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The Military, the Parties, and Globalization, 1980–2003
7 The Military, the Parties, and Globalization, 1980–2003 RESTRUCTURING THE POLITICAL SYSTEM Few people were aware of the intentions of the generals when they captured power; they claimed that they had intervened in order to save the state and its people from social division, economic breakdown, and the anarchy and violence for which the parties and politicians were responsible. They promised to restore the authority of the state in an impartial manner. To do that, the generals set up the National Security Council (NSC) headed by Kenan Evren, who was chief of staff, and composed of army, navy, air force, and gendarmerie commanders. The NSC was merely a front for other senior officers of the armed forces, who were divided as to the course of action they should take. As is often the case, there were moderates and hardliners, the latter in charge of martial law an d restoration of law and order. General Necdet Uru , commander of the First Army and martial law, was a hard- liner who was able to impose his will on his fiefdom. But these factional differences never emerged into the open because the generals abided by the well-established hierarchical principle: they all agreed to be committed to Kemalism which, since the death of Atatürk in 1938, still carried the symbolic significance of avowed loyalty to the original ideals of the republic. The hardliners won the internal debate and the NUC agreed to reconstruct the entire 149 150 TURKEY : THE QUEST FOR IDENTITY political system on new foundations by composing a new consti- tution, disqualifying former politicians and introducing new ones, and even establishing the military’s own political party to contest elections. -
ENDOGENIZING INSTITUTIONS by Zeki Sarigil BA, Bilkent University
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by D-Scholarship@Pitt ENDOGENIZING INSTITUTIONS by Zeki Sarigil BA, Bilkent University, 2002 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Arts and Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2007 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH FACULTY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES This dissertation was presented by Zeki Sarigil It was defended on April 6, 2007 and approved by Ilya Prizel, PhD, Professor, UCIS-Russian and East European Studies Alberta M. Sbragia, PhD, Professor, Department of Political Science Daniel C. Thomas, PhD, Associate Professor, Departmental of Political Science B. Guy Peters, PhD, Maurice Falk Professor, Department of Political Science ii Copyright © by Zeki Sarigil 2007 iii ENDOGENIZING INSTITUTIONS Zeki Sarigil, PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2007 This study provides an agency-centered theoretical framework of institutional change at domestic level. It argues that institutional change should be understood as a conflictual process having two stages: initiation and bargaining. At the first stage, certain internal and external developments help change entrepreneurs mobilize for structural change through mechanisms of power shifts and/or negative feedback (ideational or material). At the second stage, institutional actors simply bargain over alternatives arrangements. However this is a special form of bargaining in the sense that it takes place within an institutionalized setting. Such a bargaining process is not only a strategic competition over material benefits but also a symbolic contestation among institutional actors over ideational interests (e.g. legitimacy). This study provides a two dimensional perspective on bargaining within an institutionalized setting by modifying two logics of action: the logic of consequentiality and the logic of appropriateness. -
