5.4 Reaction in Europe After 1815

7 MM VENKATESHWARA HISTORY OF EUROPE OPEN UNIVERSITY (1453-1815) www.vou.ac.in HISTORY OF EUROPE EUROPE OF HISTORY HISTORY OF EUROPE (1453-1815) BA ( 1453 [BAG-403] - 1815 ) VENKATESHWARA OPEN UNIVERSITYwww.vou.ac.in HISTORY OF EUROPE (1453-1815) BA [BAG-403] BOARD OF STUDIES Prof Lalit Kumar Sagar Vice Chancellor Dr. S. Raman Iyer Director Directorate of Distance Education SUBJECT EXPERT Dr. Pratyusha Dasgupta Assistant Professor Dr. Meenu Sharma Assistant Professor Sameer Assistant Professor CO-ORDINATOR Mr. Tauha Khan Registrar Authors Dr Nirja Sharma, Assistant Professor, University of Delhi, Delhi Units (1.2-1.2.5, 1.2.9-1.2.11, 1.3-1.3.1, 1.3.5, 1.4-1.5, 3, 4.2) © Dr Nirja Sharma, 2019 Dr Sumit Verma & Dr Shubhra Singh Units (1.2.7-1.2.8, 1.3.2-1.3.3, 2.4-2.5, 4.3-4.3.2, 4.3.4) © Dr Sumit Verma & Dr Shubhra Singh, 2019 Dr M Waseem Raja, Associate Professor, Department of History, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh Units (2.2-2.3, 5) © Reserved, 2019 Vikas Publishing House: Units (1.0-1.1, 1.2.6, 1.3.4, 1.6-1.12, 2.0-2.1, 2.6-2.10, 4.0-4.1, 4.3.3, 4.4-4.10) © Reserved, 2019 All rights reserved. No part of this publication which is material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or transmitted or utilized or stored in any form or by any means now known or hereinafter invented, electronic, digital or mechanical, including photocopying, scanning, recording or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior written permission from the Publisher. Information contained in this book has been published by VIKAS® Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. and has been obtained by its Authors from sources believed to be reliable and are correct to the best of their knowledge. However, the Publisher and its Authors shall in no event be liable for any errors, omissions or damages arising out of use of this information and specifically disclaim any implied warranties or merchantability or fitness for any particular use. Vikas® is the registered trademark of Vikas® Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. VIKAS® PUBLISHING HOUSE PVT LTD E-28, Sector-8, Noida - 201301 (UP) Phone: 0120-4078900 Fax: 0120-4078999 Regd. Office: A-27, 2nd Floor, Mohan Co-operative Industrial Estate, New Delhi 1100 44 Website: www.vikaspublishing.com Email: [email protected] SYLLABI-BOOK MAPPING TABLE History of Europe (1453-1815) Syllabi Mapping in Book UNIT I: Transition from Medieval to Modern Age Unit 1: Transition from Medieval (i) Renaissance and its Impact on Europe to Modern Age (ii) Reformation and its Impact-Martin Luther, Zwingli and (Pages 3–71) Calvin; Counter Reformation UNIT II: Thirty Year’s War Unit 2: Thirty Years War (i) Causes (Pages 73–98) (ii) Effects UNIT III: The French Revolution Unit 3: The French Revolution (i) Causes (Pages 99–118) (ii) Effects Unit IV: Napoleon Unit 4: Napoleon (i) Rise of Napoleon (Pages 119–135) (ii) Napoleon’s Reforms (iii) Continental System (iv) Downfall of Napoleon Unit V: Congress of Vienna Unit 5: Congress of Vienna (Pages 137–153) CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 UNIT 1 TRANSITION FROM MEDIEVAL TO MODERN AGE 3-71 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Objectives 1.2 Renaissance and its Impact on Europe 1.2.1 Causes of Renaissance; 1.2.2 Origin of Renaissance in Italy 1.2.3 Impact of Renaissance on Art, Literature and Science 1.2.4 Other Effects of Renaissance; 1.2.5 Colonialism 1.2.6 Industrial Revolution; 1.2.7 Imperialism; 1.2.8 Nationalism 1.2.9 The Commercial Revolution; 1.2.10 The Reformation 1.2.11 The Development of Trade and Commerce 1.3 Revolution in America and American War of Independence 1.3.1 Influences behind the American Revolution 1.3.2 Causes of the American Revolution and War of Independence 1.3.3 Course of the War of Independence 1.3.4 Declaration of Independence and the Treaty of Paris 1.3.5 American Revolution: Results and Significance 1.4 Reformation, its Impact and Counter Reformation 1.4.1 Meaning of Reformation; 1.4.2 Causes of the Reformation 1.4.3 The Counter Reformation 1.5 Martin Luther King 1.5.1 Early Life of Martin Luther; 1.5.2 Dispute over Indulgences 1.5.3 Reforms; 1.5.4 Period of Struggle 1.5.5 Luther’s Reaction; 1.5.6 End of Luther’s Life 1.6 Huldrych Zwingli 1.7 John Calvin 1.8 Summing Up 1.9 Key Terms 1.10 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 1.11 Questions and Exercises 1.12 References and Suggested Reading UNIT 2 THIRTY YEARS WAR 73-98 2.0 Introduction 2.1 Objectives 2.2 Causes of the Thirty Years War 2.3 Phases and Effects of the Thirty Years War 2.3.1 The Bohemian Period (1618–23); 2.3.2 The Danish Period (1624–29) 2.3.3 The Swedish Period (1629–35); 2.3.4 The French Period (1635–48) 2.3.5 Significance of the Thirty Years War 2.4 Parliamentary Institutions in England 2.4.1 Origin of Parliament System 2.4.2 Civil War (1642–49), Cromwell (1649–1658) and Parliament 2.4.3 Charles II (1660–1685) and Parliament 2.4.4 James II (1685–1688) and the Glorious Revolution 2.5 Development of Constitutional Monarchy 2.5.1 Nature of Monarchy; 2.5.2 Development of Parliamentary Institutions 2.6 Summing Up 2.7 Key Terms 2.8 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 2.9 Questions and Exercises 2.10 References and Suggested Reading UNIT 3 THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 99-118 3.0 Introduction 3.1 Objectives 3.2 Causes of the French Revolution 3.3 The Course of the French Revolution 3.3.1 States General of 1789; 3.3.2 Tennis Court Oath 3.3.3 Storming of the Bastille; 3.3.4 Structure in the Summer of 1789 3.3.5 Declaration of the Rights of Man 3.3.6 Wealthy Bourgeoisie Come to Power; 3.3.7 Varennes Crisis 3.3.8 Overthrow of the Monarchy 3.3.9 Struggle between the Jacobins and Girondins 3.3.10 Uprising of 31 May–2 June, 1793 3.4 Effects, Achievement and Significance of the French Revolution 3.4.1 National Convention (1792–1795); 3.4.2 Working Towards a Constitution 3.4.3 The Revolution and the Church; 3.4.4 Constitutional Crisis 3.4.5 Achievements and Significance of Revolution 3.5 Summing Up 3.6 Key Terms 3.7 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 3.8 Questions and Exercises 3.9 References and Suggested Reading UNIT 4 NAPOLEON 119-135 4.0 Introduction 4.1 Objectives 4.2 Rise of Napoleon 4.2.1 Early Life and Career; 4.2.2 Napoleon and the Revolution 4.2.3 Napoleon and the French State; 4.2.4 Emperor of France 4.3 Early Victories, Reforms and Foreign Policy 4.3.1 Early Victories; 4.3.2 Reforms 4.3.3 Napoleonic Reforms; 4.3.4 Foreign Policy 4.4 Napoleon Empire and the Continental System 4.5 Downfall and Impact of Napoleon 4.5.1 Invasion of Russia; 4.5.2 Defeat of Napoleon 4.5.3 The Downfall of Napoleon; 4.5.4 Factors that led to the Defeat of Napoleon 4.5.5 Impact of Napoleon; 4.5.6 Causes of Napoleon’s Failure 4.6 Summing Up 4.7 Key Terms 4.8 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 4.9 Questions and Exercises 4.10 References and Suggested Reading UNIT 5 CONGRESS OF VIENNA 137-153 5.0 Introduction 5.1 Unit Objectives 5.2 Congress of Vienna Provisions and Work 5.2.1 Provisions—Work of the Congress 5.2.2 The Holy Alliance 5.3 Prince Metternich (1773-1859) 5.4 Reaction in Europe after 1815 5.4.1 Austrian Empire 5.4.2 The German Confederation 5.4.3 Disappointment of the Liberals 5.4.4 Reaction in Germany 5.4.5 Restoration in Spain 5.4.6 Italy a Geographical Expression 5.5 Critical Estimate 5.6 Summing Up 5.7 Key Terms 5.8 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 5.9 Questions and Exercises 5.10 References and Suggested Reading Introduction INTRODUCTION This book, History of Europe (1453 - 1815), starts with the late Middle Ages and ends NOTES in the modern world. It reflects on the political, ethnic, trade and industrial, technological and religious transformations that changed Europe from a comparatively secluded medieval Christendom into a territory of fractious and sophisticated global power. The subject matter covered in this book covers the Renaissance and Reformation, global trade patterns, military revolution and the wars of religion, the Thirty Years’ War, rise of the nation-state, republicanism and absolutism, the scientific revolution, the Enlightenment and the multiple revolutions that emerged and closed out during the period from 1453 to 1815 of European history. The course will also provide an introduction to fundamental historical skills. This book follows the self-instructional mode wherein each unit begins with an Introduction followed by an outline of the Objectives. The detailed content is then presented in a simple and structured format interspersed with Check Your Progress questions to test the student’s understanding. A Summing Up, a list of Key Terms and a set of Questions and Exercises is provided at the end of each unit for effective recapitulation. This book is divided into five units: Unit 1 paraphrases the process of transition from Medieval to Modern Age Unit 2 emphasizes on the salient features of the Thirty Years War Unit 3 explains the causes, course, effects, achievement and significance of the French Revolution Unit 4 discusses the role of Napoleon in world history, focusing on his rise and fall Unit 5 explains the formation of the Congress of Vienna and the associated events Self Learning Material 1 Transition from Medieval UNIT 1 TRANSITION FROM to Modern Age MEDIEVAL TO MODERN AGE NOTES UNIT STRUCTURE 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Objectives 1.2 Renaissance and its Impact on Europe 1.2.1 Causes of Renaissance; 1.2.2 Origin of Renaissance in Italy 1.2.3 Impact of Renaissance on Art, Literature and Science 1.2.4 Other Effects of Renaissance; 1.2.5 Colonialism 1.2.6 Industrial Revolution; 1.2.7 Imperialism; 1.2.8 Nationalism 1.2.9 The Commercial Revolution; 1.2.10 The Reformation 1.2.11 The Development of Trade and

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