous Vehicle Surveillance 104 A.3.6.3. Enhanced Inspection and Maintenance Testing - The New Clean Air Act Amendments and the IM 240 Test Procedure 104 A.3.6.4. On-board diagnostic systems 109 A.3.6.5. Heavy Duty Smoke Tests 109 A.3.6.6. Proposed Truck Idling Rules 110 A.4. CALIFORNIAN REGULATIONS 111 A.4.1. VEHICLE EMISSIONS LIMITS 111 A.4.1.1. Introduction 111 IV appendix to report no. 5/06 A.4.1.2. The LEV II Regulations 111 A.4.1.3. Evaporative Emissions Standards - Light and Medium Duty Vehicles 118 A.4.1.4. Hybrid Electric and Zero Emissions Vehicles - Exhaust Emission Standards 118 A.4.1.5. Current Exhaust Emissions Legislation - Heavy Duty Vehicles 118 A.4.1.6. Exhaust Emission Standards - 1985 and Subsequent Model Heavy Duty Urban Bus Engines and Vehicles 119 A.4.1.7. Fleet Rule for Transit Agencies - Urban Bus Requirements 120 A.4.1.8. California – Refuse Collection Vehicle Emissions Regulations 123 A.4.1.9. Motor Cycle Emissions Standards 125 A.4.1.10. Non-road Diesel Emissions Standards 125 A.4.1.11. Emission Standards for 2001 and Later Model Year Non-road Large Spark-Ignition Engines 125 A.4.2. FUEL QUALITY REGULATIONS AND SPECIFICATIONS 126 A.4.2.1. Gasoline 126 A.4.2.2. Diesel Fuel 129 A.4.2.3. Alternative Fuels 130 A.4.3. EMISSIONS AND FUEL ECONOMY TEST PROCEDURES 137 A.4.3.1. 50°F Emission Test Procedure 137 A.4.3.2. Procedures for Reactivity Determination 137 A.4.3.3. Procedures for Hybrid and Zero Emissions Vehicles 137 A.4.3.4. Hybrid-Electric Drive System Test Procedures (Revised) 138 A.4.3.5. California - Orange County Bus Cycle 139 A.4.3.6. Test Procedures for 2001 and Later Model Year Non-road Large Spark-Ignition Engines 139 A.4.3.7. Test Procedures for New Off-Highway Recreational Vehicles and Engines 140 A.4.3.8. Evaporative Emissions Test Procedures 140 A.4.4. REFERENCE FUELS 141 A.4.5. FUEL CONSUMPTION AND CO2 REGULATIONS 141 A.4.5.1. Fuel Consumption Regulations 141 A.4.5.2. Proposed Regulations to Control Motor Vehicle Greenhouse Gas Emissions 141 A.4.6. IN-SERVICE EMISSIONS LEGISLATION AND ON-BOARD DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEMS 141 A.4.6.1. Inspection and Maintenance Testing 141 A.4.6.2. On-Board Diagnostic Systems 146 A.4.6.3. Heavy Duty Smoke Tests 149 A.4.6.4. Truck Idling Rules 149 A.5. CANADA REGULATIONS 151 A.5.1. VEHICLE EMISSIONS LIMITS 151 A.5.1.1. 2004 Emissions Legislation - Light Duty Vehicles and Light Duty Trucks 151 A.5.1.2. Heavy Duty Vehicles and Engines - 2005/2009 Emissions Legislation 153 A.5.1.3. 2006 Emissions Legislation - Motorcycles 155 A.5.1.4.