Why Do Political Parties Split? Understanding Party Splits and Formation of Splinter Parties in Turkey
WHY DO POLITICAL PARTIES SPLIT? UNDERSTANDING PARTY SPLITS AND FORMATION OF SPLINTER PARTIES IN TURKEY A PhD Dissertation by ÖZHAN DEMİRKOL Department of Political Science İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University Ankara August 2014 To Defne and Günay WHY DO POLITICAL PARTIES SPLIT? UNDERSTANDING PARTY SPLITS AND FORMATION OF SPLINTER PARTIES IN TURKEY Graduate School of Economics and Social Sciences of İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University by ÖZHAN DEMİRKOL In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE İHSAN DOĞRAMACI BİLKENT UNİVERSİTY ANKARA AUGUST 2014 I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science. -------------------------------------------- Assistant Professor Zeki Sarıgil Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science. -------------------------------------------- Professor Elizabeth Özdalga Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science. -------------------------------------------- Assistant Professor Cenk Saraçoğlu Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science. -------------------------------------------- Assistant Professor Ioannis N. Grigoriadis Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science. -
ADALET VE KALKINMA PARTİSİ Ve KARİZMATİK LİDER İMGESİNİN MEDYADA İNŞASI
Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü İletişim Bilimleri Anabilim Dalı TÜRKİYE’DE SEÇİM KAMPANYALARININ AMERİKANVARİLEŞMESİ: ADALET VE KALKINMA PARTİSİ ve KARİZMATİK LİDER İMGESİNİN MEDYADA İNŞASI Dicle Kavak Ekmekci Yüksek Lisans Ankara, 2017 TÜRKİYE’DE SEÇİM KAMPANYALARININ AMERİKANVARİLEŞMESİ: ADALET VE KALKINMA PARTİSİ ve KARİZMATİK LİDER İMGESİNİN MEDYADA İNŞASI Dicle Kavak Ekmekci Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü İletişim Bilimleri Anabilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Ankara, 2017 v TEŞEKKÜR Tez çalışmam süresince desteğini gördüğüm pek çok kişiye teşekkür borçluyum. Yüksek lisans hayatımın başlangıcından itibaren bilgi ve deneyimleriyle desteklerini esirgemeyen, tez teslim sürecim boyunca her an yanımda olan değerli hocam sayın Prof. Dr. H. Simten Coşar’a yürekten teşekkür ediyorum. Lisans öğrenimimin ilk yıllarından itibaren yetişmemde emeği olan ve kariyerimi akademi yolunda ilerletmem konusunda ufkumu açan kıymetli hocam Prof. Dr. Çiler Dursun’a teşekkür ediyorum. Tezime katkılarından dolayı sayın jüri üyelerim Prof. Dr. Gamze Yücesan Özdemir’e, Prof. Dr. Suavi Aydın’a, Doç. Dr. Funda Gençoğlu Odabaşı ve Yrd. Doç. Dr. Emek Çaylı Rahte’ye teşekkürü borç bilirim. 2014 yılında çıkarttığı Politik İletişim Sözlüğü için daha lisans öğrencisi olmama rağmen bana güvenerek Amerikalı ve İngiliz profesörlerle çalışıp kitabı için çeviri yapmamı sağlayan Doç. Dr. Fatih Keskin’e teşekkür ederim. Tez konum için Siyasal İletişim alanını seçmemin en büyük sebebi, Politik İletişim Sözlüğü için hazırladığım 50 sayfalık bibliyografya bölümü süresince söz konusu literatüre olan ilgi ve bilgimin artmasıdır. Psikolojik danışmanlıktan kaynak tarama uzmanlığına kadar zorlu tez sürecimde her konuda en büyük yardımcım ve destekçim olan canım babam Adnan Kavak’a, çok sevgili annem ve kardeşlerime minnettarım. Son olarak amaçlarım doğrultusunda çıktığım bu yolda beni yüreklendiren ve destekleyen hayat arkadaşım Mustafa Cem Ekmekci’ye teşekkür ediyorum. -
609277.Pdf (7.538Mb)
