DOCSLIB.ORG

The French Campaign in Egypt

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The French Campaign in Egypt THEFRENCH CAMPAIGN IN EGYPT 1798-1801 PartI - HtstorlcalIntrodsctlon by StephenEde-Borrett The reasonsbehind the Frenchattack on Egypt in 1798are sun.Many discarded their coats only to Iind themselvesfreezing various,complex, and not all of a mililary nature. at night. The Army wasunused to the exlremesof a desert Bonapafte,hero of thevictorious Italian campaigns, was seen climate. by the Directorsin Parisas a rivaland thus to gethim out of the On July 13th at Shebreketthe Frenchhad their first real way (andEgypt was pretty far out of the way!) seemedlike a encounterwiththe Mamelukes'.The Frenchdeployed into six goodidea. Coupled with thiswas the hopethat if Turkeycould great squares,six men deep with gunsat the comers.The beDersuaded to enterthe waron the Frenchside then it would Mamelukeswere brave if not lacticallyadept and launcheda takepressure off the Frencharmies by divertingAust an and seriesof headlongcavalry charges straight at the French.The Russiantrcops to theTurkishfronl- Thesereasons alliedto the result was almost a foregoneconclusion, the attackswere French"dream" ofa MiddleEastem Empire, (which went back completely broken by disciplined musketry and eventually the to rhe Middle Ages- evenLouis XIV had contemplatedan Mamelukeswere forced toretire from the field. The Fren€h had invasion of Egypt) was sufficient to persuadethe Paris lost thirty men,Mameluke losses are unknown. Covemmentto giveits blessingto Bonaparte'splans. Bonapartepressed on towardsCairo and reached the Nile on Sincethe Treaty ofCampo-Formio the veteran Army ofltaly July 21st and here in the shadow of the Pyramidsthe had beenidle andit wasfrom thisArmy that the Army of the Mamelukeshad massedtheir army. Orientwas chosen'. The best estimatesput the Mamelukesat around 6-8000 The Commander-in-Chiefwas Bonaparte, with Berthieras cavalryand, perhaps,40,000 foot. Theselatter mostly the hisChief of Staffand his brother,Louis, and stepson, Eugene semi-feudalEgyptian fellaheen. de Beauhamais,as his Aides. The Generalsof Divisionwere Beforethe battlebegan Bonaparte is allegedto havegiven "Soldiels, Vaubois,D'Hilliers, Desaix, Kl6ber, Menou, Reynier and the speechwith its famous forty c€nturiesof hhtory Dugua.The Generalsof Brigadeincluded Lannes, Davout and look downon you" content.whether this is anecdotalor not it Murat and amongstthe Colonelswere Marmont, Junot, probably expressesBonaparte's feelings for there can have Bessidresand Lefebvre-Desnouettes.Truly this was a be€n fewer more spectacularbackdrops for a battle than the NapoleonicArmy in the making. Pyramidsof Giza. Bonapa(earrived in Toulonon May 9th andwhen the fleet Again Frenchtactics were simple - the Divisionsformed huge sailedon May 19th it comprised15 Shipsof the Line, 15 squaresand awaitedthe Mameluke ondaught. The Mamelukes Frigates,7 Corvettes,30 asso(edsmall lightly'armed vessels, obligedthe invadersand lalnched,as at Shebreket,a seriesof and some 400 transports carrying betweenthirty'six and forty massedcavalry charges straight at the Frenchsquares. The thousandmen. The greatestshortage, however, was in horses- infantry were left within their hastily thrown-up defencesand only 1230were embarked, and of these700 were reserved for ignored. the useof the Staff! Predictablythe experiencedFrench infantry kept their nerve On June9th the fleetanived off Malta.There was next to no and mo*ed down the Mamelukeattacks, iust as the British resistanceand in thrce daysthe French had occupiedthe whole wereto do to the Frenchcavalry al Waterloo17 years later. island. General Vaubois was aDDointedGovernor and a Eventually the Mamelukes were forced to break off their garrisonwas installed'. D'Hilliers_was sent back to Pariswith action - it seemsdoubtful if the Maneluke infantry had even the capturedtrophies. beenengaged. Murad Beyled halfofthe Mamelukearmy south Admiral Brueys, the Fren€h Naval Commander,then whilstIbrahim Bey, who had spentmuch of the battleon the skiltullyevaded the British squadrondespatched to intercept wrong(or at leastsaJest) bank of the Nile - the east,took his him (commandedby noneother than Horatio Nelson) and six forcessouth-west towards Sinai. weeks later on June 30th the fleet anchored safely off