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Italian Architects and Modern Egypt
1 AKPIA @ MIT - Studies on ARCHITECTURE, HISTORY & CULTURE Italian Architects and Modern Egypt Cristina Pallini “Exiles who, fleeing from the Pope or the Bourbons, had embarked at night in fishing boats from Barletta, or Taranto, or from the coast of Sic- ily, and after weeks at sea disembarked in Egypt. I imagined them, the legendary fugitives of the last century, wrapped in their cloaks, with wide-brimmed hats and long beards: they were mostly professional men or intellectuals who, after a while, sent for their wives from Italy or else married local girls. Later on their children and grandchildren . founded charitable institutions in Alexandria, the people’s university, the civil cem- etery. .” To the writer Fausta Cialente,1 these were the first Italians who crossed the Mediterranean in the first half of the nineteenth century to reach what had survived of trading outposts founded in the Middle Ages. Egypt, the meeting point between Africa and Asia, yet so accessible from Europe, was at that time the scene of fierce European rivalry. Within only a few years Mohamed Ali2 had assumed control of the corridors to India, pressing forward with industrial development based on cotton. Having lost no time in inducing him to abandon the conquered territories and revoke his monopoly regime, the Great Powers became competitors on a 1 Fausta Cialente (Cagliari 1898 – London 1994), Ballata levantina (Milan: Feltrinelli, 1961), 127–128. 2 Mohamed Ali (Kavala, Macedonia 1769 – Cairo 1849) is considered to be the founder of modern Egypt. His mark on the country’s history is due to his extensive political and military action, as well as his administrative, economic, and cultural reforms. -
'The Egyptian Expedition' Video Transcription
‘The Egyptian Expedition’ video transcription A man dressed for travel, holding a folder under one arm, faces us. He is on a beach. In the background, we can see several three-masted ships with raised sails. The man begins to speak: [Dominique-Vivant Denon] Dominique Vivant. It’s a funny name isn’t it? My parents, who were winegrowers, chose it for me. In the month of July 1798, I’d already had a full and interesting life: ambassador to Italy, art collector, writer, artist… But the first time I stepped onto Egyptian soil, I had the feeling my real life was about to begin. The view turns to reveal a large port town with a minaret and dozens of armed cavalrymen heading towards the surrounding sand dunes. [Dominique-Vivant Denon] Just imagine: 55 ships, and 36,000 armed men! And at the head of this expedition was a young general by the name of Bonaparte. At the top of a dune, three generals on horseback look out towards the horizon, one through a spyglass. He wears a blue uniform with gold trims—tied at the waist with the French flag—and a feathered hat. He has long black hair and a hooked nose. [Dominique-Vivant Denon] He meant to conquer Egypt, to cut off England’s trade route to India. He wasn't yet 30 years old. Dominique-Vivant Denon points to a group of men on foot, in simpler attire. Holding notebooks and measuring instruments, they look towards the pyramids of Giza. [Dominique-Vivant Denon] I was already 51, and I dreamed of the land of the pharaohs. -
Bilateral Factionalism in Ottoman Egypt
1 Bilateral Factionalism in Ottoman Egypt What makes a faction more than a group, a sect, or a household? In the case of the Faqaris and Qasimis, to say nothing of competing pairs of factions in numerous earlier, later, and contemporaneous societies, the defining characteristics of these factions were that there were only two of them; they opposed each other; and they divided most, if not all, of society between them. Accordingly, their identifying markers— names, colors, symbols—and the rituals in which they participated took on this same bilateral character: they were diametrically opposed, offered clear alternatives to each other, or were glaringly incompat- ible. This chapter illustrates this point by presenting definitive fea- tures of Egypt’s factional political cultural in comparison to similar features in other bilateral factional