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ENDOGENIZING INSTITUTIONS by Zeki Sarigil BA, Bilkent University

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ENDOGENIZING INSTITUTIONS by Zeki Sarigil BA, Bilkent University View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by D-Scholarship@Pitt ENDOGENIZING INSTITUTIONS by Zeki Sarigil BA, Bilkent University, 2002 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Arts and Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2007 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH FACULTY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES This dissertation was presented by Zeki Sarigil It was defended on April 6, 2007 and approved by Ilya Prizel, PhD, Professor, UCIS-Russian and East European Studies Alberta M. Sbragia, PhD, Professor, Department of Political Science Daniel C. Thomas, PhD, Associate Professor, Departmental of Political Science B. Guy Peters, PhD, Maurice Falk Professor, Department of Political Science ii Copyright © by Zeki Sarigil 2007 iii ENDOGENIZING INSTITUTIONS Zeki Sarigil, PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2007 This study provides an agency-centered theoretical framework of institutional change at domestic level. It argues that institutional change should be understood as a conflictual process having two stages: initiation and bargaining. At the first stage, certain internal and external developments help change entrepreneurs mobilize for structural change through mechanisms of power shifts and/or negative feedback (ideational or material). At the second stage, institutional actors simply bargain over alternatives arrangements. However this is a special form of bargaining in the sense that it takes place within an institutionalized setting. Such a bargaining process is not only a strategic competition over material benefits but also a symbolic contestation among institutional actors over ideational interests (e.g. legitimacy). This study provides a two dimensional perspective on bargaining within an institutionalized setting by modifying two logics of action: the logic of consequentiality and the logic of appropriateness. This theoretical framework is illustrated by analyzing recent substantial institutional changes in Turkey in two crucial issue areas: civil-military relations and cultural rights (i.e. the Kurdish issue). This study shows that the EU’s decision of recognition of Turkey as a candidate state for the EU membership in 1999 was the main trigger which mobilized change entrepreneurs for initiating structural changes. This decision not only empowered pro-change actors but also increased opportunity costs of institutional status quo. However, an intense bargaining between pro-status quo (e.g. nationalists, bureaucratic-military elite) and pro-change iv actors (e.g. liberals, business groups, and Western oriented domestic groups) preceded these changes. Pro-status quo actors tried to legitimate their position by securitizing reforms (framing reforms as a threat to national security, national unity). As a response, pro-change actors framed changes as further democratization and Westernization in Turkey. The winners of this bargaining process were pro-reform groups because pro-status quo veto players such as the military and the ultranationalist MHP simply failed to block reforms since such an action would cause huge damage to their ideational interests (loss of legitimacy, credibility and prestige as a result of being an obstacle to Turkey’s century-old Westernization process). v TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE.................................................................................................................................XIII 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 LOCATING THE STUDY IN STRUCTURE-AGENT DEBATE................................. 7 1.2 METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................................... 11 1.2.1 Case: Europeanization of Turkish Politics as a Laboratory for Institutional Change......................................................................................................................... 12 1.3 ROADMAP .................................................................................................................... 18 2. ‘INSTITUTION’ AND ‘INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE’ IN THREE NEW INSTITUTIONALISMS ............................................................................................................ 21 2.1 HISTORICAL INSTITUTIONALISM......................................................................... 21 2.2 SOCIOLOGICAL INSTITUTIONALISM ................................................................... 28 2.3 RATIONAL CHOICE INSTITUTIONALISM ............................................................ 32 2.4 EVALUATION .............................................................................................................. 35 3. CONCEPTUALIZATION ..................................................................................................... 40 3.1 INSTITUTION VS. ORGANIZATION:....................................................................... 42 3.1.1 Institutional Environment: Heterogeneous or Homogenous? ...................... 48 3.2 WHAT IS ‘INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE’? ................................................................. 50 3.3 MEASUREMENT ......................................................................................................... 57 vi 3.4 CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................. 58 4. THE FIRST STAGE: INITIATION OF CHANGE PROCESS ........................................ 61 4.1 SHIFTS IN POWER STRUCTURES .......................................................................... 62 4.2 NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISMS................................................................. 71 4.2.1 An Example: Negative Feedback and the Rise of Monetarist Economic Structure ..................................................................................................................... 79 4.3 THE SOURCE OF CHANGE: ENDOGENOUS, EXOGENOUS OR AGENTIAL? 82 4.4 CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................. 87 5. THE SECOND STAGE: BARGAINING ............................................................................. 89 5.1 NORMS AND INTERESTS IN INSTITUTIONALIZED SETTINGS ...................... 93 5.1.1 The Notion of Interests in Institutionalized Settings ..................................... 95 5.1.1.1 Norms and Interest in Institutionalized Environment....................... 97 5.1.1.2 Constraining/Regulative Impact of Norms ......................................... 98 5.1.1.3 Constitutive Impact of Norms ............................................................ 100 5.1.2 Norms: Dependent or Independent Variable? ............................................. 102 5.2 BARGAINING SPACE IN INSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENT........................... 103 5.2.1 Materialist and Ideational Logics of ‘Expectations’.................................... 103 5.2.2 The Menu of Strategies in Bargaining Space ............................................... 110 5.2.2.1 Strategies in Materialist Logic (ML).................................................. 112 5.2.2.2 Ideational Strategies: Normative Legitimation/ Delegitimation ..... 114 5.2.3. The Choice of Strategy .................................................................................. 123 5.3 CONCLUSIONS.......................................................................................................... 125 6. THE DEMILITARIZATION OF TURKISH POLITICAL SYSTEM ........................... 127 vii 6.1 IDENTIFYING THE INSTITUTIONAL PATH....................................................... 128 6.1 MILITARY INTERVENTIONS ................................................................................. 130 6.2 MİLLİ GÜVENLİK KURULU (NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL, MGK)......... 133 6.3 CURBING THE POWERS OF THE MILITARY IN THE POST-HELSINKI TURKEY 135 6.3.1 Assessing the Changes .................................................................................... 138 6.4 THEORIZING CHANGES (THE SEVENTH HARMONIZING PACKAGE JULY 30, 2003) 139 6.4.1 First Stage: Power Shifts ................................................................................ 141 6.4.2 Second Stage: Bargaining............................................................................... 142 6.4.2.1 Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi (Justice and Development Party-AKP)....... 144 6.4.2.2 The Military.................................................................................................. 148 6.4.2.3 The Head of the State................................................................................... 154 6.4.2.4 Rhetorically Entrapped Guardians............................................................ 155 6.4.2.5 Framing Contests:........................................................................................ 161 6.5 CONCLUSIONS.......................................................................................................... 163 7. INSTITUTIONAL CHANGES IN CULTURAL RIGHTS (THE KURDISH ISSUE).. 165 7.1 IDENTIFYING THE INSTITUTIONAL PATH....................................................... 169 7.1.1 Turkish Republic: A ‘Modern’, ‘Western’ ‘Nation’ State......................... 170 7.1.2 Kurdish Reaction ............................................................................................ 177 7.1.3 Changes (?) in the 1990s ................................................................................. 179 7.2 INSTITUTIONAL
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