French casualtieswere less than five hundred (Mameluke casualtiesare again unknown) and by nightfall they were in On 2ndJuly the DivisionsofBon, Menou,andKleberled the possesionof Cairo.Bonaparte had haltedonly longenough to assaultashore and immediatelystormed the City'ssomewhat fight the battle and bury his few dead. out of datedefen€es. Within twenty-fourhours the entireCity ln Cairo Bonapa(e now set about organizing a form of wasunder French control. self-governmentfor the Egt?tian people- whetherthey wanted Bonapanespent a few days restinghis men after their undoubtablyuncomfortable voyage and it wasthus not until Meanwhile,but outsidethe scopeof thisarticle, Nelson had July 8th that the Army moved out towardsCairo. Kl6ber atlastfoundtheFrench fleet at anchorinAboukirBay,and, ina remainedas Governor of Alexandria,the French base for much daring attack, known as th€ Battle of the Nile, comPletely of the restof the campaign. destroyedit - and with it Bonaparte'scommunications with It now becameapparent that the Army wastotally unpre parcd for the Egypriansummer - they were still in their In mid-August the Turks declaredwar on France.The whole Europeanuniforms of heavywool with bearskinsand bicornes, French stmtegy was falling apart. There was a revolt in Cairo neitherof whichoffered any protectionagainst the Egyptian whichBonaDarte. no doubtwith memodesof the Padsmob, suppressedbtoodily. Menou'sposition was hopeless, but he heldout for aslong as Desaixhad beendespatched into UpperEgypt in punuit of hewasable until in September,with onlyAlexandria left under MuradBey. Following the courseofthe Nile, the mainarterial Frenchcontrol, the Army capitulatedwholesale- The terms routeof Egypt,Desaix pursued Murad Bey as far as the first w€reg€nerous (which may demonstrate how muchof a threat cataractsupported by a flotilla of gunboats.The Mameluke theFrench still represented) and, although all horseswere tobe commanderhad leamt from histwo battlesagainst the French handedover, the menand their weapons were to betransported howeverand retusedto fight a third, contentinghimself with back to France,along with the rno(al remainsof General hit-and-runtactics and a guerillawar. Kl6ber. Ibrahim Bey had by now reachedPalestine and, after (Althoughmilitarily for Francethe expeditionhad beena recruitinghis army from locallypurchased slaves, (who proved completefailure the great number of archaeologistsand to be goodsoldiers!) Bonaparte followed in January1799. By scientistswho accompanied Bonaparte contributed enormously now the French were also leaming and had water-bottles to the studyof Eglpt's ancientpast and gaveus the Rosetta "issued"and had adoptedcotton uniforms and a lightweight Stone.) helmetwith neckcoverr. The invasionwent well. By the endof Februarythe Turkish fon at El Arish hadfall€n to the French- all survivorsof the ORDERSOF BATTLE OF garrisonwere put to the sword,in an attemptto cow other THE FRENCH ARMY Turkishgarrisons into submisson.Gaz a fell threedays later and The Army of the Ori€nt, Jurc 3{hh 1798. on March4th the Frencharmy was before Jaffa. Three days of Commanderin Chief: GeneralNapoleon Bonapane bombardmentand an assault and this town too fell-BonaDarte's Chiefof Staff:General of DivisionBerthier communiquero rhe Direclory giv€s 1200of rhe garrironas Commandero{ Engineers:Ceneral Cafarelli-Dufalga executedafter the storm. Command€rot Anille'y.Ceneral Dommanil The next objectivewas Acre, but here a British squadron under Sir SidneySmith aided the defence.This stiffening, Headquners: coupledwith the lossofthe sieg€train, captured by the British Mounted Guides5(3 troops 120 men), commandedby fleet,was enough to keepout the French. Bessiares The SiegeofAcre lasted62 days and included 40 assaults and Foot Guides(3 coys- 300men?), commanded by Bessieres 26 salliesby the garrison.Eventually on l4th May with a Foot Artillery (888men) Turkish relief Army approachingit was abandonedand the HorseArtillery (485men) Army retreatedto Egypt. Sappers(776 men) ln Egypt neanwhilean Anglo-Russianfleet waslanding a Miners(192 men) TurkishArmy of 18,000nen underMustaphaPasha.The Turks Balloonists(25 men) stormedthe Fort at Aboukirand drove out Marmont\ sarrison. Ensineers(164 men) InexplicablvMusrapha rhen did nolhingbut warLfor rh; French NavalLesion'(3 bns c.3000men) counter-attack.He did not wait long-on July 25thBonaparte attackedwith 12,000men. Murat led a massedcavlary charge Adyaftedcurrd:General of Divhion Desaix whichsmashedthrough the Turkish defences and he personally Brigadiers:Belliard & Frianl capturedMustapha Pasha. The subsequentinfantry assault 6lst Deni-Bngadede Bataille( 3 bns- 1800men) threw rheTurks back into the seawith heavylosses. 