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Imperial Norms and Local Realities

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BTS 105 The primary aim of this study is to revise the perception of the Imperial Norms and Local Realities municipal institution in the standard literature on the Ottoman Tanzimat period, and to counter the common assumption that this institution was imposed on rather unwelcoming provinces from The Ottoman Municipal Laws above, that is, the central authorities of the Empire. The formative and the Municipality of Beirut years of a number of municipal institutions in Syria had so far been (1860-1908) overlooked completely, and the widely held view among historians was that these municipalities were only established in the 1870s. The detailed examination of primary sources has revealed that the municipal institutions in Syria were established a decade earlier, and Malek Sharif that the history of the municipality of Beirut is more nuanced than Malek Sharif hitherto assumed. This study provides a differentiated picture of the Beirut municipality, achieved through the careful perusal of the consecutive Ottoman laws. The findings have been compared and contrasted with evidence derived from a variety of contemporary sources that included, among others, the local press, Ottoman almanacs, memoirs, Western consular correspondence, travelogues and Ottoman archival material. Malek Sharif was Visiting Assistant Professor at the History and Archaeology Department and Civilisation Sequence Program at the American University of Beirut from 2008 until 2010, since then he is lecturer at the same departments. Imperial Norms and Local Realities ISBN 978-3-89913-997-6 ISSN 0067-4931 Orient-Institut Beirut Beiruter Texte und Studien 105 Imperial Norms and Local Realities BEIRUTER TEXTE UND STUDIEN HERAUSGEGEBEN VOM ORIENT-INSTITUT BEIRUT BAND 105 Imperial Norms and Local Realities The Ottoman Municipal Laws and the Municipality of Beirut (1860–1908) Malek Sharif BEIRUT 2014 ERGON VERLAG WÜRZBURG IN KOMMISSION Cover design: Taline Yozgatian Cover picture: the cover picture is a collage of four photographs reproduced in the Appendix Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbiografie. Detaillierte biografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie. Detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. ISBN 978–3–89913–997–6 ISSN 0067–4931 © 2014 Orient-Institut Beirut (Max Weber Stiftung Deutsche Geisteswissenschaftliche Insti- tute im Ausland (DGIA)) Das Werk einschließlich aller seiner Teile ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung des Werkes -außerhalb des Urheberrechtsgesetzes bedarf der Zustimmung des Orient-Insti tuts. Dies gilt insbesondere für Vervielfältigungen jeder Art, Übersetzungen, Mikroverfilmungen sowie für die Einspeicherung in elek tronische Systeme. Gedruckt mit Unterstützung des Orient-Instituts Beirut, gegründet von der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, aus Mitteln des Bundesministeriums für Bildung und Forschung. Ergon-Verlag, Dr. H. J. Dietrich Keesburgstraße 11, D-97074 Würzburg Printing: Dergham sarl, Jdeidet el-Metn Printed in Lebanon To my parents Ulfa Baasiri and Ali Sharif in deep affection, and to Kamal Salibi in gratitude, alas in memoriam. Table of Contents Note on Transliteration .............................................. XI Acknowledgements ................................................. XIII Introduction ......................................................... 1 Primary Sources and Methodology ............................. 11 I.The Municipalities in Syria prior to the Introduction of the Municipal Law ................................................. 29 A.The Council of Municipal Organisation ..................... 32 B.The Civil Committees for Urban Functions .................. 34 C.The First Municipal Council ................................ 37 II.The Legal Framework of Municipal Institutions in the Ottoman Provinces prior to the First Constitutional Period (1876–1878) .. 51 A.The Municipal Code of 1867 ................................ 54 1.The President of the Municipal Council (the Mayor), the Municipal Council and the Inspectors ................ 55 2.The General Functions of the Municipality ............... 57 3.The Income and Expenses of the Municipality ........... 58 4.General Evaluation of the 1867 Code .................... 60 VIII TABLE OF CONTENTS B Chapter Seven of the Provincial Law of 1871 Concerning Municipal Affairs and Regulations .......................... 66 1.The Functions of the Municipality According to Chapter Seven of the Provincial Law of 1871 ...................... 68 2.The Resources of the Municipality ....................... 69 3.General Evaluation of Chapter Seven of the Provincial Law of 1871 ............................................. 71 C.The Regulations of the Public Medical Department .......... 74 III.The Municipal Code for the Provinces of 1877, the Ottoman Constitution and the Parliament ................................. 79 A.The Municipal Code for the Provinces of 1877 .............. 80 1.The Election of the Council Members .................... 81 2.The Municipal Council (meclis-i belediye/al-majlis al-baladī) and the Mayor (meclis-i belediye reis-i/ra˒īs majlis al-baladiyya) ..................................... 83 3.The Municipal Assembly (cem’iyet-i belediye/al-jam˓iyya al-baladiyya) ............................................ 84 4.The Finance and Functions of the Municipality ........... 85 a Infrastructure, Construction and Maintenance Functions .. 