T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ TÜRK İNKILÂP TARİHİ ENSTİTÜSÜ CUMHURİYETİN EĞİTİMDE ÖNCÜ KURUMLARINDAN BİRİ: TÜRK EĞİTİM DERNEĞİ (1928-2013) Doktora Tezi Oğuz KALAFAT ANKARA-2019 T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ TÜRK İNKILÂP TARİHİ ENSTİTÜSÜ CUMHURİYETİN EĞİTİMDE ÖNCÜ KURUMLARINDAN BİRİ: TÜRK EĞİTİM DERNEĞİ (1928-2013) Doktora Tezi Oğuz KALAFAT Tez Danışmanı Doç. Dr. Necdet AYSAL ANKARA-2019 T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ TÜRK İNKILÂP TARİHİ ENSTİTÜSÜ CUMHURİYETİN EĞİTİMDE ÖNCÜ KURUMLARINDAN BİRİ: TÜRK EĞİTİM DERNEĞİ (1928-2013) Doktora Tezi Oğuz KALAFAT Tez Danışmanı Doç. Dr. Necdet AYSAL Tez Jürisi Üyeleri Adı Soyadı İmzası Prof. Dr. M. Derviş KILINÇKAYA (Başkan) …………………… Prof. Dr. Cengiz DÖNMEZ …………………… Prof. Dr. Hakan UZUN …………………… Prof. Dr. Mesut ÇAPA …………………… Doç. Dr. Necdet AYSAL (Danışman) …………………… Tez Sınavı Tarihi:………………… Prof. Dr. Temuçin F. ERTAN Enstitü Müdürü ÖZET Cumhurbaşkanı Gazi Mustafa Kemal Paşa, 1 Kasım 1925 tarihinde Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi’nin açılış konuşmasında, özel eğitim kurumlarının önemine değinmiş ve bu kurumların bir an önce kurulabilmeleri için maddi durumu iyi olan vatandaşları ve özel girişimcileri göreve çağırmıştır. Bu direktif sonrasında devleti kuran Kadro girişimlere başlamış, 31 Ocak 1928 tarihinde Cumhurbaşkanlığının koruması altında hususi ve milli bir eğitim kurumu Türk Maarif Cemiyetini kurmuştur. Bu tarihten sonra hayat bulan kurum ülkenin her bölgesine ulaşmak için yürürlükte olan 1908 Cemiyetler Kanunu’na göre şubeler, temsilcilikler açmıştır. Bu şube ve temsilciliklerin çalışmaları ile yeni okullar ve yurtlar açılmış, her türlü eğitim öğretim faaliyeti gerçekleştirilmiş, basın ve yayın yolu kullanılarak dönemin şartlarına göre tüm vatandaşlara eğitim rehberliği yapılmıştır. Cemiyet, kurulduğu günden itibaren bir sivil toplum kuruluşu niteliği taşımış ve özellikle zeki, bilgili, ahlaklı Türk çocuklarına maddi eğitim desteği sağlayan, Türk milli eğitimine kültürel ve bilimsel katkı yapan köklü bir özel eğitim kurumu haline gelmiştir. -
Turkey Country Assessment
TURKEY COUNTRY REPORT October 2004 Country Information & Policy Unit IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY DIRECTORATE HOME OFFICE, UNITED KINGDOM Turkey October 2004 CONTENTS 1. Scope of the document 1.1 – 1.10 2. Geography 2.1 – 2.3 3. Economy 3.1 – 3.2 Corruption 3.3 – 3.4 4. History 4.1 – 4.2 General Election 1995 4.3 The National Security Council’s (MGK) actions 1997 4.4 – 4.7 General Election 1999 4.8 – 4.11 Conflict with the PKK (Partiya Karkeren Kurdistan - Kurdistan Workers’ Party) 4.12 – 4.23 European Union reforms 2001-2002 4.24 – 4.29 General Election 2002 4.30 –4.31 European Union reforms 2002-2003 4.32 – 4.39 Iraq 4.40 – 4.41 Suicide bombings 2003-2004 4.42 – 4.43 Release of Kurdish Deputies 4.44 – 4.47 5. State Structures The Constitution 5.1 – 5.7 Citizenship and Nationality 5.8 – 5.10 Political system 5.11 – 5.17 National Security Council (MGK) or (NSC) 5.18 – 5.23 Local Government 5.24 – 5.29 The Judiciary 5.30 – 5.35 Military Courts 5.36 State Security Courts (DGM) 5.37 – 5.39 The Constitutional Court (Anayasa Mahkemesi) 5.40 – 5.43 Legal rights/detention 5.44 - 5.46 Right to legal advice 5.47 – 5.50 Detention for questioning prior to formal arrest 5.51 – 5.55 The General Information Gathering System (GBTS) 5.56 – 6.65 Death Penalty 5.66 – 5.68 Internal Security Police 5.69 – 5.71 Jandarma/ Gendarmerie 5.72 – 5.74 Military /Special Forces 5.75 Intelligence Agency (MIT) 5.76 Village Guards 5.77 – 5.83 Prisons and Prison conditions 5.84 – 5.92 F-type prisons 5.93 – 5.102 Monitoring of prison conditions 5.103 –5.107 Military service 5.108 – 5.113 Deferring military service 5.114 – 5.115 Evasion of military service and punishment 5.116 – 5.118 Conscientious objectors 5.119 – 5.126 Posting after completion of basic training 5.127 – 5.129 Discrimination in the armed forces 5.130 – 5.134 Medical services 5.135 – 5.136 Cost of treatment 5.137 Mental Health 5.138 – 5.142 HIV/AIDS 5.143 – 5.144 People with disabilities 5.145 – 5.149 Educational system 5.150 – 5.151 6. -
Morocco: Model Or Exception?