88thDemi-Brigade de Bataille( 3 bns- 1500men) Seeingthe w tingon thewall Bonaparte decided at thispoint 2lst Demi'BrigadeL€gare (3 bns- 2000men) that therewas no moreGlory in Egyptand returned to France with his"Slaff'. Kl€berassumed command ofthe Armyofthe Right Wing: Generalof DivisionReynier Orient. On 9th O€tober1799 BonaDarte was back in France. Brigadie^:Damas & Verdier The Army ofthe Orientwas now in an unenviableposition, 9th Derni-Brigadede Bataille(3 bns- 1509men) althoughsome supplieswere being shipped in (whentheycould 85thDemFBrigade de Baraille(J bns- 1720men) runthe RoyalNavy blockade of France)by directorder of
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Italian Architects and Modern Egypt
    1 AKPIA @ MIT - Studies on ARCHITECTURE, HISTORY & CULTURE Italian Architects and Modern Egypt Cristina Pallini “Exiles who, fleeing from the Pope or the Bourbons, had embarked at night in fishing boats from Barletta, or Taranto, or from the coast of Sic- ily, and after weeks at sea disembarked in Egypt. I imagined them, the legendary fugitives of the last century, wrapped in their cloaks, with wide-brimmed hats and long beards: they were mostly professional men or intellectuals who, after a while, sent for their wives from Italy or else married local girls. Later on their children and grandchildren . founded charitable institutions in Alexandria, the people’s university, the civil cem- etery. .” To the writer Fausta Cialente,1 these were the first Italians who crossed the Mediterranean in the first half of the nineteenth century to reach what had survived of trading outposts founded in the Middle Ages. Egypt, the meeting point between Africa and Asia, yet so accessible from Europe, was at that time the scene of fierce European rivalry. Within only a few years Mohamed Ali2 had assumed control of the corridors to India, pressing forward with industrial development based on cotton. Having lost no time in inducing him to abandon the conquered territories and revoke his monopoly regime, the Great Powers became competitors on a 1 Fausta Cialente (Cagliari 1898 – London 1994), Ballata levantina (Milan: Feltrinelli, 1961), 127–128. 2 Mohamed Ali (Kavala, Macedonia 1769 – Cairo 1849) is considered to be the founder of modern Egypt. His mark on the country’s history is due to his extensive political and military action, as well as his administrative, economic, and cultural reforms.
    [Show full text]
  • 'The Egyptian Expedition' Video Transcription
    ‘The Egyptian Expedition’ video transcription A man dressed for travel, holding a folder under one arm, faces us. He is on a beach. In the background, we can see several three-masted ships with raised sails. The man begins to speak: [Dominique-Vivant Denon] Dominique Vivant. It’s a funny name isn’t it? My parents, who were winegrowers, chose it for me. In the month of July 1798, I’d already had a full and interesting life: ambassador to Italy, art collector, writer, artist… But the first time I stepped onto Egyptian soil, I had the feeling my real life was about to begin. The view turns to reveal a large port town with a minaret and dozens of armed cavalrymen heading towards the surrounding sand dunes. [Dominique-Vivant Denon] Just imagine: 55 ships, and 36,000 armed men! And at the head of this expedition was a young general by the name of Bonaparte. At the top of a dune, three generals on horseback look out towards the horizon, one through a spyglass. He wears a blue uniform with gold trims—tied at the waist with the French flag—and a feathered hat. He has long black hair and a hooked nose. [Dominique-Vivant Denon] He meant to conquer Egypt, to cut off England’s trade route to India. He wasn't yet 30 years old. Dominique-Vivant Denon points to a group of men on foot, in simpler attire. Holding notebooks and measuring instruments, they look towards the pyramids of Giza. [Dominique-Vivant Denon] I was already 51, and I dreamed of the land of the pharaohs.