cultures. Breaking Out of the Mamluk Paradigm Before we undertake this task, however, it is worth asking why the bilateralism of the Faqaris and Qasimis has received so little attention. Our understanding of the origins and functions of these two factions has, I believe, been hampered by the Mamluk historiographical frame- work within which historians of premodern Ottoman Egypt have habitually placed them. I contend that if we are to understand these factions on their own terms and in their own historical and social context, we must adopt a framework that gives due weight to the fact that these two factions utterly polarized Egyptian society, forcing vir- tually every member of the military-administrative population, as well 25 26 A Tale of Two Factions as merchants, artisans, and bedouin tribes, to choose one side or the other side while not allowing for any alternative. -
The French Campaign in Egypt
THEFRENCH CAMPAIGN IN EGYPT 1798-1801 PartI - HtstorlcalIntrodsctlon by StephenEde-Borrett The reasonsbehind the Frenchattack on Egypt in 1798are sun.Many discarded their coats only to Iind themselvesfreezing various,complex, and not all of a mililary nature. at night. The Army wasunused to the exlremesof a desert Bonapafte,hero of thevictorious Italian campaigns, was seen climate. by the Directorsin Parisas a rivaland thus to gethim out of the On July 13th at Shebreketthe Frenchhad their first real way (andEgypt was pretty far out of the way!) seemedlike a encounterwiththe Mamelukes'.The Frenchdeployed into six goodidea. Coupled with thiswas the hopethat if Turkeycould great squares,six men deep with gunsat the comers.The beDersuaded to enterthe waron the Frenchside then it would Mamelukeswere brave if not lacticallyadept and launcheda takepressure off the Frencharmies by divertingAust an and seriesof headlongcavalry charges straight at the French.The Russiantrcops to theTurkishfronl- Thesereasons alliedto the result was almost a foregoneconclusion, the attackswere French"dream" ofa MiddleEastem Empire, (which went back completely broken by disciplined musketry and eventually the to rhe Middle Ages- evenLouis XIV had contemplatedan Mamelukeswere forced toretire from the field. The Fren€h had invasion of Egypt) was sufficient to persuadethe Paris lost thirty men,Mameluke losses are unknown. Covemmentto giveits blessingto Bonaparte'splans. Bonapartepressed on towardsCairo and reached the Nile on Sincethe Treaty ofCampo-Formio the veteran Army ofltaly July 21st and here in the shadow of the Pyramidsthe had beenidle andit wasfrom thisArmy that the Army of the Mamelukeshad massedtheir army. Orientwas chosen'. The best estimatesput the Mamelukesat around 6-8000 The Commander-in-Chiefwas Bonaparte, with Berthieras cavalryand, perhaps,40,000 foot. -
The Journal of Ottoman Studies Vi ·
OSMANLI ARAŞTIRMALARI VI Neşir H eyeti _ Editoriııl Boıı rd HAL1L İNALCIK - NEJAT GÖYÜNÇ HEA'l':S: W. LOWRY THE JOURNAL OF OTTOMAN STUDIES VI · İstanbul - 1986 SOME NOTES ON THE SALYANE SYSTEM IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AS . ORGANISEDIN ARABIA IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY Salih Özbaran I The timar system in which all the revenue sources deligated to provincial officials and military functionaries with the authority to collect the taxes and revenues facilitated the financial as well as military and administrative functions in the Ottoman Empire. For the. lack of currency a great part of the revenues was collected in 1 kind • This practive, however, generated its own problems, and event ually proved to be inpracticable. As the Empire became larger it was necessary to collect the revenues in cash, thus having them in trea sury, then distributing to functionaries. By this practice the O~toman government tried to meet its urgen ·need for ready cash. The Sultan stationed janissary garrisons in same newly conquered provinces, appointed a defterdar (a high financial official) and kadi (judge). The provincial revenues were not distributed to sipahis as timars1 but the governor (the beylerbeyi)1 after paying all the military and administrative expimses of the province, had to remit to the capital a certain sum, known as irsaliye; and. these provinces came to be called salyaneli eyaZetler (provinces with salaries)~. A system called * This paper was originally present€d at the OIEPO ·symposiwn held in Cambridge, 3-7 July 1984. ı See «Timan by Ö.L. Barkan in lsliim A:nsiklopedisi. 2 For a short e~lanation see H. -
