DOCSLIB.ORG

The Sultan-Caliph and the Heroes of Liberty: Heroism, Revolution, and the Contestation of Public Persona in the Late Ottoman Empire, C

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Sultan-Caliph and the Heroes of Liberty: Heroism, Revolution, and the Contestation of Public Persona in the Late Ottoman Empire, C The Sultan-Caliph and the Heroes of Liberty: Heroism, Revolution, and the Contestation of Public Persona in the late Ottoman Empire, c. 1900-1918 by Arlen Wiesenthal Bachelor of Arts, Simon Fraser University, 2015 Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the Department of History Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences © Arlen Wiesenthal SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Summer 2017 Copyright in this work rests with the author. Please ensure that any reproduction or re-use is done in accordance with the relevant national copyright legislation. Approval Name: Arlen Wiesenthal Degree: Master of Arts Title: The Sultan-Caliph and the Heroes of Liberty: Heroism, Revolution, and the Contestation of Public Persona in the late Ottoman Empire, c. 1900-1918 Examining Committee: Chair: Ilya Vinkovetsky Associate Professor Dr. Thomas Kuehn Senior Supervisor Associate Professor Dr. Paul Sedra Supervisor Associate Professor Dr. Evdoxios Doxiadis Supervisor Assitant Professor Dr. Gavin Brockett External Examiner Associate Professor Department of Religion and Culture— Wilfrid Laurier University Date Defended/Approved: June 7, 2017 ii Abstract Drawing on a variety of Istanbul-based print media sources in Ottoman Turkish (Osmanlıca), this thesis argues that the symbolic politics of public persona played a pivotal role in certain registers of the cultural transition from Hamidian to CUP rule in the late Ottoman Empire. This process was manifested through the anthropomorphic representation of heroism and villainy, concepts that were informed by and tethered to imaginings of “ saviourhood”—i.e., whether certain figures were seen as contributing to or working against the maintenance of the health and fate of the empire in the face of foreign imperialism and separatist nationalism. Moreover, it draws on the category of heroism to demonstrate that the veneration of the ruling members of the Ottoman dynasty (Osmanlı Hanedanı or “the House of Osman”), both past and present, continued to influence forms of identification with the Ottoman state in the wake of the Ottoman revolution of 1908. Keywords: Late Ottoman Empire; Public Persona; Imperial Heroism; Ottoman dynasty; Ottoman Revolution of 1908; Ottoman Material Culture iii Dedication For my family, from the shores of Lake Winnipeg, under the big blue sky. Their love is all of my poetry, and I am a coin in the palms of their hands. iv Acknowledgements: I thank… Thomas Kuehn, my hoca, for believing in me, for sharing his curiosity and vast wealth of knowledge, and for treating me as a partner in contemplation of the intricacies and problems of Ottoman history. For these things and countless others I am forever in his debt, and I am ever so proud to call myself his student. Luke Clossey, mad scientist extraordinaire, for exemplifying the path of the lifetime student, and for instilling in me a respect for beings across all times and from all possible worlds. Evdoxios Doxiadis, an invaluable mentor, for going well beyond the call of duty time and time again. Nâlân Erbil Erkan, a devoted teacher and amazing human being, for imparting to me the gift of Turkish, and to whom I owe so much of my ability to be an Ottomanist. Derryl MacLean, a “historian’s historian,” for instilling in me a passion for Middle East and Islamic history, and for making me think critically about the relationship between sources, method, and theory. Paul Sedra, for showing me a balance between minimalism and complexity. Ilya Vinkovetsky, a voice of reason, practically, and good sense, for always looking out for me in the “madhouse” of academia, and for cautioning me of the danger of only searching “where the light is.” Aaron Windel, a model of patience and intellectual creativity, for showing me the value of balancing historical empathy with moral critique. Jeremy Brown, Nicholas Kenny, Dimitris Krallis, Roxanne Panchasi, Bidisha Ray, Amyn B. Sajoo, Uli Schamiloglu, Jennifer Spear, and Sarah Walshaw for making me into an historian. Sukhjit Chohan (the man, the myth, the legend), for his mentorship, wisdom, and bowling prowess. Emre Erhan, a truly wonderful friend, for sharing his desire to know more about the world. Grant Gilles, for his honesty, humility, and contagious attention to his craft. May the Force be with him. Aleksandar Jovanović, a great friend, a force of nature, and a formidable partner in conversation whose ideas have proven indispensable to my thinking about history and