Osmanli Devleti Idaresinde Misir (1839-1882)

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Osmanli Devleti Idaresinde Misir (1839-1882) T. C. FIRAT ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH ANABİLİM DALI OSMANLI DEVLETİ İDARESİNDE MISIR (1839-1882) DOKTORA TEZİ DANIŞMAN HAZIRLAYAN Prof. Dr. Mustafa ÖZTÜRK Sevda ÖZKAYA ÖZER ELAZIĞ – 2007 ÖZET Doktora Tezi Osmanlı Devleti İdaresinde Mısır (1839-1882) Sevda ÖZKAYA ÖZER Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih Anabilim Dalı 2007; Sayfa: XVIII+369 Mısır, Osmanlı Devleti’nin hâkimiyet ine girdiği XVI. yüzyıldan itibaren devletin en önemli eyaletlerinden biri olmuş ve bu konumunu XX. yüzyılın ilk yarısına kadar korumuştur. Osmanlı Devleti’nin ilk salyaneli eyaleti olan Mısır’ın idaresinde, merkezî otoriteden oldukça uzak bir yerde bulunması sebebiyle güçlüklerle karşılaşılmıştır. Nil Nehri’nin hayat verdiği bu topraklarda, eski çağlardan beri gelip yerleşenler, bölgede bağımsız olarak hâkimiyet kurmak için mücadele etmişlerdir. İslam fethi ve Osmanlı hâkimiyet i dönemlerinde de aynı durum söz konusudur. Osmanlı Devleti’nin atadığı valiler ya bölgedeki Memluk Beyleri ile yaptıkları mücadelelerde başarısız olarak geri çekilmişler ya da başarılı olup bağımsızlıklarını ilan etmişlerdir. Söz konusu durumun ortaya çıkmasında Mısır’ın devlet merkezine uzak bir konumda bulunmasının etkisi göz ardı edilemez. Ancak Mısır’da güçlenerek hâkimiyet iddiasında bulunmak adeta bir gelenek halini almıştır. Nitekim Mısır tarihinde, modern Mısır’ın kurucusu olarak kabul edilen Mehmet Ali Paşa da bu topraklara ayak bastığı andan itibaren Osmanlı Devleti’nden fiilen bağımsız olmak için bir takım faaliyetlere girişmiş ve XIX. yüzyıl Osmanlı-Mısır ilişkilerinin seyrini bu yönde belirlemiştir. Mehmet Ali Paşa dönemi, Mısır’da veraset idaresinin geçerli olduğu bir dönemdir ve bu durum İsmail Paşa’nın tahta geçmesine kadar devam etmiştir. Bölgede Mehmet Ali Paşa ile daha sonra İsmail Paşa’nın yönetime gelmesi arasında geçen süreçte, Mısır Valiliği’ne gelen Abbas ve Sait paşalar dönemlerinde siyasi anlamda bir sükûnet yaşanmıştır. Söz konusu dönemlerin önemli olayları arasında Mısır’da demiryolu yapımına başlanması ve Tanzimat Fermanı’nın bölgede uygulanmasına yönelik tartışmalar sayılmalıdır. Mehmet Ali Paşa’dan sonra Mısır tarihinde ikinci büyük reformist olarak anılan İsmail Paşa, muhtariyet haklarını genişletmek için çok çalışmıştır ve çalışmalarının neticesinde Hidivlik unvanını elde ederek Mısır’ı neredeyse merkezden tamamen koparmıştır. Bu dönem içerisinde, gerek Süveyş Kanalı’nın açılması gerek demiryolu ağının genişletilmesi ile iktisadi ve kültürel anlamda büyük bir gelişme sağlanmıştır. Ancak bu gelişmelerin büyük masraflara yol açması maliyeyi zor duruma sokmuş ve Mısır’a müdahale etmek için fırsat arayan Avrupalı Devletlere gerekli bahaneyi sağlamıştır. Mısır’da kanallar, fabrikalar, demiryolu ve liman inşaları Avrupalı Devletlerden edinilen borçlarla yapılmaktaydı. Ancak, Afrika Kıtası’nda bir Avrupa medeniyeti yaratmak isteyen İsmail Paşa, bu borçların faizlerini bile ödeyemez hale gelince Avrupa’nın ilk müdahalesi iktisadi anlamda gerçekleşmiş ve arkasından askeri müdahale gelmiştir. Bu sırada Osmanlı Devleti’nin de içinde bulunduğu siyasi ve iktisadi çöküntü nedeniyle Mısır’ın işgali kaçınılmaz olmuştur. Mısır, geçirdiği tüm siyasi ve iktisadi gelişmelerin olumsuz sonuçlanmasına rağmen modernleşme anlamında oldukça büyük ilerlemeler göstermiş bir bölgedir. Mehmet Ali Paşa döneminde başlayan bu modernleşme çalışmalarının asıl maksadı askeri gücü canlı kılmaktı. Osmanlı Devleti’ni, güçlü ordusu sayesinde zor durumlara sokan Mısır, merkezin başta ordusunu olmak üzere tüm kurumlarını modernleştirmek için çalışmalar yapmasına da yol açmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Mısır, Osmanlı Devleti, Mehmet Ali Paşa, İsmail Paşa, Tanzimat Fermanı. SUMMARY Egypt became one of the most important provinces of the state since it went under the dominance of the Ottoman State in 16.century and it kept this statement until the first half of 20. century. Egypt was the first “salyaneli” province of the Ottoman State and since it was so away from the central authority, there were difficulties about its management. Since the old ages, people who came and settle in these lands where the Nile gave life, struggled for an independent dominance in the region. This statement is the same in the Ottoman and Islamic conquest terms. The viceroys who were appointed by Ottoman State were defeated by “Memluk” feudal chiefs or beated them and decelerated their own independence. In the occurring of this statement, being away from the center is an important reason but also claiming dominance after being stronger in Egypt was like a tradition. In just the same way, Mehmet Ali Pasha who is known as the founder of the modern Egypt in Egypt history, tried some ways in order to be actually independent until he first