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Misir'da Tarġhçġlġk Ve Tarġh Yaziciliği

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Misir'da Tarġhçġlġk Ve Tarġh Yaziciliği T. C. ĠSTANBUL ÜNĠVERSĠTESĠ SOSYAL BĠLĠMLER ENSTĠTÜSÜ TARĠH ANABĠLĠM DALI YAKINÇAĞ TARĠHĠ BĠLĠM DALI DOKTORA TEZĠ MISIR’DA TARĠHÇĠLĠK VE TARĠH YAZICILIĞI (1800-1850) HALĠL ĠBRAHĠM EROL 2502100020 TEZ DANIġMANI Prof. Dr. MEHMET ALĠ BEYHAN ĠSTANBUL – 2019 ÖZ MISIR’DA TARĠHÇĠLĠK VE TARĠH YAZICILIĞI (1800-1850) HALĠL ĠBRAHĠM EROL Bu doktora araĢtırması giriĢ ve üç ana bölümden oluĢmaktadır. GiriĢ kısmı metot, teorik çerçeve, Osmanlı-Mısır modernleĢmesi ve Mısır tarihine genel bir bakıĢı kapsamaktadır. Bu kısımlarda, temel amacımız bu çalıĢmanın odak noktası olan periyodu anlamak için süreklilikleri ve kesintileri takip etmektir. Birinci bölüm Kavalalı Mehmed Ali PaĢa yönetiminde, 1800-1850 arası, Mısır‟da gerçekleĢen değiĢimlere odaklanmaktadır. Bu kısımda, öncelikle siyasi, ekonomik ve sosyal dönüĢümleri, kendisini önceleyen Osmanlı dönemiyle mukayese ederek, önemli farklıkları göstermek ve idrak etmek üzere incelemekteyiz. Takip eden kısımda, matbaa ve neĢriyat masaya yatırılmaktadır. Sonrasında ise Fransızca ve Ġngilizce gibi Avrupa dillerinden tarih alanında Arapça ve Türkçeye yapılan çevirilere odaklanmaktayız. XIX. yüzyılın ikinci çeyreği olan bu evreyi tarih yazıcılığı açısından “pasif dönem” olarak isimlendirmekteyiz. Ġkinci bölümde, Kavalalı döneminde Mısır‟da yaĢamıĢ ve eser yazmıĢ tarihçileri, Mısır tarih yazıcılığının izini sürmek ve onu XIX. yüzyıl Mısır tarih yazıcılığını kendi bağlamına oturtmak için Osmanlı dönemi boyunca ortaya çıkan ana unsurlarını ortaya koymaktayız. Mısırlı tarihçiler Abdurrahman el-Cebertî, Abdullah eĢ-ġarkâvî, Ġsmail el-HaĢĢâb ve Ahmed er-Recebî, sırasıyla titiz bir Ģekilde incelenmektedir. Akabinde Mısırlı tarihçiler, eserleri baz alınarak kendi aralarında mukayese edilmektedir. Abdurrahman el- Cebertî ve eseri Acâib bu bölümde temel bir konumu iĢgal etmektedir. Üçüncü ve son bölümde, Mısır‟ın Fransızlar tarafından iĢgaliyle bağlantılı bir Ģekilde Mısır tarih yazıcılığı ele alınmaktadır. Öncelikle Fransızların Mısır‟a olan ilgilerinin tarihsel arka planının izleri sürülmekte ve peĢi sıra Abdurrahman el-Cebertî ve Nikola et- Türk‟ün Fransız iĢgaline dair yazdıkları tarih eserleri mukayeseli olarak incelenmektedir. Bu doktora araĢtırması esnasında, tarih eserleri incelenirken, Ġngilizce ve Fransızca çalıĢmalardan gerekli görüldüğünce istifade etmenin yanı sıra, Arapça kaynakları kullanmaktayız. III Anahtar Kelimeler: Tarih alanında yapılan Tercümeler, Mısır tarih yazıcılığı, Abdurrahman el-Ceberti, Abdullah eĢ-ġarkavi, Ġsmail el-HaĢĢab, Ahmed er-Recebi, Nikola et-Türk. IV ABSTRACT HISTORIOGRAPHY IN EGYPT (1800-1850) HALĠL ĠBRAHĠM EROL This doctoral research consists of introduction and three main parts. The introduction comprises method, theorical approach, Ottoman-Egypt modernization and general view of Egypt history. In those parts, my main purpose is to trace the continities and discontinuities to figure out the period which is focal period in this study. The first part focuses on reign of Muhammad Ali Pasha and changes that took place in 1800-150 in Egypt. In this part, firstly we analyze political, economical