    [Show full text]
  • The Journal of Ottoman Studies Vi ·
    OSMANLI ARAŞTIRMALARI VI Neşir H eyeti _ Editoriııl Boıı rd HAL1L İNALCIK - NEJAT GÖYÜNÇ HEA'l':S: W. LOWRY THE JOURNAL OF OTTOMAN STUDIES VI · İstanbul - 1986 SOME NOTES ON THE SALYANE SYSTEM IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AS . ORGANISEDIN ARABIA IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY Salih Özbaran I The timar system in which all the revenue sources deligated to provincial officials and military functionaries with the authority to collect the taxes and revenues facilitated the financial as well as military and administrative functions in the Ottoman Empire. For the. lack of currency a great part of the revenues was collected in 1 kind • This practive, however, generated its own problems, and event­ ually proved to be inpracticable. As the Empire became larger it was necessary to collect the revenues in cash, thus having them in trea­ sury, then distributing to functionaries. By this practice the O~toman government tried to meet its urgen ·need for ready cash. The Sultan stationed janissary garrisons in same newly conquered provinces, appointed a defterdar (a high financial official) and kadi (judge). The provincial revenues were not distributed to sipahis as timars1 but the governor (the beylerbeyi)1 after paying all the military and administrative expimses of the province, had to remit to the capital a certain sum, known as irsaliye; and. these provinces came to be called salyaneli eyaZetler (provinces with salaries)~. A system called * This paper was originally present€d at the OIEPO ·symposiwn held in Cambridge, 3-7 July 1984. ı See «Timan by Ö.L. Barkan in lsliim A:nsiklopedisi. 2 For a short e~lanation see H.
    [Show full text]
  • The Press in the Arab World
    The Press in the Arab World a Bourdieusian critical alternative to current perspectives on the role of the media in the public sphere Hicham Tohme A thesis submitted to the Department of Politics in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy October 2014 1 Abstract The current literature on the role of media in the public sphere in general, and particularly politics, is divided among two opposing trends. The liberal/pluralists argue that media is playing a democratic role consisting of either representing public opinion and/or informing it. The critical theorists argue that media is in fact controlled by and represents elite interests. But even critical theories of the role of media in politics are driven by the belief that media ought to play a democratic and liberal role in society. Both theories therefore share a common normative understanding of what the role of media ought to be and are therefore the product of a common normative ideological framework, the liberal paradigm. This prevents them from properly framing the question of what media actually do in societies which lie beyond the scope of the experience of liberal Europe. This dissertation seeks to transcend this debate, and the liberal paradigm along with it, by arguing that, given a different historical context than the European one, the practice and ethos of media develop differently, and cannot therefore be understood from the lens of the European experience and the liberal paradigm born from within it. To do that, I use Bourdieu's theory of fields to trace the birth and evolution of the private press in Beirut and Cairo from 1858 till 1916.
    [Show full text]
  • The French Occupation: a Historiographical View
    The American University in Cairo Humanities and Social Science The French Occupation: A Historiographical View A Thesis Submitted to Arab and Islamic Civilizations by Jaimee Hunsdon May 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 2 II. The Orientalist Period: A Watershed Event .............................................................. 9 A. Understanding the Broader Context of the Orientalist Period ....................... 9 B. A Grandiose Notion of Ancient Egypt ......................................................... 14 C. The State of Decline of Ottoman Egypt ....................................................... 18 D. A Superior Civilization and Progress through the Enlightenment ............... 20 E. Conclusion ................................................................................................... 24 III. The Nationalist Period: An Important Event .........................................................27 A. Summary of Important Events, Key People and Works .............................. 27 B. Nationalism Connecting Egypt to its Arab Past .......................................... 39 C. Decline of Ottoman Egypt and an Emphasis on Progress ........................... 44 D. A New Framing of European Cultural Superiority ...................................... 48 E. Conclusion ................................................................................................... 50 IV. The Revisionist