The Press in the Arab World
The Press in the Arab World a Bourdieusian critical alternative to current perspectives on the role of the media in the public sphere Hicham Tohme A thesis submitted to the Department of Politics in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy October 2014 1 Abstract The current literature on the role of media in the public sphere in general, and particularly politics, is divided among two opposing trends. The liberal/pluralists argue that media is playing a democratic role consisting of either representing public opinion and/or informing it. The critical theorists argue that media is in fact controlled by and represents elite interests. But even critical theories of the role of media in politics are driven by the belief that media ought to play a democratic and liberal role in society. Both theories therefore share a common normative understanding of what the role of media ought to be and are therefore the product of a common normative ideological framework, the liberal paradigm. This prevents them from properly framing the question of what media actually do in societies which lie beyond the scope of the experience of liberal Europe. This dissertation seeks to transcend this debate, and the liberal paradigm along with it, by arguing that, given a different historical context than the European one, the practice and ethos of media develop differently, and cannot therefore be understood from the lens of the European experience and the liberal paradigm born from within it. To do that, I use Bourdieu's theory of fields to trace the birth and evolution of the private press in Beirut and Cairo from 1858 till 1916. -
The French Occupation: a Historiographical View
The American University in Cairo Humanities and Social Science The French Occupation: A Historiographical View A Thesis Submitted to Arab and Islamic Civilizations by Jaimee Hunsdon May 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 2 II. The Orientalist Period: A Watershed Event .............................................................. 9 A. Understanding the Broader Context of the Orientalist Period ....................... 9 B. A Grandiose Notion of Ancient Egypt ......................................................... 14 C. The State of Decline of Ottoman Egypt ....................................................... 18 D. A Superior Civilization and Progress through the Enlightenment ............... 20 E. Conclusion ................................................................................................... 24 III. The Nationalist Period: An Important Event .........................................................27 A. Summary of Important Events, Key People and Works .............................. 27 B. Nationalism Connecting Egypt to its Arab Past .......................................... 39 C. Decline of Ottoman Egypt and an Emphasis on Progress ........................... 44 D. A New Framing of European Cultural Superiority ...................................... 48 E. Conclusion ................................................................................................... 50 IV. The Revisionist -
Resources for the Study of Islamic Architecture Historical Section
RESOURCES FOR THE STUDY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE HISTORICAL SECTION Prepared by: Sabri Jarrar András Riedlmayer Jeffrey B. Spurr © 1994 AGA KHAN PROGRAM FOR ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE RESOURCES FOR THE STUDY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE HISTORICAL SECTION BIBLIOGRAPHIC COMPONENT Historical Section, Bibliographic Component Reference Books BASIC REFERENCE TOOLS FOR THE HISTORY OF ISLAMIC ART AND ARCHITECTURE This list covers bibliographies, periodical indexes and other basic research tools; also included is a selection of monographs and surveys of architecture, with an