DOCSLIB.ORG

Napoleon's Egypt: Invading the Middle East

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Napoleon's Egypt: Invading the Middle East 01 cole fm 6/12/07 8:51 AM Page i Napoleon’s Egypt INVADING THE MIDDLE EAST This page intentionally left blank 01 cole fm 6/12/07 8:51 AM Page iii Napoleon’s Egypt INVADING THE MIDDLE EAST Juan Cole 01 cole fm 6/12/07 8:51 AM Page iv NAPOLEON’S EGYPT: INVADING THE MIDDLE EAST Copyright © Juan Cole, 2007. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews. First published in 2007 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN™ 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 and Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, England RG21 6XS. Companies and representatives throughout the world. PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN-13: 978–1–4039–6431–1 ISBN-10: 1–4039–6431–9 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Cole, Juan Ricardo. Napoleon’s Egypt : invading the Middle East / by Juan Cole. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-4039-6431-9 (alk. paper) 1. Egypt—History—French occupation, 1798–1801. I. Title. DT100.C65 2008 962'.03—dc22 2007024215 A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by Letra Libre First edition: August, 2007 10987654321 Printed in the United States of America. 01 cole fm 6/12/07 8:51 AM Page v CONTENTS Map of Egypt vii List of Illustrations viii Acknowledgments ix 1. The Genius of Liberty 1 2. A Sky Aflame 21 3. The Ferment of the Mind 45 4. Grand Cairo 65 5. The Flight of Ibrahim Bey 85 6. The Most Beautiful Nile that Has Ever Been 107 7. Ali Bonaparte 123 8. The Constant Triumph of Reason 143 9. The Festival of the Republic 161 10. The Object of His Desires 181 11. The Egyptian Revolution 203 12. The Fall of the Delta and the Arabian Jihad 223 13. Epilogue 245 Further Reading 249 Notes 251 Index 273 Ten pages of illustrations appear between pages 122 and 123. 01 cole fm 6/12/07 8:51 AM Page vi To Arman and Sheena 01 cole fm 6/12/07 8:51 AM Page vii Map by Arman H. Cole 01 cole fm 6/12/07 8:51 AM Page viii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 1. “Napoleon in Egypt.” By Jean-Léon Gérôme. Oil on oak panel. Princeton University Art Museum. Museum purchase, John Maclean Magie, Class of 1892, and Gertrude Magie Fund. Photo credit: Bruce M. White, © Photo: Trustees of Princeton University. 2. “Alexandria.” By Vivant Denon, Voyages dans la Basse et la Haute Égypte, 3 vols. (London: S. Bagster, 1807). 3. “Napoleon at the Battle of the Pyramids.” Engraving by Philippe Joseph Vallot, 1838, after Antoine-Jean Gros. 4. “Cairo.” Vivant Denon. 5. “Denon Making a Sketch.” Vivant Denon. 6. “Rosetta.” Vivant Denon. 7. “The Cairo Revolt.” Drawing in A. Hugo, ed., France Militaire, vol. 2 (Paris: Delloye, 1835). 8. “Bonaparte Pardons the Cairo Rebels.” Drawing in A. Hugo. 9. “The Battle of Samanud.” Vivant Denon. 10. “Ambulance for the Wounded.” Description de l’Égypte, 24 vols. (Paris: Imprimerie de C. L. F. Panckoucke, 1820–1830). 11. “Frontispiece.” Description de l’Égypte. 12. “River Port of Bulaq, Cairo.” Description de l’Égypte. 13. “Tomb of Ozymandias, Thebes.” Description de l’Égypte. 14. “Azbakiya Square.” Description de l’Égypte. 15. “Distillery.” Description de l’Égypte. 16. “Coffee Roasting Shop.” Description de l’Égypte. 17. “A Woman of the People.” Description de l’Égypte. 18. “Alimahs or Public Dancers.” Description de l’Égypte. 19. “Sheikh al-Sadat.” Description de l’Égypte. 20. “Murad Bey.” Description de l’Égypte. 01 cole fm 6/12/07 8:51 AM Page ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS apoleon’s Egypt concerns the political, military, and cultural en- N counter of the French and Egyptians in the late eighteenth century, and is primarily based on a wide reading in eyewitness memoirs and letters, not least those of Napoleon Bonaparte himself. Although it has elements of a biography of Bonaparte in Egypt, its canvas is wider than that, and substantial attention is paid to his coterie of officers as well as his Ottoman and Egyptian enemies and collaborators. It is the first extended treatment in English by a Middle East specialist such that the French sources have been read through the lens of Egyptian realities. This book