and social transformations by comparing with the preceding Ottoman period to show and grasp the important differences. In the next chapter, we study printing press and publications. And then, we focus on translations from European languages like French and English to Arabic and Turkish in history field. We call this second quarter of 19th century as “passive period” in terms of historiography. In the second part, we study the historians, who lived and wrote during the reign of Muhammad Ali Pasha, with an introduction for the purpose of tracing the Egyptian historiography and manifesting its main patterns thoroughout Ottoman period to place the 19th century Egyptian historiography in its context. We scrutinize respectively, Egyptian historians, Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti, Abdallah al-Sharqavi, Ismail al-Khashshab and Ahmad al-Rajabi. Egyptian Historians are then compared among themselves on the basis of their own works. Abdurrahman al-Jabarti and his chronicle, Ajaib occupies a central position in this part. In the third and final chapter, we discuss the Egyptian historiography as a part of French invasion of Egypt. Firstly, we trace the historical background of French‟s interest of Egypt. And then this research deals with the chronicles related to the French invasion written by Abd al- Rahman al-Jabarti and Niqula al-Turc with comparative approach. In this doctorate research, we use Arabic sources when analyzing the chronicles, at the same time, we consult with the English and French literature as far as we consider it necessary. Keywords: Translations in history field, Egyptian historiography, Abd al- Rahman al-Jabarti, Abdullah al-Sharqawi, Ismail al-Khashshab, Ahmad al-Rajabi, Niqula al-Turc. V ÖNSÖZ Bu tez çalıĢması giriĢ hariç üç bölümden oluĢmaktadır. GiriĢ bölümde literatüre dair yapılmıĢ yüksek lisans, doktora, makale veya kitap çalıĢmalarından yola çıkarak mevcut doktora tezinin gerekliliği ve ehemmiyeti izah edilme yoluna gidilmiĢtir. Özellikle de Türkçe sahada bu konuda herhangi bir çalıĢmanın yapılmadığı tespitini barındıran bir literatür taramasına yer verilmektedir. Böylece çalıĢmanın kaynakçasına katkı sağlanmıĢ olduğu gibi bundan sonra yapılacak çalıĢmalara da altyapı hazırlanması öngörülmüĢtür. Yöntem kısmı ise önceki kısmın devamı niteliğindedir ve onun üzerine bina edilerek nasıl bir metodoloji takip edildiği açıklanmaktadır. Hangi usul ile tez yazılma yoluna gidildiğinden bahsedilen bu kısım Türkçe literatürün ötesine geçilerek Ġngilizce ve Arapça kaynakların meseleye dahil edildiğine temas etmektedir. Akabinde Osmanlı-Mısır modernleĢmesine kısaca temas edildikten sonra Mısır tarihine dair genel bir özet yapılmaktadır. Tezin birinci bölümünde XIX. yüzyılın ilk yarısında Mısır tarihine odaklanılmıĢtır. Ardından kısaca Kavalalı Mehmet Ali PaĢa‟nın Ģahsıyla alakalı bir kısıma yer verildikten sonra tezin konusu olan tarihçiklik alanındaki faaliyetler, matbaa, neĢir ve tercümeler etrafında incelemektedir. Tezin ikinci bölümünde XIX. asrın ilk yarısında Mısır‟da tarihçilik ve tarihçiler baĢlığı altında Abdurrahman el-Ceberti ve Acâibü’l-Âsâr fi’t-Terâcimi ve’l Ahbâr isimli eseri, Abdullah eĢ-ġarkâvî ve Tuhfetü’n-Nâzırîn fî men Veliye Mısr mine’l-Mülûk ve’s-Salâtîn isimli kitabı, Ġsmail