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El Futuro Europeo De Turquía Más Allá De Los Desafíos

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El Futuro Europeo De Turquía Más Allá De Los Desafíos EL FUTURO EUROPEO DE TURQUÍA MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS DESAFÍOS EDUARDO SIMÓN CEDEÑO ÁLVAREZ PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD JAVERIANA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS POLÍTICAS Y RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES CARRERA DE CIENCIA POLÍTICA BOGOTÁ D.C. 2009 EL FUTURO EUROPEO DE TURQUÍA MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS DESAFÍOS EDUARDO SIMÓN CEDEÑO ÁLVAREZ TRABAJO DE GRADO PARA OPTAR EL TÍTULO DE POLITÓLOGO DIRECTOR DE TESIS ELIAS ELIADES Magister en Ciencia Política PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD JAVERIANA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS POLÍTICAS Y RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES CARRERA DE CIENCIA POLÍTICA BOGOTÁ D.C. 2009 EL FUTURO EUROPEO DE TURQUÍA MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS DESAFÍOS TRABAJO DE GRADO PARA OPTAR EL TÍTULO DE POLITÓLOGO PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD JAVERIANA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS POLÍTICAS Y RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES CARRERA DE CIENCIA POLÍTICA BOGOTÁ D.C. 2009 TABLA DE CONTENIDO 1. INTRODUCCIÓN…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1 1.1 PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA………………………………………………………………………….. 1 2 OBJETIVOS ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….2 2.1 Objetivos Generales ………………………………………………………………………………………2 2.2 Objetivos Específicos ……………………………………………………………………………………..3 3 JUSTIFICACIÓN ………………………………………………………………………………………………….3 4 ASPECTOS METODOLÓGICOS ……………………………………………………………………………………..5 5 MARCO TEÓRICO ………………………………………………………………………………………………….6 5.1 Turquía, Cercana, Lejana y Compleja ……………………………………………………………8 5.2 El Retrato de una Nación ……………………………………………………………………………………..9 6 EVOLUCIÓN DEL PROCESO …………………………………………………………………………………..12 6.1 El Periodo Otomano. …………………………………………………………………………………..12 6.2 El Kemalismo. ……………………………………………………………………………………………….14 6.3 Occidentalización, Estados Unidos de América. ……………………………………………..15 6.4 Una Nueva Mirada, Europa y El Tercer Mundo. ……………………………………………..18 7 EL CAMINO A EUROPA …………………………………………………………………………………..19 7.1. La Latencia del Nacionalismo Turco. ………………………………………………………….19 7.2. Democracia Liberal, Cultura Conservadora. ………………………………………………………….21 7.3. Entre La Asociación e Integración con Europa. …………………………………………….24 8 LOS DESAFÍOS …………………………………………………………………………………………………….26 8.1. Los Orígenes de los Desafíos ……………………………………………………………………………26 8.2. Los Criterios de Copenhague. ……………………………………………………………………………29 8.3 Los Desafíos; La Realidad Política. …………………………………………………………………………...34 8.4 La Cuestión Chipriota …………………………………………………………………………………………37 9 MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS DESAFÍOS …………………………………………………………………………………………39 9.1. El Futuro de Turquía, Traspasando los Desafíos. ……………………………………………………39 10 CONCLUSIONES ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..43 BIBLIOGRAFÍA …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..43 DEDICATORIA A mi Papá, Eduardo Simón Cedeño Galíndez, por el arduo esfuerzo que hizo posible todo esto. A mi mamá, Elena Álvarez García, por su apoyo incondicional y sus oraciones. A mis hermanos Carlos Enrique y Edward Mateo, por permitirme crecer con ellos a la distancia. A mi Dios, Padre, Hijo y Espíritu, por no dejarme desfallecer en ningún momento. AGRADECIMIENTOS Agradecido para la eternidad por su colaboración, compañía, apoyo y amistad Elías Eliades, Ricardo Esquivel Triana, Eduardo Pastrana Buelvas, Mercedes Bohórquez, Martha Farfán, Martha Lucía Gutiérrez, Aleyda Ramírez, Benjamín Herrera, Sor Mercedes Hernández Gutiérrez, Ana Cedeño de Méndez y Sigifredo Méndez, Nohora González, Gerardo Robledo y Mariela Mejía de Robledo, Rosa de Herrera, Cristina Herrera, Olegario Vesga Plata y Diana Echavarría Múnera, Rubén Montealegre García, Armando Montealegre García y Martha Álvarez de Montealegre, Ruth Alvear Triana, Clara López Obregón, Padre Nelson Antolinez, Parroquia San Mateo Apóstol, Hermana Marina Álvarez García, Hermana Nelvi Moná, Obra Misionera de Jesús y María, Sor Cecilia Triana González, Hijas de la Caridad de Vicente de Paúl, Guillermo Barragán, Familia Arango Sánchez, Edwin Forero Castellano, Edwin Usgame, Luis Fernando Marín Ardila, Pedro Pablo Salamanca Molano, Pedro Valenzuela, David Suárez, Víctor Guerrero Apraéz, Laureano Bernal, Victoria Pinzón García, Lino Quintero Arroyo, Jesús Gereda Chacón, Teresa Galindo Borda, Teresa Cedeño Galíndez, Daisy, Ana Lida, Jascira, Sigifredo Eliécer, Martha Stella y Luz Elena Méndez Cedeño, Héctor Suesca y Margarita Aguilar Cedeño, Johann Heinrich Lara Cedeño, Pedro Elías Ayala Uribe, Jorge Cedeño Parales, Amigos de La Voz de Cinaruco, Camilo Parales Caropresse, Andrés Vesga Pérez, Corporación Nuevo Cúcuta Deportivo, Gran Barra Rola del Norte- ASOBAC, Amigos de la Calle de la Moda, Vigilantes Unidad 33 de Metrópolis, Amigos de las Colonias Araucana y Cucuteña en Bogotá. A todos mis Compañeros de Carrera, de Cursos, sin excepción. A mi Escuela Normal Superior María Inmaculada Y a Génesis Andrea, por todo lo vivido. 