attends more closely than have others to French struggles in the Egyptian Delta region, to the Middle Eastern (Ottoman, Egyptian, and Muslim) cultural and institutional context of resistance to the occupation, and to the interplay of the ideas of the French revolutionary period with Ottoman and Egyptian ways of life. It aims at being an intimate his- tory of what the French Annales school calls “mentalités,” that is, a history of mindsets. Although many books have been written on Bonaparte in Egypt in French, the last extended account in English came out in 1962, and its author was not an Arabist. Even in the Francophone literature, few authors have treated at length these issues in cultural dialogue and debate—and some manage virtu- ally to ignore the presence in Egypt of Egyptians! One of my central questions is how the French and the Egyptians constructed and remembered one another. This book is not, however, about a “clash of civilizations,” but has as its premise that the Greater Mediterranean has been a single civilization for a very long time. Clashes are produced by struggles over power, not by cultures, which are themselves often shaped and altered by mutual interaction and conflict. I take the story to the eve of Bonaparte’s departure for his Syria campaign because these first eight months raise all the key issues I want to address in military and cultural interplay in Egypt, and because Syria has a significantly different local context. The title appears to contain two anachronisms: At the time of the invasion Bonaparte was not yet Napoleon I, and contemporaries would have spoken of 01 cole fm 6/12/07 8:51 AM Page x x NAPOLEON’S EGYPT the Orient rather than “the Middle East.” The title is a recognition that the book concerns memories and constructions of Egypt, including those written by Napoleon long after he became emperor. As for the subtitle, the profound con- fusion produced for contemporary readers by a subtitle such as “invading the Orient” would have outweighed any gains in verisimilitude. I have used the phrase “Middle East” in the text, as well, inasmuch as I am writing twenty-first century English. My late mentor, Marsden Jones, suggested this project to me many years ago. I was exceedingly fortunate that in 1993 Philippe de Meulenaere brought out his priceless critical bibliography of eyewitness accounts, and that in recent decades several rich French memoirs (e.g., those of François Bernoyer, Joseph- Marie Moiret, and Charles Antoine Morand) have been published. I was also fortunate in that some relevant Arabic materials have been published in recent decades, including the earliest chronicle by historian ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti (perhaps co-authored with Hasan al-’Attar), the chronicles of Izzet Hasan Darendeli and ‘Abdullah al-Sharqawi, and contemporary letters from Yemen. The translations into English of the works of al-Jabarti, by Shmuel Moreh and by a team of scholars under Thomas Philipp and Moshe Perlmann, have been very useful to this book. I have always consulted the Arabic text, however, and sometimes have preferred to paraphrase directly from it. I have also used al- Jabarti’s untranslated Muzhir al-Taqdis, which contains material, and pregnant silences, not present in the other works. I had the good fortune of studying modern Egyptian history at UCLA with Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid Marsot. Everyone who works in this field is profoundly in- debted to André Raymond, who has revolutionized our understanding of eigh- teenth-century Cairo. Henry Laurens has shed loads of illumination on the French in Egypt with his own books and articles and his editions of primary texts. My friends and colleagues Kenneth Cuno, Jane Hathaway, Gabriel Piter- burg, Peter Gran, and Daniel Crecelius further taught me through their talks and writings about the Ottoman beylicate and its era in Egypt. Edward Said’s work on Orientalism made possible many of the insights herein. I am deeply indebted to Alessandra Bastagli, my editor at Palgrave Macmil- lan, for her gentle persistence in pulling this book out of me, for her canny sug- gestions about writing strategies, and for the way her sage blue pencil and suggestions for additions improved