    [Show full text]
  • Resources for the Study of Islamic Architecture Historical Section
    RESOURCES FOR THE STUDY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE HISTORICAL SECTION Prepared by: Sabri Jarrar András Riedlmayer Jeffrey B. Spurr © 1994 AGA KHAN PROGRAM FOR ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE RESOURCES FOR THE STUDY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE HISTORICAL SECTION BIBLIOGRAPHIC COMPONENT Historical Section, Bibliographic Component Reference Books BASIC REFERENCE TOOLS FOR THE HISTORY OF ISLAMIC ART AND ARCHITECTURE This list covers bibliographies, periodical indexes and other basic research tools; also included is a selection of monographs and surveys of architecture, with an emphasis on recent and well-illustrated works published after 1980. For an annotated guide to the most important such works published prior to that date, see Terry Allen, Islamic Architecture: An Introductory Bibliography. Cambridge, Mass., 1979 (available in photocopy from the Aga Khan Program at Harvard). For more comprehensive listings, see Creswell's Bibliography and its supplements, as well as the following subject bibliographies. GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHIES AND PERIODICAL INDEXES Creswell, K. A. C. A Bibliography of the Architecture, Arts, and Crafts of Islam to 1st Jan. 1960 Cairo, 1961; reprt. 1978. /the largest and most comprehensive compilation of books and articles on all aspects of Islamic art and architecture (except numismatics- for titles on Islamic coins and medals see: L.A. Mayer, Bibliography of Moslem Numismatics and the periodical Numismatic Literature). Intelligently organized; incl. detailed annotations, e.g. listing buildings and objects illustrated in each of the works cited. Supplements: [1st]: 1961-1972 (Cairo, 1973); [2nd]: 1972-1980, with omissions from previous years (Cairo, 1984)./ Islamic Architecture: An Introductory Bibliography, ed. Terry Allen. Cambridge, Mass., 1979. /a selective and intelligently organized general overview of the literature to that date, with detailed and often critical annotations./ Index Islamicus 1665-1905, ed.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mamluks in Egyptian Politics and Society Edited by Thomas Philipp and Ulrich Haarmann Index More Information
    Index Abaza, Abazan, Abkhaz, Abkhazia(n), 104, ahlal-rusum, Fatimid officials, 261 114,115,139 Ahmad Agha, d, 1774/5, 284 Abbasid(s), 14, 191, 225, 255, 258, 260 see Ahmad Agha see Giovannai Gaeti also caliphate Ahmad b. Almalik al-Jiikandar, amir, later cAbd al-Rahman, grandson of Baktamur al- Sufi, d. 1391,39,79 Hajib, 38' Ahmad b. al-AtabakT TanT Bak, amir, d. cAbd al-Rahman Katkhuda (Bey) al- 1472/3, 70 Qazdughil b. Hasan JawTsh, d. 1776, 120, Ahmad b. Baktamur al-SaqT, amir of one 125,126,142,233 hundred, d. 1332,66 'Abdallah Bey, retainer ofc AIT Bey Bulut Ahmad b. Balaban al-BaclabakkT, d. 1363, 81 Kapan, 119 Ahmad b. Baydamur, d, 1391, 68 cAbdallah al-Jarf, kdshifof Manufiyya, d. Ahmad Bey MTr Liwa, 1720s, 198 1799, 138 Ahmad Efendi AshkinazT, later Ahmad Bey c AbidTn Bey, brother of Hasan Bey; Albanian, al-Muslimam, d. 1724, 137 early 1800s, 148,233 Ahmad al-HalabT, Shihab al-din (al-QadT al- AbidTn quarter (in Cairo), 217, 218, 233 Ra'Ts), wakil al-khass, early 1300s, 242 Abkhazia see Abaza Ahmad b. Inal (al-Mu'ayyad Ahmad, r, Abu Bakr, Sayf al-dm (al-Mansur Abu Bakr, 1460-1), 73 r. 1341), 23 Ahmad Katkhuda, d. 1787, 120 Abu Bakr b. 'Abdallah b. Aybak al-Dawadan Ahmad b. Muhammad see Ibn al-cAttar see Ibn al-Dawadan Ahmad b. Muhammad b. Qalawun (al-Nasir Abu Bakr b. al-Nasir Muhammad see al- Ahmad, r. 1342), 6, 24, 25 Mansur Abu Bakr Ahmad b. Nawruz, amir, d.