January 2008, Volume 19, Number 1 $11.00 Morocco: Model or Exception? Abdou Filali-Ansary Michael McFaul & Tamara Cofman Wittes Driss Khrouz Mohamed Tozy Amina El Messaoudi Turkey Divided Zeyno Baran Taming Extremist Parties: Lessons from Europe Sheri Berman Christopher Wyrod on Sierra Leone Christian Welzel & Ronald Inglehart on Human Empowerment Paul D. Hutchcroft on the Philippines Penda Mbow on Senegal Ahmed H. al-Rahim on Iraq’s Confessional Politics The Democracy Barometers (Part II) Peter R. deSouza, Suhas Palshikar & Yogendra Yadav Amaney Jamal & Mark Tessler Marta Lagos Turkey DIVIDeD Zeyno Baran Zeyno Baran is senior fellow and director of the Center for Eurasian Policy at the Hudson Institute in Washington, D.C. A native of Turkey, Baran writes and speaks widely on Turkey and Turkish affairs. She has done extensive work on the compatibility of Islam and democracy and is currently writing a book on Muslim integration in the West. Democratic deepening usually leads to democratic consolidation—but not in Turkey. Instead, deeper democracy is increasingly exposing the profound divisions in Turkish society, and thus making democracy more fragile. The 22 July 2007 parliamentary elections in Turkey must there- fore be viewed in the context of an increasingly polarized society. The ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP), which has Islamist roots, won a second term in office with a clear victory, garnering 46.7 percent of the vote and 341 seats in the 550-member Grand National Assembly, Turkey’s unicameral parliament. Yet the preexisting political and so- cial tensions that led to the holding of the elections four months ahead of schedule remain unresolved. -
El Futuro Europeo De Turquía Más Allá De Los Desafíos
EL FUTURO EUROPEO DE TURQUÍA MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS DESAFÍOS EDUARDO SIMÓN CEDEÑO ÁLVAREZ PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD JAVERIANA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS POLÍTICAS Y RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES CARRERA DE CIENCIA POLÍTICA BOGOTÁ D.C. 2009 EL FUTURO EUROPEO DE TURQUÍA MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS DESAFÍOS EDUARDO SIMÓN CEDEÑO ÁLVAREZ TRABAJO DE GRADO PARA OPTAR EL TÍTULO DE POLITÓLOGO DIRECTOR DE TESIS ELIAS ELIADES Magister en Ciencia Política PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD JAVERIANA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS POLÍTICAS Y RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES CARRERA DE CIENCIA POLÍTICA BOGOTÁ D.C. 2009 EL FUTURO EUROPEO DE TURQUÍA MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS DESAFÍOS TRABAJO DE GRADO PARA OPTAR EL TÍTULO DE POLITÓLOGO PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD JAVERIANA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS POLÍTICAS Y RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES CARRERA DE CIENCIA POLÍTICA BOGOTÁ D.C. 2009 TABLA DE CONTENIDO 1. INTRODUCCIÓN…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1 1.1 PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA………………………………………………………………………….. 1 2 OBJETIVOS ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….2 2.1 Objetivos Generales ………………………………………………………………………………………2 2.2 Objetivos Específicos ……………………………………………………………………………………..3 3 JUSTIFICACIÓN ………………………………………………………………………………………………….3 4 ASPECTOS METODOLÓGICOS ……………………………………………………………………………………..5 5 MARCO TEÓRICO ………………………………………………………………………………………………….6 5.1 Turquía, Cercana, Lejana y Compleja ……………………………………………………………8 5.2 El Retrato de una Nación ……………………………………………………………………………………..9 6 EVOLUCIÓN DEL PROCESO …………………………………………………………………………………..12 6.1 El Periodo Otomano. …………………………………………………………………………………..12 6.2 El Kemalismo. ……………………………………………………………………………………………….14 -