the book. My gratitude also to Alan Brad- shaw, Jodie Hockensmith, and Erin Igoe at Palgrave Macmillan for their invalu- able help. I also want to express warm thanks to David Pervin for recognizing the promise of this project. Even though they came late to this particular party, 01 cole fm 6/12/07 8:51 AM Page xi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xi Brettne Bloom and Steve Wasserman of Kneerim & Williams, now my literary agency, gave key encouragement and help, for which I am most grateful. The enthusiasm of my son, Arman, and the patience and warm encouragement of my wife, Shahin, sustained me in this project. A trip to Paris to consult materials in the Bibliothèque Nationale was funded by the History Department and the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, at the University of Michigan, as was a semester of research while I held the Hudson Professorship, for which I am grateful.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Italian Architects and Modern Egypt
    1 AKPIA @ MIT - Studies on ARCHITECTURE, HISTORY & CULTURE Italian Architects and Modern Egypt Cristina Pallini “Exiles who, fleeing from the Pope or the Bourbons, had embarked at night in fishing boats from Barletta, or Taranto, or from the coast of Sic- ily, and after weeks at sea disembarked in Egypt. I imagined them, the legendary fugitives of the last century, wrapped in their cloaks, with wide-brimmed hats and long beards: they were mostly professional men or intellectuals who, after a while, sent for their wives from Italy or else married local girls. Later on their children and grandchildren . founded charitable institutions in Alexandria, the people’s university, the civil cem- etery. .” To the writer Fausta Cialente,1 these were the first Italians who crossed the Mediterranean in the first half of the nineteenth century to reach what had survived of trading outposts founded in the Middle Ages. Egypt, the meeting point between Africa and Asia, yet so accessible from Europe, was at that time the scene of fierce European rivalry. Within only a few years Mohamed Ali2 had assumed control of the corridors to India, pressing forward with industrial development based on cotton. Having lost no time in inducing him to abandon the conquered territories and revoke his monopoly regime, the Great Powers became competitors on a 1 Fausta Cialente (Cagliari 1898 – London 1994), Ballata levantina (Milan: Feltrinelli, 1961), 127–128. 2 Mohamed Ali (Kavala, Macedonia 1769 – Cairo 1849) is considered to be the founder of modern Egypt. His mark on the country’s history is due to his extensive political and military action, as well as his administrative, economic, and cultural reforms.
    [Show full text]
  • 'The Egyptian Expedition' Video Transcription
    ‘The Egyptian Expedition’ video transcription A man dressed for travel, holding a folder under one arm, faces us. He is on a beach. In the background, we can see several three-masted ships with raised sails. The man begins to speak: [Dominique-Vivant Denon] Dominique Vivant. It’s a funny name isn’t it? My parents, who were winegrowers, chose it for me. In the month of July 1798, I’d already had a full and interesting life: ambassador to Italy, art collector, writer, artist… But the first time I stepped onto Egyptian soil, I had the feeling my real life was about to begin. The view turns to reveal a large port town with a minaret and dozens of armed cavalrymen heading towards the surrounding sand dunes. [Dominique-Vivant Denon] Just imagine: 55 ships, and 36,000 armed men! And at the head of this expedition was a young general by the name of Bonaparte. At the top of a dune, three generals on horseback look out towards the horizon, one through a spyglass. He wears a blue uniform with gold trims—tied at the waist with the French flag—and a feathered hat. He has long black hair and a hooked nose. [Dominique-Vivant Denon] He meant to conquer Egypt, to cut off England’s trade route to India. He wasn't yet 30 years old. Dominique-Vivant Denon points to a group of men on foot, in simpler attire. Holding notebooks and measuring instruments, they look towards the pyramids of Giza. [Dominique-Vivant Denon] I was already 51, and I dreamed of the land of the pharaohs.
