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THE CASE of the 1980 MILITARY INTERVENTION the Institute THE STATE ELITES AND SECULARISM WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE MILITARY: THE CASE OF THE 1980 MILITARY INTERVENTION The Institute of Economics and Social Sciences of Bilkent University by MEHMET YILMAZ In Partial Fulfillment Of The Requirements For The Degree Of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN POLITICAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION in THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION BILKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA February, 2002 I certify that I have read this thesis and in my opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science and Public Administration. _________________________________ Prof. Dr. Ergun Özbudun Supervisor I certify that I have read this thesis and in my opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science and Public Administration. _________________________________ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ümit Cizre Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and in my opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science and Public Administration. _________________________________ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Yusuf Ziya Özcan Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and in my opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science and Public Administration. _________________________________ Assist. Prof. Dr. Nur Bilge Criss Examining Committee Member ii I certify that I have read this thesis and in my opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science and Public Administration. ________________________________ Assist. Prof. Dr. Ömer Faruk Gençkaya Examining Committee Member Approval of the Institute of Economics and Social Sciences ________________________________ Prof. Dr. Kürşat Aydoğan Director iii ABSTRACT THE STATE ELITES AND SECULARISM WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE MILITARY: THE CASE OF THE 1980 MILITARY INTERVENTION Mehmet Yılmaz Department of Political Science and Public Administration Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Ergun Özbudun February 2002 The study aims to analyze the policies and attitudes of the military leaders of the 1980 Intervention towards religion. The state elites in the Ottoman-Turkish history have been the principal agents behind the secularization reforms and the maintenance of the established secularity tradition since the adoption of the modernization reforms in the nineteenth century, which initiated a process of social and political changes that culminated in the establishment of the Turkish Republic. Yet, the affirmative approach of the military leaders of the 1980 Intervention denotes a notable break from the previous tradition. The military leaders of the 1980 accentuated that religion was one of the indispensable components of national culture, and promoted it in cultural area through various policies and practices. This study tries to comprehend the implications of this change for the established secularity tradition in Turkey. Keywords: The Turkish Military, Civil-Military Relations, Politics, Secularism, Islam, The 1980 Military Intervention in Turkey, The Policies of 12 September. iv ÖZET ORDU ÖZELİNDE DEVLET SEÇKİNLERİ VE SEKÜLARİZM: 1980 ASKERİ MÜDAHELESİ ÖRNEK OLAYI Mehmet Yılmaz Siyaset Bilimi ve Kamu Yönetimi Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. Ergun Özbudun Şubat 2002 Bu çalışma 1980 Askeri Müdahelesini gerçekleştiren askeri liderlerin din ve laikliğe ilişkin takındıkları tutumu ve uyguladıkları politikaları incelemektedir. Türkiye’de devlet seçkinleri ilk modernleşme hareketlerinin başladığı dönem olan on sekizinci yüzyılın sonlarından itibaren hem modernleştirici reformların hem de laikliğin arkasında duran en önemli güç olagelmiştir. Oysa 1980 Askeri müdahalesini gerçekleştiren askeri liderlerin uygulamalarına baktığımızda önceki gelenekten bariz bir şekilde ayrıldıkları görülür. Bu liderler dinin milli kültürümüzü oluşturan vazgeçilmez unsurlardan biri olduğunu vurgulayarak onu değişik yollardan kültürel olarak güçlendirmeye çalıştılar. Bu çalışma, bu değişikliğin mevcut sekülerlik geleneği açısından ne anlama geldiğini ortaya koymaya çalışmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Türk Ordusu, Ordu-Siyaset İlişkileri, Sekülerleşme, Siyaset, Islam, 1980 Askeri Müdahelesi, 12 Eylül Politikaları. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my gratitude and thanks to my supervisor Prof. Dr. Ergun Özbudun for his encouragement and valuable contributions throughout the study. I owe a great deal indeed to Assist. Prof. Dr. Ömer Faruk Gençkaya who spent much of his scholarly energy in hard times. I am also grateful to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Yusuf Ziya Özcan, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ümit Cizre and Assist. Prof. Dr. Nur Bilge Criss, the other members of my thesis committee, for their various instructive comments and their worthwhile advice. My special thanks go to Prof. Dr. Metin Heper for his encouragement and valuable suggestions at the initial stage of this dissertation, which remained my sources of inspiration throughout the study. Finally, I would like to express my thanks the following for their assistance and encouragement during the preparation of this study: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ahmet İçduygu, Assist. Prof. Dr. Tanel Demirel, Assist. Prof. Dr. Dolunay Şenol, Ertan Aydın, Anzavur Demirpolat, İbrahim Dalmış, Assist. Prof. Dr. Yılmaz Çolak and Ahmet Tak. Needless to say, I am deeply indebted to my wife, Şeyda, and my children, Eyüp Halit and Betül, for their ungrudging forbearance, support, and patience. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSCRACT............................................................................................... iv ÖZET.......................................................................................................... v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.......................................................................... vi TABLE OF CONTENTS........................................................................... vii CHAPTER I:INTRODUCTION................................................................. 1 1.1 The Military and Secularism in Turkey............................... 1 1.2 The Problem......................................................................... 7 1.3 The Subject-Matter and Methodology................................ 18 1.4 The Organization of the Work............................................ 30 CHAPTER II: THE STATE AND MODERNIZATION: THE HISTORICAL ORIGINS OF THE POLITICAL ARMY AND SECULARITY TRADITIONS............................... 32 2.1 An Overview of the Problem of Civil-Military Relations.......... 37 2.2 Perspectives on the Civil-Military Relations in Turkey............... 45 2.3 The State as an Autonomous Agent.............................................. 54 2.4 State Formation, the Role of the Military and Different Outcomes of Historical Traditions....................................... 60 2.5 The Military and Evolutions of Different Polities...................... 67 2.6 Variation Within Polities and Different Paths to Secularization...... 73 2.7 The Ottoman-Turkish Experience: A Comparative Perspective..... 81 2.6.1 Centralization and the military modernization in the Ottoman Empire and the Establishment of the Republic........................ 88 vii CHAPTER III: THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF TURKISH SECULARISM: THE STATE ELITES AND SECULARISM IN TURKEY....................................................................................... 98 3.1 The Ottoman Secularization as the Instrument of Modernization............................................................ 98 3.2 The Rise of the Military to Power and the Emergence of a Secular Weltanschauung........................................................ 117 3.3 Secularism and the Military in the Early Republican Period..... 130 3.4 Religion and Secularism in Atatürk’s Thought........................ 137 3.5 Atatürkism as a Weltanschauung................................................. 146 3.6 From Weltanschauung to Ideology: Atatürkism after Atatürk.... 154 3.7 Transition to Multi-Party Politics and Limited Liberalization of Secularism...................................................................................... 164 CHAPTER IV: THE MILITARY AND ISLAM AFT ER THE 1980 INTERVENTION........................................................................... 177 4.1The Road to the 1980 Military Intervention and Restructuring the State Around Atatürkism.................................................. 177 4.2 The Articulation of Religious Rhetoric to the Official Political Discourse........................................................................ 188 4.3 Atatürkism and Islam: Toward a Conglomeration...................... 202 4.4 Atatürkism as an Ideology Based on Science and Technology........ 205 4.5 Islam and Secularism in Post-1980 Atatürkism.......................... 213 4.6 Religion and the National Culture: Toward a Rearticulation of Modernity............................................................................. 221 4.7 Religious Educational Policies Under the Military Rule........ 237 viii CHAPTER V:THE MILITARY AND RELIGION AFTER THE TRANSITION TODEMOCRACY........... ........................................... 244 5.1 The Legal-Institutional Setup of the System and the Coming of the MP to Power................................................................ 245 5.2 The Turkish-Islamic Synthesis...........................................
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