The Political Promotion in the Politic Arena “A Historical Analysis on Turkey from 1950’S Till 2000’S”
The Political Promotion in the Politic Arena “A Historical Analysis on Turkey from 1950’s till 2000’s” Assoc. Prof. Müge ELDEN∗ Rest. Assist. Dr. Belma GÜNERİ FIRLAR∗∗ Abstract: Today is nothing similar to yesterday, at our time.In this respect, when we examine especially advertising sector, we see that there are some forces shaping our world and these forces are very different from the forces in the past. We also witness rapid changes occuring in a day within minutes. In this respect, the condition of advertising sector in Turkey is similar to that in other countries. When we examine political advertising campaigns held in Turkey and the researches made about them, we see that the necessary archiving has not been done and this subject has not been dealt with according the political science so far. We encounter with “Advertising” that has an increasingly popularity when we analyse some concepts on political promotion amd marketing recently. As a consequence, the changes in the world conjuncture and differing position of political promotion shaped this work and brought it to the agenda. According to the mentioned determiners, of a different research subject from the previous ones is diffened due to different approach on communicvation science and corresponding promotion discipline. Beside, the concept of this work is determined according to; political promotion, perception abd practices in Turkey, promotion from the perspectives of Turkish politicians, the political panaroma of Tırkey and the analysis of historical development of political promotion. Regarding the table resulting from the general evaluation, the limits of research are completed with the evaluation of the political promotion campaigns done in pre-elections in Turkey between 1950- 2002, the changes and effescts of slogan, target mass and vote preferences and the evaluation of their effects in quality and quantity. -
T.C. Resmi Gazete
T.C. Resmi Gazete Başbakanlık Mevzuatı Geliştirme ve Yayın Genel Müdürlüğünce Yayımlanır 16 Ocak 1998 Kuruluşu : 7 Ekim 1920 Sayı: 23232 CUMA YASAMA BÖLÜMÜ TBMM Kararları Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi Komisyonları Üyeliklerine Yapılan Seçime Dair Karar No. 524 Karar Tarihi: 18.11.1997 Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi Komisyonları üyeliklerine, Genel Kurul'un 12.11.1997 ve 18.11.1997 tarihli 13 ve 15 inci Birleşimlerinde yapılan seçimler sonucunda, ilişik listede adları ve seçim bölgeleri yazılı milletvekilleri seçilmişlerdir. ANAYASA KOMİSYONU (25) Başkan : Atila SAV (Hatay) (C.H.P.) Başkanvekili : Nejat ARSEVEN (Ankara) (ANA.P.) Sözcü : Yalçın GÜRTAN (Samsun) (D.S.P.) Katip : Hayrettin DİLEKCAN (Karabük) (R.P.) Yasama Bolümü Sayfa : 1 Resmi Gazete Kodu : 160198 İçindekiler 96. Sayfadadır. Sayfa : 2 RESMİ GAZETE 16 Ocak 1998 - Sayı: 23232 R.P. (7) İsmail KAHRAMAN İstanbul Ali OĞUZ İstanbul Mehmet Ali ŞAHİN İstanbul Mustafa KAMALAK Kahramanmaraş Abdullah ÖZBEY Karaman Şevket KAZAN Kocaeli ANA.P. (7) Uğur AKSÖZ Adana Yüksel YALOVA Aydın Avni AKYOL Bolu Mehmet KEÇECİLER Konya Sümer ORAL Manisa Abdülkadir BAŞ Nevşehir D.Y.P. (4) İ.Cevher CEVHERİ Adana Ahmet İYİMAYA Amasya Bekir AKSOY Çorum Necati ÇETİNKAYA Konya D.S.P.(3) Mehmet Tahir KÖSE İstanbul Teoman AKGÜR Sakarya C.H.P. (3) M.Seyfi OKTAY Ankara Ali ŞAHİN Kahramanmaraş D.T.P. (1) Mahmut YILBAŞ Van Yasama Bölümü Sayfa : 2 16 Ocak 1998 - Sayı: 23232 RESMİ GAZETE Sayfa : 3 ADALET KOMİSYONU (25) Başkan : Emin KARAA (Kütahya) (D.S.P.) Başkanvekili: İrfan KÖKSALAN (Ankara) , (ANA.P.) Sözcü : Ali GÜNAY (Hatay) (D.S.P.) Katip : Şeref MALKOÇ (Trabzon) (R.P.) R.P. (7) Ahmet TEKDAL Ankara Hasan BELHAN Elazığ Hanifi DEMİRKOL Eskişehir Fikret KARABEKMEZ Malatya Bülent ARINÇ Manisa Abdulkadir ÖNCEL Şanlıurfa ANA.P. -