    [Show full text]
  • Consuls of the Dardanelles and Gallipoli
    1 COLLABORATIVE ONLINE RESEARCH PROJECT Consuls of “THE DARDANELLES” and “GALLIPOLI” (Updated Version no: 4 – February 2013) Welcome to a resource being compiled about the consuls and consulates of “The Dardanelles” and “Gallipoli”. This is an ongoing project. In this fourth update, many new details have been added, especially from genealogical sources, and some questions clarified. The information shown here is not complete and may contain errors. For this reason, it may appear rather haphazard in some places. In time, a more coherent narrative will emerge. The project aims to take advantage of the Internet as a source of information and as a means of communication. There is now a vast and increasing amount of information online which allows us access to sources located in various countries. Many sources are quoted verbatim until the content can be confirmed in comparision with other sources. If you are a researcher, family member, or simply interested in some aspect of this topic, you may be able to help by providing additions, corrections, etc., however short. This will help to fill in gaps and present a fuller picture for the benefit of everybody researching these families or this locality. Comments and contributions should be sent to the following e-mail address: (contact[at]levantineheritagefoundation.org) The information here will be amended in the light of contributions. All contributions will be acknowledged unless you prefer your name not to be mentioned. Many different languages are involved but English is being used as the “lingua franca” in order to reach as many people as possible. Notes in other languages have been and will be included.
    [Show full text]
  • Toward Applicable Green Architecture : an Approach to Colonize the Desert in Egypt
    Toward applicable green architecture : an approach to colonize the desert in Egypt Citation for published version (APA): El Fiky, U. (2006). Toward applicable green architecture : an approach to colonize the desert in Egypt. Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. https://doi.org/10.6100/IR614930 DOI: 10.6100/IR614930 Document status and date: Published: 01/01/2006 Document Version: Publisher’s PDF, also known as Version of Record (includes final page, issue and volume numbers) Please check the document version of this publication: • A submitted manuscript is the version of the article upon submission and before peer-review. There can be important differences between the submitted version and the official published version of record. People interested in the research are advised to contact the author for the final version of the publication, or visit the DOI to the publisher's website. • The final author version and the galley proof are versions of the publication after peer review. • The final published version features the final layout of the paper including the volume, issue and page numbers. Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal.
    [Show full text]
  • THE BRITISH ARMY in the LOW COUNTRIES, 1793-1814 By
    ‘FAIRLY OUT-GENERALLED AND DISGRACEFULLY BEATEN’: THE BRITISH ARMY IN THE LOW COUNTRIES, 1793-1814 by ANDREW ROBERT LIMM A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY. University of Birmingham School of History and Cultures College of Arts and Law October, 2014. University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT The history of the British Army in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars is generally associated with stories of British military victory and the campaigns of the Duke of Wellington. An intrinsic aspect of the historiography is the argument that, following British defeat in the Low Countries in 1795, the Army was transformed by the military reforms of His Royal Highness, Frederick Duke of York. This thesis provides a critical appraisal of the reform process with reference to the organisation, structure, ethos and learning capabilities of the British Army and evaluates the impact of the reforms upon British military performance in the Low Countries, in the period 1793 to 1814, via a series of narrative reconstructions. This thesis directly challenges the transformation argument and provides a re-evaluation of British military competency in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars.