    [Show full text]
  • 1800迄(3224件) 1781年-08:00|ｲﾝﾄﾞﾈｼｱ/ｲｷﾞﾘｽ| |||<就任>ﾍﾞﾝｸｰﾚﾝ
    1800迄(3224件) 1781年-08:00|ｲﾝﾄﾞﾈｼｱ/ｲｷﾞﾘｽ| |||<就任>ﾍﾞﾝｸｰﾚﾝ大統領府総督｢ｴﾄﾞﾜｰﾄﾞ･Coles｣(~1785年) 1781年-08:00|ｲﾝﾄﾞﾈｼｱ| |||<即位>ｱﾁｪ王国ｽﾙﾀﾝ｢ｱﾗｰﾃﾞｨﾝ･ﾑﾊﾝﾏﾄﾞ･ﾀﾞｳﾄﾞ･ｼｬｰ｣(~1795年) 1781年-08:00|ｲﾝﾄﾞﾈｼｱ| |||<即位>ﾃﾙﾅﾃ･ｽﾙﾀﾝ｢Achral｣(~1796年) 1781年-05:00|ｶｻﾞﾌｽﾀﾝ| |||<即位>中ｼﾞｭｽﾞ･ﾊﾝ｢ﾜﾘｰ｣ｱﾌﾞﾗｲの子(~1821年) 1781年-05:00|ｳｽﾞﾍﾞｷｽﾀﾝ/ﾄﾙｸﾒﾆｽﾀﾝ| |||<即位>ﾋｳﾞｧ･ﾊﾝ国第49代ﾊﾝ｢ﾌﾟﾗﾄﾞ･ｶﾞｰｽﾞｨｰ｣ｲﾙﾊﾞﾙｽ2世の孫(~1783年) 1781年-05:00|ｳｽﾞﾍﾞｷｽﾀﾝ| |||ﾀｼｭｹﾝﾄはﾌﾞﾊﾗに従属､ｶｻﾞﾌの支配終了(~1784年) 1781年-04:00|ｱｾﾞﾙﾊﾞｲｼﾞｬﾝ| |||<即位>ｷﾞｬﾝｼﾞｬ･ﾊﾝ国ﾊｰﾝ｢Ibrahim Khalil Khan｣(~1784年) 1781年-02:00|ｴｼﾞﾌﾟﾄ/ﾄﾙｺ| |||<就任>ｵｽﾏﾝ帝国領ｴｼﾞﾌﾟﾄ･ﾍﾞｲﾚﾙﾍﾞｲ｢Melek Mehmed Pasha｣(~1782年) 1781年-02:00|ﾓｻﾞﾝﾋﾞｰｸ/ﾎﾟﾙﾄｶﾞﾙ| |||<就任>ﾎﾟﾙﾄｶﾞﾙ領ﾓｻﾞﾝﾋﾞｰｸ知事代理｢Vicente Caetano da Maria e Vasco ncelos｣(~17820104) 1781年-02:00|ｴｼﾞﾌﾟﾄ| |||ｲﾌﾞﾗﾋｰﾑとﾑﾗｰﾄﾞが和約し､上ｴｼﾞﾌﾟﾄでの支配権を認可 1781年-01:00|ﾌﾗﾝｽ| |||<就任>ﾙﾃﾙ伯｢ﾙｲｰｽﾞ･ﾄﾞｰﾓﾝ｣(~1789年)ﾏｲｴﾝﾇ女公､ﾒｲﾕﾚｲﾕ女公 1781年-01:00|ﾄﾞｲﾂ| |||この年､ｶﾝﾄ｢純粋理性批判｣刊 1781年 00:00|ｲｷﾞﾘｽ| |||<開通>ｱｲｱﾝﾌﾞﾘｯｼﾞ(ｲﾝｸﾞﾗﾝﾄﾞ中西部ｼｭﾛｯﾌﾟｼｬｰ州のｱｲｱﾝﾌﾞﾘｯｼﾞ峡谷において､集落ｱｲｱﾝ ﾌﾞﾘｯｼﾞからｾｳﾞｧｰﾝ川に架けられた 全長約60mの橋) 1781年 00:00|ﾌｪﾛｰ諸島| |||大西洋のﾌｪﾛｰ諸島で麻疹が流行 1781年 05:00|ｷｭｰﾊﾞ/ｽﾍﾟｲﾝ| |||<就任>ｽﾍﾟｲﾝ領ｷｭｰﾊﾞ総督｢Juan Manuel de Cagigal y Monserrat｣(~1782年) 1781年 05:00|ﾀｰｸｽ･ｶｲｺｽ諸島/ｲｷﾞﾘｽ| |||<就任>ﾀｰｸｽ･ｶｲｺｽ諸島代理人｢Andrew Seymour｣(~同年) 1781年-05:30|ｲﾝﾄﾞ| |||ｱﾜﾄﾞ王ｱｰｻﾌ･ｳｯﾀﾞｳﾗがﾌｧｲｻﾞｰﾊﾞｰﾄﾞからﾗｸﾅｳに遷都 1781年1月 04:00|ｻﾝ･ﾏﾙﾀﾝ/ﾌﾗﾝｽ| |||<就任>ｻﾝ･ﾏﾙﾀﾝ副王代理｢viscount de Damas｣(~1782年) 1781年1月2日-09:00|日本| ||安永9年12月8日|<死去>初代嵐吉三郎 1781年1月5日-09:00|日本| ||安永9年12月11日|<加増立藩>高知新田3千石｢山内豊産｣→(浦戸城)1万3千石/以 後豊泰､豊武､豊賢､豊福､豊誠と続く(~明治4年) 1781年1月8日 05:00|ﾍﾟﾙｰ/ｽﾍﾟｲﾝ| |||ｸｽｺ軍,反撃に出る.ﾋﾟﾁｪ山を奪取し,ﾄｩﾊﾟﾏﾙ軍の正面を叩く 1781年1月15日 04:00|ﾎﾞﾘﾋﾞｱ/ｽﾍﾟｲﾝ| |||ﾁｬﾔﾊﾟﾀの新代官ｱｸｰﾆｬ,ｶﾀﾘをとらえ処刑/ﾄﾏｽの弟ﾀﾞﾏｿ,ﾆｺﾗｽのｶﾀﾘ兄弟
    [Show full text]
  • Mohammad Ali Pasha and His Contribution to the Modernisation of Egypt
    MOHAMMAD ALI PASHA AND HIS CONTRIBUTION TO THE MODERNISATION OF EGYPT THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF ©octor of ipijilosfoplip IN ISLAMIC STUDIES By FARHEEN AZRA UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF DR. ADAM MALIK KHAN DEPARTMENT OF ISLAMIC STUDIES ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 2012 I \ OCT 2014 T8825 (1769-1849) CONTENTS Page No. Acknowledgement i-ii Introduction 1-7 Chapter First: French Occupation of Egypt 8-41 Battle of Cairo 22 Battle of Pyramids 22 Battle of Nile 23 Proclamation of War 3 3 Chapter Second: Mohammad Ali Pasha as a Turkish Military 42-70 Officer Chapter Third: Political and Administrative Reforms of 71-113 Mohammad Ali Pasha New Structure of Administration 72 Principal Units of Central Administration