el-HaĢĢâb ve Hulâsatü mâ Yürâd min Ahbâri’l-Emîr Murâd, Tezkiretü li-Ehli’l-Basâir ve’l-Absâr ma‘a Vechi’l-İhtisâr ve et-Târîhu’l-Müselsel fî Havâdisi’z-Zamân ve Vekâyii’d-Dîvân isimli eserleri ile Halil b. Ahmed er-Recebî‟nin Târîhu’l-Vezîr Muhammed Ali Bâşa isimli tarih kitabı incelenmektedir. Üçüncü ve son bölümde ise Fransız iĢgali ve tarih yazıcılığı baĢlığı altında Cebertî‟nin Târîhu Müddeti’l-Fransis bi Mısr isimli metni ve Mazharu’t-Takdîs bi- Zehâbi Devleti’l-Fransis isimli eseri ile Nikola bin Yusuf et-Türk‟ün Zikru Temellük’il-Fransaviyye el-Aktâre’l-Mısrıyye ve’l-Bilâd’eş-Şâmiyye isimli tarihi incelenmektedir. Cebertî‟nin Acâib‟inin üçüncü cildindeki üç senelik periyot Mazhar ile ilk yedi aylık dönem ise Müdde metniyle çakıĢmakta olmasına rağmen tez VI dağılımının dengesi gözetilme sebebiyle iki ayrı bölümde incelenmiĢtir. Mezkûr çakıĢmaların çalıĢma esnasında tekrarlara yol açabileme ihtimali göz önünde bulundurularak, bu tür bir sorunun önü hangi mesele ilk defa nerede geçiyorsa o eser öncelenerek ve konu o baĢlık altında incelenerek bertaraf edilmeye çalıĢılmıĢtır ve yapılan mukayeseler hadisenin ilk geçtiği eser merkeze alınarak yapılmıĢtır. Tezde yer alan isimlerin, ilk geçtikleri yerde ismin peĢi sıra parantez içinde mezkûr kiĢinin ölüm tarihi belirtilmiĢtir. Mensubiyet ifade eden Arapça sıfatlarda bulunan sondaki sesli harfte “Cebertî” örneğindeki imla tercih edilmiĢtir. Onun dıĢında anlam kaybı yaĢayacağı düĢünülen yerlerde Osmanlıca tabirler, eser isimleri, Arapça ifadelerde bu kaybı yaĢatmayacak yazım karakterleriyle desteklenme yoluna gidilmiĢtir. Yine yoğun bir Ģekilde kullanılan kelimelerde anlamın bozulmadığı yerlerde (örneğin maddi, manevi, iktisadi, siyasi) nispet belirtmek için herhangi bir imla farklılığına gidilmemiĢtir. ġahıs isimlerinde nispet bildiren yer isimleri ya da lakaplar ismin tamamına yer verilen ilk yerde kullanılmıĢ olup daha sonraki kısımlarda “el” takısına yer verilmemiĢtir. Yabancı özel isimlerin (yer ve Ģahıs) orijinal yazım biçimleri mümkün mertebe korunmuĢtur. Aslı Arapça olan Ģahıs isimlerinin imlaları, kullanılan Ġngilizce-Fransızca kaynaklarda yazıldığı Ģekilde (örneğin Rafeq) verilmiĢtir. Osmanlı Türkçesinden transkripsiyonu yapılmıĢ olan eserlerin isimlerindeki gereksiz olduğunu düĢündüğümüz imla ağırlığında da tasarrufa gidildiği yerler olmuĢtur. Yine yazım kuralları çerçevesinde bazı kelimelerin imlasında (örneğin tarihyazımı, arkaplan) tasarrufta bulunulmuĢtur. Tezimizin ana karakterlerinden olan Kavalalı Mehmet Ali PaĢa, 1805‟te vali olarak atanarak paĢa unvanını almıĢtır. Ancak tezde 1805 öncesi dönem için de paĢa rütbesiyle zikredilmesi tercih edilmiĢtir. Tezde ifadenin meramını pekiĢtirmesi açısından, literatüre geçmiĢ bazı Frenkçe tabirler yanlarında tercümesiyle birlikte asıl halleriyle (örneğin mission civilisatrice/ uygarlaĢtırma görevini, laudator temporis acti/ geçmiĢ zamanı öven) verilmiĢtir. Bunların dıĢında tezin genelinde TDK yazım kurallarına bağlı kalınmıĢtır. Arapça isimlerin yazılıĢlarında ise DĠA maddelerindeki yazım biçimine uyulmuĢtur. Ürdün Üniversitesi dil kursunda Arapça‟yı öğretirken bizden daha çok bizim için çabalayarak bizlere eğitim veren Muna Mohammad‟e, her seferinde yeterince okuduğumu artık
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