86 b.Administrative and Control Functions ................ 86 c Public Health Responsibilities ........................ 87 d Social Welfare Functions ............................. 87 5.An Assessment of the 1877 Municipal Code ............. 87 B.The Parliamentary Discussions: The Municipal Code of 1877 in the Making ............................................... 91 1.A Portrait of Niqula al-Naqqash, the Deputy of Syria in the Parliament ............................................... 92 2.The Parliamentary Meetings ............................. 98 3.The Contributions of al-Naqqash and Beyhum to the Legal Amendments ............................................. 101 C.The New Laws and the Arabic-Speaking Syrians ............ 110 1 The Private Press and the Official Press of the Province .... 110 2 Law Compendia in Arabic ............................... 112 TABLE OF CONTENTS IX IV.The Municipal Elections and the Mayors of Beirut .............. 115 A.The Early Mayors of Beirut Prior to the Application of the 1877 Municipal Law ........................................ 117 B.The First Municipal Elections in Beirut and Damascus as Depicted in the Beiruti Press and Ottoman Archival Documents ................................................. 119 C.A Note on the Municipal Elections in Beirut During the Hamidian Period ................................ 124 D.The Mayors of Beirut After the Application of the 1877 Municipal Law ............................................. 127 1 Ibrahim Fakhri Nami Bey ................................ 127 2.Muhyi al-Din Efendi Hamada ............................ 131 3 ˓Abd al-Qadir al-Qabbani ................................ 134 4 ˓Abd al-Rahman Baydun Pasha .......................... 138 5 ˓Abd al-Qadir al-Dana ................................... 139 V.The Financial Reality of the Municipality ...................... 143 A.The Formative Years ........................................ 144 B From 1878 Until 1888 ...................................... 146 C From 1888 Until 1908 ...................................... 149 D The Influence of the Weak Finances of the Municipality on its Construction Activities ...................................... 159 VI.The Authority and the Political Reality of the Municipality ..... 167 A.The Municipality and the Governors of the Province of Beirut 168 1.Ali Pasha (1888–1889) .................................. 168 2 Ra˒uf Pasha (1889) ...................................... 170 3.Aziz Pasha (1889–1892) ................................. 170 4 Ismail Kemal Bey (1892) ................................ 170 5.Halid Baban Bey (1892–1894) ........................... 173 6.Abdülhalik Nasuhi Bey (1894–1896) .................... 175 B A Question of Responsibility ................................ 177 X TABLE OF CONTENTS VII.The Municipality and Public Health ............................ 181 A.The Struggle Against Recurring Epidemics .................. 181 B.The Municipal Doctors ...................................... 188 C.The Municipal Pharmacy ................................... 190 D.The Municipal Hospital ..................................... 190 E Smallpox Vaccination in Beirut ............................. 196 F.The Introduction of the Diphtheria Antitoxin ................ 204 Conclusion .......................................................... 209 Bibliography ........................................................ 217 A. Newspapers, Magazines ..................................... 217 B.Archives .................................................... 217 C.Ottoman Yearbooks and Laws ............................... 222 D Published Primary Sources, Secondary Source and Reference Works ............................................ 223 Index ................................................................ 237 Appendix ...........................................................
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    Gomidas Institute Studies Series TALAAT PASHA’S REPORT ON THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE by Ara Sarafian Gomidas Institute London This work originally appeared as Talaat Pasha’s Report on the Armenian Genocide, 1917. It has been revised with some changes, including a new title. Published by Taderon Press by arrangement with the Gomidas Institute. © 2011 Ara Sarafian. All Rights Reserved. ISBN 978-1-903656-66-2 Gomidas Institute 42 Blythe Rd. London W14 0HA United Kingdom Email: [email protected] CONTENTS Introduction by Ara Sarafian 5 Map 18 TALAAT PASHA’S 1917 REPORT Opening Summary Page: Data and Calculations 20 WESTERN PROVINCES (MAP) 22 Constantinople 23 Edirne vilayet 24 Chatalja mutasarriflik 25 Izmit mutasarriflik 26 Hudavendigar (Bursa) vilayet 27 Karesi mutasarriflik 28 Kala-i Sultaniye (Chanakkale) mutasarriflik 29 Eskishehir vilayet 30 Aydin vilayet 31 Kutahya mutasarriflik 32 Afyon Karahisar mutasarriflik 33 Konia vilayet 34 Menteshe mutasarriflik 35 Teke (Antalya) mutasarriflik 36 CENTRAL PROVINCES (MAP) 37 Ankara (Angora) vilayet 38 Bolu mutasarriflik 39 Kastamonu vilayet 40 Janik (Samsun) mutasarriflik 41 Nigde mutasarriflik 42 Kayseri mutasarriflik 43 Adana vilayet 44 Ichil mutasarriflik 45 EASTERN PROVINCES (MAP) 46 Sivas vilayet 47 Erzerum vilayet 48 Bitlis vilayet 49 4 Talaat Pasha’s Report on the Armenian Genocide Van vilayet 50 Trebizond vilayet 51 Mamuretulaziz (Elazig) vilayet 52 SOUTH EASTERN PROVINCES AND RESETTLEMENT ZONE (MAP) 53 Marash mutasarriflik 54 Aleppo (Halep) vilayet 55 Urfa mutasarriflik 56 Diyarbekir vilayet
  • Erzurum Eyâlet Kanunnâmelerinin Tahlili