historians. Candice Klein, for her friendship, strength, and individuality in the face of adversity. Aali Mirjat, for his skepticism, compassion, and nonconformity. I have learned more from him than he might care to admit. Ruth Anderson, Janine-Marie Conrad, Judi Fraser, Liane McIlmoyle, Marlis Saleh, Tammy Theis, and Tessa Wright for their wondrous works “behind the scenes,” to which this thesis is indebted. Ataman Avdan, Robin Bunton, Scott Bursey, Bruce Dyck, Scott Eaton, Liam O’Flaherty, Khash Hemmati, Madeline Knickerbocker, Ardalan Rezamand, Andrea Samoil, and Leah Wiener for providing me with their input, expertise, collegiality, friendship, compassion, and (above all) good humor and good times. Finally, my “teachers in-absentia” Richard Bulliet and Ross McCormack, with whom I have barely spoken, but from whom I have learned so much about the historian’s craft. v Table of Contents Approval .......................................................................................................................................... ii Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... iii Dedication ...................................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgements: I thank… ........................................................................................................ v Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................... vi List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... vii Preface .......................................................................................................................................... viii Chapter 1. Introduction: Heroic Persona and the Late Ottoman World .................................... 1 Chapter 2. “In Memory of the White Horse of Fatih”: Heroism, Imperial Culture, and Dynastic Persona in the Late Ottoman World, 1900-1918 .................................... 23 Chapter 3. God’s Shadow Revealed: Monarchy, Villainy, and the Deconstruction of the Hamidian Order, 1908-1911 .................................................................................. 73 Chapter 4. Grand Heroes of the Twenty-fourth of July: Enver Bey, Niyazi Bey, and Ottoman Revolutionary Heroism (1908-1911) .................................................... 106 Chapter 5. Conclusion: The Osmanlı Empire?...................................................................... 139 References ................................................................................................................................... 147 vi List of Figures Figure 1. Sultan Mehmed V visits Sultan Murad I’s “Place of Martyrdom” ...................... 60 Figure 2. Sultan Mehmed II as Alexandrine Emperor and Conqueror of Constantinople on the cover of Afiyet................................................................................................ 61 Figure 3. Sultan Mehmed II and Ayasofya Camii on a “Souvenir de Constantinople”...... 62 Figure 4. “On Cairo Roads” by Ahmet Refik ..................................................................... 69 Figure 5. “Yaşayan Ölüler” or “Living Dead” ................................................................... 70 Figure 6. “Mübarek Şehidlerimiz” or “Our Blessed Martyrs” ............................................ 71 Figure 7. “Les Traitres” .................................................................................................... 100 Figure 8. Abdülhamid II the exile in Salonica .................................................................. 101 Figure 9. “Remembering Nisan 14th” .............................................................................. 102 Figure 10. Abdülhamid II and Ottoman soveriegnty .......................................................... 103 Figure 11. Enver Bey, Hero of Liberty ............................................................................... 129 Figure 12. Niyazi Bey, Hero of Liberty .............................................................................. 130 Figure 13. Enver Bey, grand and devoted hero of the 10th of Temmuz ............................ 131 Figure 14. Niyazi Bey, grand and devoted hero of the 10th of Temmuz ........................... 132 Figure 15. The Movements of Mehmed V in Resimli Kitap............................................... 135 Figure 16. “His Imperial Majesty the Honorable Sultan Mehmed Han V” ........................ 136 vii Preface “He looked at least seven feet long. His covering had fallen off, and his body emerged from it pitiful and appalling as from a winding sheet. I could see the cage of his ribs all astir, the bones of his arm waving. It was as though an animated image of death carved out of old ivory had been shaking its hand with menaces at a motionless crowd of men made of dark
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Selim I–Mehmet Vi)