under Mohammad Ali 77 1837 Muhammad All's New Ruling Class 79 Chapter Fourth: Economic and Educational Reforms of 114-150 Mohammad Ali Pasha Effects of Muhammad Ali's Economic Reforms 124 Educational Reforms 128 Establishment of Schools and Colleges 132 Conclusion 151-157 Bibliography 158-171 Acknowledgment Jidthe (Praises andtfian^ to jUXJiyf, JiCmigfity Creator andSustainer of the worQf, M^Ho made itpossiSkforme to accompCish the research wor^ I than^my Lord for giving me nice parents whose (ove, sacrifices and sustained efforts enaSCed me to acquire ^owledge. Whatever I am today is Because of their prayers, Coving care and service endeavors. (During this research wor^ I have faced many proSCems, But ^od is great. So, I have received heCp from various quarters that I want to ac^nowCedge from the core of my heart. My speciaCthan^ to my supervisor (Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Egypt's Ottoman Past
    “Remembering” Egypt’s Ottoman Past: Ottoman Consciousness in Egypt, 1841-1914 Dissertation Presented in the Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Doğa Öztürk, M.A. Graduate Program in History The Ohio State University 2020 Dissertation Committee Prof. Carter V. Findley, Advisor Prof. Jane Hathaway Prof. Scott Levi Copyrighted by Doğa Öztürk 2020 Abstract Scholarship on modern Egyptian history supports a narrative that depicts Egypt emerging as an independent political entity in the mid-19th century and steadily marching towards becoming a sovereign nation-state in the first decades of the 20th century. The Ottoman cultural context, within which Egypt operated at this time, is usually nowhere to be found in this story. This dissertation remedies this gap in the literature and “remembers” Egypt’s Ottoman past between 1841, when Mehmed Ali Pasha was granted the hereditary governorship of Egypt, and 1914, when Egypt’s remaining political ties to the Ottoman Empire were severed by the British Empire. Primarily based on a variety of sources produced in Arabic and Ottoman Turkish, it argues that even though the political ties between Istanbul and Cairo were weakening and a more distinct Egyptian identity was on the rise at this time, the Ottoman cultural consciousness continued to provide an important framework for the ruling and intellectual elite of Egypt, as well as the wider segments of the Egyptian public, until World War I. Taking a thematic approach to the subject, the dissertation demonstrates how the Ottoman imperial court culture provided a blueprint for the ruling elite in Egypt.