came to this lands and identificated the 19. century Ottoman-Egypt relations in this way. In the term of Mehmet Ali Pasha, there was “veraset” management in Egypt and this statement went on until İsmail Pasha. In the time period between Mehmet Ali Pasha came to the head and İsmail Pasha came to the head, in the terms of Abbas and Said Pashas there was a political silence in Egypt. Some important events of these terms were starting the building of railway and the arguments about practicing the “Tanzimat Fermanı” in the region. İsmail Pasha, who is known as the second big reformer after Mehmet Ali Pasha in Egypt history, hardly tried to widen the “autonomy” rights of Egypt and had the “Khedive title” and nearly pulled Egypt away from the centre. In this term, Egypt had a great economic and cultural development with opening the Süveyş Channel and widening of the railway net. But these developments brought economic difficulties to Egypt and so gave the reason to the European States which was needed to interfere Egypt. In Egypt, channel, fabric, railway and harbor buildings were made with the loans taken from European States. But İsmail Pasha, who wanted to build up a European civilization in African lands, was not able to give back the interests of these loans anymore and the first interference of Europe came economically which was followed by military interference. Occupation of Egypt was unavoidable also because of the political and economic collapse of the Ottoman State. Although the negative results of all the political and economic developments, Egypt showed big developments about modernity. Main aim of these modernity studies, started in the term of Mehmet Ali Pasha, was to make the militarily force alive. Egypt gave Ottoman State difficult statements, because of its strong army. Also Egypt caused the centre to make studies in order to develop its all institutions-first of all its army. Key Words: Egypt, Ottoman State, Mehmet Ali Pasha, İsmail Pasha, Tanzimat Fermanı. İÇİNDEKİLER ÖZET ................................................................................................................................I SUMMARY...................................................................................................................III İÇİNDEKİLER.............................................................................................................. V TABLOLAR LİSTESİ .................................................................................................. X ÖNSÖZ ..........................................................................................................................XI KISALTMALAR .......................................................................................................XIII KONU VE KAYNAKLAR......................................................................................... XV GİRİŞ................................................................................................................................I BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM 1. MISIR’DA İDARİ TEŞKİLAT VE NÜFUS 1.1. Mısır’ın İdari Taksimatı ................................................................................... 26 1.1.1. Vilayetler (Keşufiyyetler)........................................................................... 30 1. 1. 2. Sancaklar ................................................................................................... 32 1. 2. XVI. Yüzyılda Beylerbeyilik Olarak Mısır................................................. 36 1. 2. 1. Mısır Beylerbeyi’nin Tayini..................................................................... 38 1. 2. 2. Mısır Beylerbeyi’nin Görevleri................................................................ 41 1. 2. 3. Mısır Beylerbeyilerinin Görev Süreleri .................................................. 44 1. 2. 4. Mısır Beylerbeyi’nin Azli ......................................................................... 44 1. 2. 5. Mısır Beylerbeyi’nin Teftişi ..................................................................... 45 1. 2. 6. Mısır Beylerbeyi’nin Yardımcıları.......................................................... 46 1. 3. Mısır’ın İdarecileri ........................................................................................... 48 1. 3. 1. Muhafaza Sancak Beyleri ........................................................................ 48 1. 3. 2. Beylerbeyi Kaymakamı ............................................................................ 49 1. 3. 3. Memluk Beyleri......................................................................................... 50 1. 3. 4. Kâşifler....................................................................................................... 51 1. 3. 5. Şeyhü’l-Araplık........................................................................................
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