    Erzurum Eyâlet Kanunnâmelerinin Tahlili

    Türk Hukuk Tarihi Araþtýrmalarý, Sayý 2, 2006 (Güz), 87-98 Erzurum Eyâlet Kanunnâmelerinin Tahlili Bilgehan Pamuk* An Analysis of the Kanunnâmes From the Erzurum Province Ottomans used to make tahrir applications in order to collect taxes. In tahrir registers, especially at the beginnings the register or at the beginning of the relevant chapters the officials used to put ka- nunnâmes about the mentioned district. These kanunnâme which were named sanjak kanunnâmes, were acts whose aim was to include all elements who are subjected to pay tax in a sanjak. After Er- zurum became under Ottomans control, in order to determine the people who can be subjected to pay tax, Erzurum’s first kanunnâme the 16th century new sanjak kanunnâmes were formed. In 17th century, the timar system was fatally damaged and it became impossible to determine the tahrirs. In order to get out of this chaos the timar system gradually changed into iltizam system. With these changes in the system, the tahrir application was largely given up. This change, also affected the nature of Erzurum kanunnâmes. From then on Erzurum kanunnâmes turned into or- ganizational kanunnâmes. This kanunnâme was edited in relation to the incomes of the treasure. In conclusion, in this study, the kanunnâmes including acts towards the determination of the pe- ople who are subjected to pay tax in Erzurum will be introduced chronologically and after that they will be evaluated from conceptual, historiographical and methodological points of view. Key Words: Province, Sanjak, Organization, Kanunnâme, Law, Erzurum. Giriþ XVI. yüzyýlýn baþlarýnda Erzurum, sýkýntýlý bir devre geçirmekteydi. Doðu Ana- dolu Bölgesi’nde nüfuz mücadelesi, Osmanlýlar ile Safevîleri karþý karþýya getir- di.
  • Waqf Endowments in the Old City of Jerusalem: Changing Status and Archival Sources

    Waqf Endowments in the Old City of Jerusalem: Changing Status and Archival Sources

    chapter 25 Waqf Endowments in the Old City of Jerusalem: Changing Status and Archival Sources Salim Tamari The Old City of Jerusalem is unique in its predominance of endowed, or waqf, properties (public and family-based). At the end of the twentieth century, waqf properties in all categories totaled 1,781 units, or 54 percent of all proper- ties in the Old City.1 In terms of area, these properties amounted to 348 dunams (1 dunam = 0.247 acres), or about 66 percent of the total area of the Old City. One quarter of those were family endowments (waqf dhirrī), equivalent to 567 units or 84 dunams. The revenue of these endowments was assigned to both private and charitable purposes, which will be explained below. The task of finding accurate sources for interpreting the scope and character of these properties has been a major challenge for the historian. Court records and land registry archives have been plagued with problems of accessibility, shift- ing registration procedures, and proper bureaucratic organization of registered properties. An additional problem was the layers of leasing and subleasing of waqf properties, some of which were never registered. Since 1967, another prob- lem has emerged: the abuse of archaic legal categories of endowments by the State of Israel and its propensity to sequester waqf property on behalf of the state and settler groups. In this chapter I will examine how new archival sources can help to shed light on the extent and nature of these family and public endowments. These archival sources include municipal tax registries for Old City properties, aerial photography and on-site architectural surveys.