    [Show full text]
  • Napoleon and Egyptomania in Tennessee
    Napoleon and Egyptomania in Tennessee An Exhibition September 6, 2008–January 19, 2009 Frank H. McClung Museum Elaine A. Evans, curator Napoleon and Egyptomania in Tennessee Entrances and colossal statues in the Egyptian Court of the Crystal Palace, 1851 An Exhibition September 6, 2008–January 19, 2009 Frank H. McClung Museum Elaine A. Evans, curator Front cover images: Main image: Entrances and colossal statues in the Egyptian Court of the Crystal Palace, pg. 36. Smaller images from left to right: Mausoleum, pg. 30; Scarab Bracelet, pg. 29; The Louis Bailey Audigiers at Giza, pg. 28; Memphis Pyramid Arena, pg. 28; Stained Glass from Downtown Presbyterian Church, pg 28. Title page image: Entrances and colossal statues in the Egyptian Court of the Crystal Palace, pg. 36. Back cover images from left to right: Stained Glass from Downtown Presbyterian Church, pg 28; Masonic lodge, pg. 32; Tea canister, pg. 25; Interior of David Price’s Egyptian Hall Museum, pg. 35; Trade card, pg. 31, Bread plate, pg. 25; Border from Downtown Presbyterian Church, pg 28. “Napoleon and Egyptomania in Tennessee” By Elaine Altman Evans Curator/adjunct assistant professor An exhibition September 6, 2008–January 19, 2009 Frank H. McClung Museum The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Occasional paper number 20 The University of Tennessee is an EEO/AA/Title VI/Title IX/Section 504/ADA/ADEA institution in the provision of its education and employment programs and services. All qualified applicants will receive equal consideration for employment without regard to race, color, national origin, religion, sex, pregnancy, marital status, sexual orientation, gender identity, age, physical or mental disability, or covered veteran status.
    [Show full text]
  • “Non, Non! Si, Si!”: Commemorating the French Occupation of Egypt (1798–1801)
    MLN 1043 “Non, non! Si, si!”: Commemorating the French Occupation of Egypt (1798–1801) ❦ Elliott Colla Au nom de Dieu Clément et Miséricordieux. Il n’y a de Dieu que Dieu, et Mahomet est son Prophète… Habitans de l’Égypte, écoutez ce que j’ai à vous dire au nom de la République Francaise. Vous étiez malheureux; l’armée française est venue en Égypte pour vous porter le bonheur.1 Sous l’occupation britannique et la monarchie, l’expédition était considérée comme marquant le début de la modernisation du pays. Avec la révolution [de 1952] des Officier libres, en revanche, elle n’était plus que la première invasion occidentale impérialiste. Aujourd’hui, les bonnes relations franco-égyptiennes obligent à n’en retenir que les résultats positifs.2 Calling the two hundredth anniversary of the French Expedition in Egypt (1798–1801) “l’année franco-égyptienne,” cultural institutions in France and Egypt planned a wide range of events—from academic The author would like to thank Rey Chow, Sumaiya Hamdani, George Saliba, and Samer Shehata for their feedback on earlier versions of this essay. 1 “Proclamation of 6 Brumaire, an 9,” The Journals of Bonaparte in Egypt, Vol. 9: Recueil des arrêtés et proclamations de l’autorité française en Égypte pendant l’occupation, ed. Saladin Boustany (Cairo: al-Arab Bookshop, 1971) 151. 2 Kamal Mughith, as quoted. in Ramadan al-Khuli and ‘Abd al-Raziq ‘Isa, “Un bilan controversé: le point de vue des historiens égyptiens,” Égypte/Monde Arabe 1 (1999): 35. MLN 118 (2003): 1043–1069 © 2003 by The Johns Hopkins University
    [Show full text]