    [Show full text]
  • Os Marechais De Napoleão
    OS MARECHAIS DE NAPOLEÃO Aspirante Arthur Janeiro Campos Nuñez INTRODUÇÃO Este artigo tem como propósito fazer uma breve ais da Revolução Francesa, ele mudou de forma drás- dissertação sobre a vida e a importância de grandes tica o destino das monarquias e nações europeias. Mas militares que ajudaram a tornar Napoleão Bonapar- nem mesmo o “Pequeno Corso” seria capaz de fazer te um dos nomes mais conhecidos de toda a História. tudo isso sozinho, Napoleão foi auxiliado por vários Para tanto, o artigo abordará a importância dos Ma- gênios em ascensão, principalmente no campo militar. rechais de Napoleão, dando destaque a dois deles, não A Revolução Francesa permitiu que muitos milita- necessariamente os dois melhores ou mais importan- res pudessem demonstrar seu valor por dois motivos: tes, mas que tiveram a oportunidade de demonstrar o o primeiro porque não era mais necessário ser nobre seu valor em momentos-chaves e assim o fizeram. para galgar altas posições no Exército e o segundo por- que não faltavam guerras para a França lutar, devido à A IMPORTÂNCIA DOS MARECHAIS invasão do seu território por outras nações europeias, que tinham medo de a revolução se espalhar para todo Napoleão Bonaparte sem sombra de dúvida foi um o continente. dos maiores líderes políticos e militares de toda a His- Esse cenário possibilitou a ascensão meteórica de tória. Com suas conquistas e com a expansão dos ide- Bonaparte e de seus futuros Comandantes de tropa. REVISTA DE VILLEGAGNON . 2013 125 Em 1804, quando Napoleão foi coroado, ele promo- veu alguns dos seus generais à mais alta patente do exército: Marechal.
    [Show full text]
  • Ordinary Jerusalem 1840–1940
    Ordinary Jerusalem 1840–1940 Angelos Dalachanis and Vincent Lemire - 978-90-04-37574-1 Downloaded from Brill.com03/21/2019 10:36:34AM via free access Open Jerusalem Edited by Vincent Lemire (Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée University) and Angelos Dalachanis (French School at Athens) VOLUME 1 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/opje Angelos Dalachanis and Vincent Lemire - 978-90-04-37574-1 Downloaded from Brill.com03/21/2019 10:36:34AM via free access Ordinary Jerusalem 1840–1940 Opening New Archives, Revisiting a Global City Edited by Angelos Dalachanis and Vincent Lemire LEIDEN | BOSTON Angelos Dalachanis and Vincent Lemire - 978-90-04-37574-1 Downloaded from Brill.com03/21/2019 10:36:34AM via free access This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the prevailing CC-BY-NC-ND License at the time of publication, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided no alterations are made and the original author(s) and source are credited. The Open Jerusalem project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) (starting grant No 337895) Note for the cover image: Photograph of two women making Palestinian point lace seated outdoors on a balcony, with the Old City of Jerusalem in the background. American Colony School of Handicrafts, Jerusalem, Palestine, ca. 1930. G. Eric and Edith Matson Photograph Collection, Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/item/mamcol.054/ Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Dalachanis, Angelos, editor.
    [Show full text]
  • Lead Safe Solutions to Brass Taps and Ceiling Dust
    LEAD Action News vol. 18 no. 1, September 2017 ISSN 1324-6012 The newsletter of The LEAD (Lead Education and Abatement Design) Group Inc. PO Box 161 Summer Hill NSW 2130 Australia Ph: (02) 9716 0014, Email www.lead.org.au/cu.html Web: www.lead.org.au/ ; www.leadsafeworld.com . Editor-in-chief: Elizabeth O’Brien and Web Developer: Malveek Kaur Dhaliwal Lead Safe Solutions to Brass Taps and Ceiling Dust Vote for your favourite Volcano Art Prize 2017 entries & order your Lead Safe World Poster today! An excellent action you can take for the fifth International Lead Poisoning Prevention Week of Action (22 rd -28 th October 2017) is to order a Lead Safe World Poster at www.leadsafeworld.com/shop and have it displayed at your GP or vet clinic, childcare centre, school, university, workplace, gun club or at home ‘cos you like the picture! Any VAP Entry can be made into a poster! Choose from the entries from VAP 2017 at http://volcanoartprize.com/peoples-choice/ and following pages or from VAP 2012 to 2016 at http://volcanoartprize.com/vap-archive/ and the following webpages. These Lead-Safety Poster URLs: • Keep Oceans free from Lead. http://volcanoartprize.com/portfolio-item/penguin-in-wild/ • To preserve nature's pristine beaches and the colourful fishes, don't discard leaded items into the ocean. Being lead free adds years to one's life. http://volcanoartprize.com/portfolio-item/champagne-beach-vanuatu/ • Van Gogh painted when there was high lead levels in paint. When renovating pre 1997 houses be aware that lead is still in the paint! http://volcanoartprize.com/portfolio- item/van-gogh-painted-when-there-was-high-lead-levels-in-paint/ • Cattle have been lead poisoned when they lick old lead paint.