emphasis on recent and well-illustrated works published after 1980. For an annotated guide to the most important such works published prior to that date, see Terry Allen, Islamic Architecture: An Introductory Bibliography. Cambridge, Mass., 1979 (available in photocopy from the Aga Khan Program at Harvard). For more comprehensive listings, see Creswell's Bibliography and its supplements, as well as the following subject bibliographies. GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHIES AND PERIODICAL INDEXES Creswell, K. A. C. A Bibliography of the Architecture, Arts, and Crafts of Islam to 1st Jan. 1960 Cairo, 1961; reprt. 1978. /the largest and most comprehensive compilation of books and articles on all aspects of Islamic art and architecture (except numismatics- for titles on Islamic coins and medals see: L.A. Mayer, Bibliography of Moslem Numismatics and the periodical Numismatic Literature). Intelligently organized; incl. detailed annotations, e.g. listing buildings and objects illustrated in each of the works cited. Supplements: [1st]: 1961-1972 (Cairo, 1973); [2nd]: 1972-1980, with omissions from previous years (Cairo, 1984)./ Islamic Architecture: An Introductory Bibliography, ed. Terry Allen. Cambridge, Mass., 1979. /a selective and intelligently organized general overview of the literature to that date, with detailed and often critical annotations./ Index Islamicus 1665-1905, ed. -
The Governors of Ottoman Bilād Al-Shām. the Reconstruction of Individual Biographies by Looking at Groups of Governors Sharing Some Common Features
No. 3/2016 The Governors of Ottoman Bilād al-Shām. The Reconstruction of Individual Biographies by Looking at Groups of Governors Sharing Some Common Features. Bayt al-ʿAẓm as an Example Thomas Philipp No. 3, April 2016 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 444 Castro Street, Suite 900, Mountain View, California, 94041, USA. Occasional Papers in Ottoman Biographies is published by OPUS, Otto-Friedrich- Universität Bamberg. ISSN: 2194-9395 Edited by: Christoph Herzog, University of Bamberg Editorial Board: Nilüfer Hatemi, Princeton University Raoul Motika, Orient-Institut Istanbul Oktay Özel, Bilkent University Akşin Somel, Sabancı University Occasional Papers in Ottoman Biographies is a scholarly, open-access series publishing articles of varying length on biographical and prosopographical research on personalities whose lives were closely connected with the Ottoman cultural or political space. Weblink for this document: http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-bamberg/solrsearch/index/search/searchtype/series/id/ Weblink for Occasional Papers in Ottoman Biographies: http://www.ottomanbiographies.org Mail: Chair of Turkish Studies, Otto-Friedrich University Bamberg, An der Universität 11, 96047 Bamberg Email: [email protected] The Governors of Ottoman Bilād al-Shām. The Reconstruction of Individual Biographies by Looking at Groups of Governors Sharing Some Common Features. Bayt al-ʿAẓm as an Example1 Thomas Philipp Over the last twenty years or so we have seen an enormous development of scholarly studies of Bilād al-Shām under Ottoman rule. -
Cahiers Balkaniques, 42 | 2014 the Attitude of the Beys of the Albanian Southern Provinces (Toskaria) Toward
Cahiers balkaniques 42 | 2014 Grèce-Roumanie : héritages communs, regards croisés The attitude of the Beys of the Albanian Southern Provinces (Toskaria) towards Ali Pasha Tepedelenli and the Sublime Porte (mid-18th-mid-19th centuries) The case of “der ’e madhe” [: Great House] of the Beys of Valona L’attitude des Beys des provinces méridionales albanaises (Toskaria) envers Ali Pacha de Tebelen et la Sublime Porte (mi-XVIIIe-mi-XIXe s.) : le cas des Beys de Valona Η συμπεριφορά των μπέηδων των νότιων αλβανικών περιοχών [Τοσκαριά] απέναντι στον Αλή Πασά Τεπελένης και την Υψηλή Πύλη, από την μέση του 18ου ως τη μέση του 19ου αιώνα:το παράδειγμα των μπέηδων της Βαλόνας Stefanos P. Papageorgiou Electronic version URL: https://journals.openedition.org/ceb/3520 DOI: 10.4000/ceb.3520 ISSN: 2261-4184 Publisher INALCO Electronic reference Stefanos P. Papageorgiou, “The attitude of the Beys of the Albanian Southern Provinces (Toskaria) towards Ali Pasha Tepedelenli and the Sublime Porte (mid-18th-mid-19th centuries)”, Cahiers balkaniques [Online], 42 | 2014, Online since 30 November 2012, connection on 07 July 2021. URL: http://journals.openedition.org/ceb/3520 ; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/ceb.3520 This text was automatically generated on 7 July 2021. Cahiers balkaniques est mis à disposition selon les termes de la Licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d’Utilisation Commerciale 4.0 International. The attitude of the Beys of the Albanian Southern Provinces (Toskaria) toward... 