1. INTRODUCCIÓN 1.1 PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA Los procesos de integración, en especial la Unión Europea (UE), se han consolidado entorno a los avances económicos y políticos. Los países que desean ingresar deben cumplir una serie de directrices las cuales están relacionadas con los valores fundamentales de la UE establecidos desde el Tratado de Roma (1951) como lo son el fortalecimiento comercial y la búsqueda de una identidad política común europea. El proceso de fortalecimiento del bloque europeo tiene connotaciones especiales, ya que cuenta con una serie de políticas que buscan crear ‘unidad’ a partir de mantener unos estándares sociopolíticos junto al legado histórico que tiene como inicio en la unidad europea dimensionada desde tiempo atrás, como ocurrió en los Imperio Romano, Sacro-Romano-Germánico, Napoleónico y los procesos que originaron la UE, desde la Comunidad del Carbón y del Acero. El proceso actual tiene como objetivo la superación de las diferencias políticas, desarrolladas por la competencia en los procesos económicos, que conllevaron a tres devastadoras guerras, generadas por la constante rivalidad entre Francia y Alemania, la Franco-Prusiana (1870), la Primera Guerra Mundial (1914-1918) y Segunda Guerra Mundial (1939-1945). Alrededor de este ideal, se busca implementar valores comunes en una sociedad muy similar. Europa cuenta con legados que se originan teniendo en cuenta los sucesos históricos. El cultural: con base en el Judeo-Cristianismo soportada en la influencia de las Iglesias Católica Romana, Ortodoxa y Protestantes; el político-jurídico: a partir del Derecho del Imperio Romano; y por último un sistema económico: que se origina de los diferentes contactos de los pueblos del Mediterráneo. 1 Los valores comunes permiten, desde la perspectiva teórica, la búsqueda de los acuerdos para conciliar diferendos, ya que en este caso los atributos de los países miembros son similares y permite una interacción mayor al igual que una mejor compresión de una realidad inmediata al proceso. Pero existen otras características que definen el rumbo de estos procesos los cuales se denotan cuando se resaltan algunas diferencias y desproporciones en lo económico- político. De las cuales podemos inferir que la mayoría de las objeciones políticas sobre el ingreso de Turquía en la UE son geográficas, históricas y culturales. Sin embargo, hay quienes consideran que Turquía es una parte de Europa y tiene procesos europeos Este trabajo presenta una Turquía que quiere adherirse a un proceso de integración, amén de los efectos positivos del mismo en medio de un escenario político diferente y con unos compromisos que son ajenos a sus dinámicas consuetudinarias. Turquía por sí misma tiene una importancia para el desarrollo económico europeo y por este motivo este estudio busca mirar más allá de la perspectiva simplista de la adhesión como simples desafíos alrededor de macro políticas sino que trascienden a otros espacios que se reflejan inmediatamente en la sociedad y en las políticas de Estado. 2 OBJETIVOS 2.1 Objetivos Generales El objetivo de esta investigación es poder brindar una herramienta de comprensión del proceso turco en el proceso de adhesión, las políticas domésticas y externas, que se encuentran inmersas en la conformación como Estado-Nación, con los atributos que ésta actualmente posee. 2 2.2 Objetivos Específicos Demostrar que el proceso de ingreso de Turquía a la UE tiene un alto contenido religioso, cultural y social que define el curso político. Además que, cuenta con una problemática interna define la política exterior turca frente a sus vecinos, ya que busca ser un puente entre la cultura occidental y la oriental, buscando un papel predominante en Eurasia. Describir el papel de Turquía como líder regional, siendo una de las economías más fuertes1 y con una sociedad diversa. Predecir posibles escenarios para el proceso de integración turco frente a las dos realidades que afronte, lo interno -en la cual existen dos posturas que buscan un acercamiento al proceso europeo. El militarista, que quiere salvaguardar la defensa de los valores fundacionales de la república, y el fundamentalista que sin apartarse de su principios culturales musulmanes, tiene como objetivo un acercamiento a sus vecinos cristianos- europeos y musulmanes-asiáticos- y lo externo -entre los cuales tenemos a los países detractores del ingreso de Turquía entre los países miembros y aquellos que ven positivamente dicho proceso-. 3 JUSTIFICACIÓN El proceso de adhesión de Turquía a la Unión Europea (UE), ha generado unas dinámicas multidimensionales dentro y fuera del país. Al iniciarse las primeras negociaciones entre Turquía y la UE en 1997, se dio inicio a planes para la formalización de la adhesión al proceso de integración. Estos incluían la apertura del país, armonización de políticas públicas macroeconómicas y promoción de
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