Download Book
SOCIAL, POLITICAL, ECONOMIC AND OTHER DEVELOPMENTS OCCURRED IN TURKEY BETWEEN THE YEARS OF 1980-2000 EDITORS ASSOCIATE PROF. DR. OZKAN AKMAN ASSOCIATE PROF. DR. TAHIR GUR 2020 Social, Political, Economic and Other Developments Occurred in Turkey between the Years of 1980-2000 Editors Assoc.Prof.Dr. Ozkan AKMAN Asst.Prof.Dr. Tahir GUR Layout - Cover Design Davut Alan This book was typeset in 10/12 pt. Calibri, Italic, Bold and Bold Italic. Copyright © 2020 by ISRES Publishing All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by photostat, microfilm, retrieval system, or any other means, without prior written permission of the publisher. Social, Political, Economic and Other Developments Occurred in Turkey between the Years of 1980 - 2000 Published by ISRES Publishing, International Society for Research in Education and Science (ISRES). Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-605-69854-9-2 Date of Issue December, 2020 E-mail [email protected] Address Istanbul C. Cengaver S. No 2 Karatay/Konya/TURKEY www.isres.org PROEM The third part of the book was studied under seven main headings with the 1980 period, which is considered to be the recent period of Turkish history, but on which only scattered and anecdotal information was available. In this section, both the ideological orientation of the coup and the ideological institutions it created are analyzed in detail. The establishment of a new economic order in accordance with the economic framework determined by the January 24 decisions is analyzed simultaneously with the formation of a political structure under the direction of the National Security Council. -
LEGACY of TURGUT ÖZAL and the SUSTAİNABLE TRANSFORMATİON of TURKEY with AK PARTY GOVERNMENTS
3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo LEGACY of TURGUT ÖZAL and THE SUSTAİNABLE TRANSFORMATİON of TURKEY with AK PARTY GOVERNMENTS Erdoğan Selami, Acar Eray Dumlupinar University, Kütahya, Turkey, E-mails: [email protected],[email protected] Abstract Turgut Özal is one of the most important actors in the Turkish Political life. He made fundamental changes in Turkey between 1983-1993 as a Prime Minister or President of Turkish Republic. He not only tried to liberate Turkish economy but also political sphere. Özal, especially focused on freedom of speech, freedom of belief and freedom of enterprise. At the same time, the latest refers to the free market economy. Until Özal's period Turkish political leaders applied the model of mixed economy, not free market economy, that is, the structure of Turkish economy wasn't entegrate with global markets. İnitially, Özal changed it and he started to set up export-oriented economic model, free interest rates, privatization, etc... and then, made political reforms; like freedom of speaking the Kurdish language, dissolution of 141, 142 and 163. articles of Turkish Ciriminal Code, application for full membership to the European Union. Unfortunately, his succesors could not able to sustain his revolutionary political and economic vision. İn this respect, 1990s can be considered as lost years for the Turkey. Until AK Parti governments Turkey encountered deep economic and political crises such as April 1994 and 28 February 1997. After from this miserable period, with the AK Parti government Turkey returned to the Özal's reformist politics both politically and economically.