    [Show full text]
  • Les Gros Bonnets »
    THE IBERIAN LEECH: NAPOLEON’S COUNTERINSURGENCY OPERATIONS IN THE PENINSULA 1807-1810 US Army Command and General Staff College THE IBERIAN LEECH: NAPOLEON’S COUNTERINSURGENCY OPERATIONS IN THE PENINSULA 1807-1810 Avertissement Dans le cadre de ses travaux de recherche doctrinale consacrés à la contre rébellion, et avec l’aimable autorisation de l’US Army, le CDEF publie en version originale une étude relative aux opérations de contre-insurrection de l’armée napoléonienne en Espagne. Cette étude a été réalisée par le major Mark A. Reeves dans le cadre de sa scolarité à l’US Army Command and General Staff College. A thesis presented to the Faculty of the US Army Command and General Staff College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF MILITARY ART AND SCIENCE Military History By Mark A. Reeves, MAJ, USA B.S., University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, 1989 US Army C ommand and General Sta ff College Fort Leavenworth, Kansas 2004 CDEF / DREX / B.RCH - BP 53 - 00445 ARMÉES Pnia : 821 753 52 08 - Tél. : 01 44 42 52 08- Fax : 01 44 42 44 29 - www.cdef.terre.defense.gouv.fr courriel : [email protected] Table of contents TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................... 7 CHAPTER 1. « LOS BUITRES CARNIVOROS » ..................................................... 9 CHAPTER 2. « SOLDATS » ............................................................................... 19 CHAPTER 3. « LES GROS BONNETS » ..............................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Bashar Al-Assad's Struggle for Survival
    Bashar al-Assad’s Struggle for Survival: Has the Miracle Occurred? Eyal Zisser The summer of 2014 marked the beginning of a turn in the tide of the civil war in Syria. The accomplishments of the rebels in battles against the regime tilted the scales in their favor and raised doubts regarding Bashar al-Assad’s ability to continue securing his rule, even in the heart of the Syrian state – the thin strip stretching from the capital Damascus to the city of Aleppo, to the Alawite coastal region in the north, and perhaps also to the city of Daraa and the Druze Mountain in the south. This changing tide in the Syrian war was the result of the ongoing depletion of the ranks of the Syrian regime and the exhaustion of the manpower at its disposal. Marked by fatigue and low morale, Bashar’s army was in growing need of members of his Alawite community who remained willing to fight and even die for him, as well as the Hizbollah fighters who were sent to his aid from neighboring Lebanon. The rebels, on the other hand, proved motivated, determined, and capable of perseverance. Indeed, they succeeded in unifying their ranks, and today, in contrast to the hundreds of groups that had been operating throughout the country, there are now only a few groups operating – all, incidentally, of radical Islamic character. Countries coming to the aid of the rebels also included Turkey, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia, who decided to topple the Assad regime and showed determination equal to that of Bashar’s allies – Iran, Hizbollah, and Russia.