1 The attitude of the Beys of the Albanian Southern Provinces (Toskaria) -
The Mamluks in Egyptian Politics and Society Edited by Thomas Philipp and Ulrich Haarmann Index More Information
Index Abaza, Abazan, Abkhaz, Abkhazia(n), 104, ahlal-rusum, Fatimid officials, 261 114,115,139 Ahmad Agha, d, 1774/5, 284 Abbasid(s), 14, 191, 225, 255, 258, 260 see Ahmad Agha see Giovannai Gaeti also caliphate Ahmad b. Almalik al-Jiikandar, amir, later cAbd al-Rahman, grandson of Baktamur al- Sufi, d. 1391,39,79 Hajib, 38' Ahmad b. al-AtabakT TanT Bak, amir, d. cAbd al-Rahman Katkhuda (Bey) al- 1472/3, 70 Qazdughil b. Hasan JawTsh, d. 1776, 120, Ahmad b. Baktamur al-SaqT, amir of one 125,126,142,233 hundred, d. 1332,66 'Abdallah Bey, retainer ofc AIT Bey Bulut Ahmad b. Balaban al-BaclabakkT, d. 1363, 81 Kapan, 119 Ahmad b. Baydamur, d, 1391, 68 cAbdallah al-Jarf, kdshifof Manufiyya, d. Ahmad Bey MTr Liwa, 1720s, 198 1799, 138 Ahmad Efendi AshkinazT, later Ahmad Bey c AbidTn Bey, brother of Hasan Bey; Albanian, al-Muslimam, d. 1724, 137 early 1800s, 148,233 Ahmad al-HalabT, Shihab al-din (al-QadT al- AbidTn quarter (in Cairo), 217, 218, 233 Ra'Ts), wakil al-khass, early 1300s, 242 Abkhazia see Abaza Ahmad b. Inal (al-Mu'ayyad Ahmad, r, Abu Bakr, Sayf al-dm (al-Mansur Abu Bakr, 1460-1), 73 r. 1341), 23 Ahmad Katkhuda, d. 1787, 120 Abu Bakr b. 'Abdallah b. Aybak al-Dawadan Ahmad b. Muhammad see Ibn al-cAttar see Ibn al-Dawadan Ahmad b. Muhammad b. Qalawun (al-Nasir Abu Bakr b. al-Nasir Muhammad see al- Ahmad, r. 1342), 6, 24, 25 Mansur Abu Bakr Ahmad b. Nawruz, amir, d. -
Osmanli Devleti Idaresinde Misir (1839-1882)
T. C. FIRAT ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH ANABİLİM DALI OSMANLI DEVLETİ İDARESİNDE MISIR (1839-1882) DOKTORA TEZİ DANIŞMAN HAZIRLAYAN Prof. Dr. Mustafa ÖZTÜRK Sevda ÖZKAYA ÖZER ELAZIĞ – 2007 ÖZET Doktora Tezi Osmanlı Devleti İdaresinde Mısır (1839-1882) Sevda ÖZKAYA ÖZER Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih Anabilim Dalı 2007; Sayfa: XVIII+369 Mısır, Osmanlı Devleti’nin hâkimiyet ine girdiği XVI. yüzyıldan itibaren devletin en önemli eyaletlerinden biri olmuş ve bu konumunu XX. yüzyılın ilk yarısına kadar korumuştur. Osmanlı Devleti’nin ilk salyaneli eyaleti olan Mısır’ın idaresinde, merkezî otoriteden oldukça uzak bir yerde bulunması sebebiyle güçlüklerle karşılaşılmıştır. Nil Nehri’nin hayat verdiği bu topraklarda, eski çağlardan beri gelip yerleşenler, bölgede bağımsız olarak hâkimiyet kurmak için mücadele etmişlerdir. İslam fethi ve Osmanlı hâkimiyet i dönemlerinde de aynı durum söz konusudur. Osmanlı Devleti’nin atadığı valiler ya bölgedeki Memluk Beyleri ile yaptıkları mücadelelerde başarısız olarak geri çekilmişler ya da başarılı olup bağımsızlıklarını ilan etmişlerdir. Söz konusu durumun ortaya çıkmasında Mısır’ın devlet merkezine uzak bir konumda bulunmasının etkisi göz ardı edilemez. Ancak Mısır’da güçlenerek hâkimiyet iddiasında bulunmak adeta bir gelenek halini almıştır. Nitekim Mısır tarihinde, modern Mısır’ın kurucusu olarak kabul edilen Mehmet Ali Paşa da bu topraklara ayak bastığı andan itibaren Osmanlı Devleti’nden fiilen bağımsız olmak için bir takım faaliyetlere girişmiş ve XIX. yüzyıl Osmanlı-Mısır ilişkilerinin seyrini bu yönde belirlemiştir. Mehmet Ali Paşa dönemi, Mısır’da veraset idaresinin geçerli olduğu bir dönemdir ve bu durum İsmail Paşa’nın tahta geçmesine kadar devam etmiştir. Bölgede Mehmet Ali Paşa ile daha sonra İsmail Paşa’nın yönetime gelmesi arasında geçen süreçte, Mısır Valiliği’ne gelen Abbas ve Sait paşalar dönemlerinde siyasi anlamda bir sükûnet yaşanmıştır.