    [Show full text]
  • The Giant Projects.Pdf
    State Information Service Information Sector Contents Preface: Chapter One: The New Suez Canal 6 Chapter Two: Suez Canal Corridor Development Project 22 Chapter Three: 1.5 million Feddans Project 38 Chapter Four: The National Project for Developing Sinai 48 Chapter Five: National Roads Project 82 Chapter Six: The National Project for Developing Upper Egypt Governorates 94 Chapter Seven: Establishing New Generation of Inhabited Cities 104 Chapter Eight: National Social Housing Project 110 Chapter Nine: Other National Projects 126 First: National Project for Electricity 126 Second: Al-Galala Plateau Project 129 Third: The Golden Triangle Project 130 Fourth: The Northwest Coast Development Project 131 Fih: Logistics Center for Storage and Handling of Grains 134 Sixth: Toshka project 135 Seventh: Sharq al-Owaynat Project 136 Eighth: The National Project for Fish Culture 137 Ninth: National Program for Technological Incubators (Intilac) 149 Introduction The mega national projects are generally distinguished for being comprehensive and widespread all over the country, thus contributing to realizing economic balance, establishing basis of social justice, reducing unemployment, and redistributing population to several new cities nationwide. The mega national projects are considered the locomotive of the sustainable development. In this respect, the New Suez Canal, which was totally setup in one year (August 2015-August 2016), with 100% national finance, had a direct and indirect impact concerning increasing the GDP on the one hand, and activating the movement of trade and aracting foreign investments on the other hand, As regards the national project of developing the Suez Canal Corridor, this project mainly aims at increasing the job opportunities and turning the Suez Canal into a global center for maritime navigation and logistic services, an industrial center and a gate for the trade exchange between the east and the west.
    [Show full text]
  • Napoléon Ier Signe Le Contrat De Mariage De Jérôme Bonaparte Avec Catherine De Wurtemberg, 22 Août 1807
    commentaire d’œuvre Napoléon Ier signe le contrat de mariage de Jérôme Bonaparte avec Catherine de Wurtemberg, 22 août 1807 Napoléon Ier signe le contrat de mariage de Jérôme Bonaparte avec Catherine de Wurtemberg, 22 août 1807, par Regnault Jean-Baptiste. Huile sur toile, 4 m x 6,46 m, MV 1558. © RMN-GP (Château de Versailles) / © Franck Raux commentaire d’œuvre / Napoléon Ier signe le contrat de mariage de Jérôme Bonaparte Établissement public du château, du musée et du domaine avec Catherine de Wurtemberg, 22 août 1807 national de versailles – www.chateauversailles.fr Secteur éducatif - RP 834 - 78008 Versailles Cedex 1 01 30 83 78 00 – [email protected] Napoléon Ier et Joséphine (de Beauharnais) Jérôme Bonparte, roi de Westphalle et Catherine de Wurtmberg Joseph Bonparte, roi de Naples (1806-1808) puis roi d’Espagne (1808-1813) et Julie Clary (issue d’une riche famille de négociants marseillais) Louis Bonaparte, roi de Hollande et Hortense de Beauharnais (fille de Joséphine et de son mari défunt Alexandre de Beauharnais - adoptée par Napoléon en 1806) Eugène de Beauharnais (fils de Joséphine et de son mari défunt Alexandre de Beauharnais - adopté par Napoléon en 1806), vice-roi d’Italie et Augusta-Amélie de Bavière Elisa Bacciochi (née Bonaparte), princesse de Lucques et de Plmobino (1805-1809) puis grande duchesse de Toscane (1809-1814) et Félix Bacciochi (officier corse) Stéphanie de Bade (née de Beauharnais, cousine d’Eugène et Hortense - adoptée par Napoléon en 1806) et Charle-Louis-Frédérique, prince héritier de Bade puis grnad-duc de Bade (1811-1818) Pauline Borhèse (née Bonaparte) et le prince Camille Borghèse Caroline Murat (née Bonaparte) et Joachim Murat, grand-duc de Berg et de Clèves (1806-1808) puis roi de Naples (1808-1815) Maria Letizia Bonaparte, dite Madame Mère Cardinal Fesch (demi-frère de Maria Letizia) Absents de la représentation : Lucien Bonaparte (exilé à Rome) et Charles Marie Bonaparte, le père de Napoléon, décédé en 1785.
    [Show full text]