    CHRONOLOGY (SELIM I–MEHMET VI) Years of Sultan Important dates reign 1512–1520 Selim I Conquest of Egypt, Selim assumes the title of Caliph (1517) 1520–1566 Süleyman Vienna sieged (1529); War with Venice (1537–1540); Annexation of Hungary (1541) 1566–1574 Selim II Ottoman navy loses the battle of Lepanto (1571) 1574–1595 Murad III Janissary revolts (1589 and 1591–1592) 1595–1603 Mehmed III War with Austria continues (1595– ) 1603–1617 Ahmed I War with Austria ends; Buda is recovered (1604) 1617–1622 Osman II Janissaries murder Osman (1622) 1622–1623 Mustafa I Janissary Revolt (1622) 1623–1640 Murad IV Baghdad recovered (1638); War with Iran (1624–1639) 1640–1648 İbrahim I War with Venice (1645); Assassination of İbrahim (1648) 1648–1687 Mehmed IV Janissary dominance in Istanbul and anar- chy (1649–1651); War with Venice continues (1663); War with Austria, and siege of Vienna (1683) 1687–1691 Süleyman II Janissary revolt (1687); Austria’s occupation of Belgrade (1688) 1691–1695 Ahmed II War with Austria (1694) 1695–1703 Mustafa II Treaty of Karlowitz (1699); Janissary revolt and deposition of Mustafa (1703) 1703–1730 Ahmed III Refuge of Karl XII (1709); War with Venice (1714–1718); War with Austria (1716); Treaty of Passarowitz (1718); ix x REFORMING OTTOMAN GOVERNANCE Tulip Era (1718–1730) 1730–1754 Mahmud I War with Russia and Austria (1736–1759) 1754–1774 Mustafa III War with Russia (1768); Russian Fleet in the Aegean (1770); Inva- sion of the Crimea (1771) 1774–1789 Abdülhamid I Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (1774); War with Russia (1787)
    [Show full text]
  • Italian Architects and Modern Egypt
    1 AKPIA @ MIT - Studies on ARCHITECTURE, HISTORY & CULTURE Italian Architects and Modern Egypt Cristina Pallini “Exiles who, fleeing from the Pope or the Bourbons, had embarked at night in fishing boats from Barletta, or Taranto, or from the coast of Sic- ily, and after weeks at sea disembarked in Egypt. I imagined them, the legendary fugitives of the last century, wrapped in their cloaks, with wide-brimmed hats and long beards: they were mostly professional men or intellectuals who, after a while, sent for their wives from Italy or else married local girls. Later on their children and grandchildren . founded charitable institutions in Alexandria, the people’s university, the civil cem- etery. .” To the writer Fausta Cialente,1 these were the first Italians who crossed the Mediterranean in the first half of the nineteenth century to reach what had survived of trading outposts founded in the Middle Ages. Egypt, the meeting point between Africa and Asia, yet so accessible from Europe, was at that time the scene of fierce European rivalry. Within only a few years Mohamed Ali2 had assumed control of the corridors to India, pressing forward with industrial development based on cotton. Having lost no time in inducing him to abandon the conquered territories and revoke his monopoly regime, the Great Powers became competitors on a 1 Fausta Cialente (Cagliari 1898 – London 1994), Ballata levantina (Milan: Feltrinelli, 1961), 127–128. 2 Mohamed Ali (Kavala, Macedonia 1769 – Cairo 1849) is considered to be the founder of modern Egypt. His mark on the country’s history is due to his extensive political and military action, as well as his administrative, economic, and cultural reforms.
    [Show full text]
  • 'The Egyptian Expedition' Video Transcription
    ‘The Egyptian Expedition’ video transcription A man dressed for travel, holding a folder under one arm, faces us. He is on a beach. In the background, we can see several three-masted ships with raised sails. The man begins to speak: [Dominique-Vivant Denon] Dominique Vivant. It’s a funny name isn’t it? My parents, who were winegrowers, chose it for me. In the month of July 1798, I’d already had a full and interesting life: ambassador to Italy, art collector, writer, artist… But the first time I stepped onto Egyptian soil, I had the feeling my real life was about to begin. The view turns to reveal a large port town with a minaret and dozens of armed cavalrymen heading towards the surrounding sand dunes. [Dominique-Vivant Denon] Just imagine: 55 ships, and 36,000 armed men! And at the head of this expedition was a young general by the name of Bonaparte. At the top of a dune, three generals on horseback look out towards the horizon, one through a spyglass. He wears a blue uniform with gold trims—tied at the waist with the French flag—and a feathered hat. He has long black hair and a hooked nose. [Dominique-Vivant Denon] He meant to conquer Egypt, to cut off England’s trade route to India. He wasn't yet 30 years old. Dominique-Vivant Denon points to a group of men on foot, in simpler attire. Holding notebooks and measuring instruments, they look towards the pyramids of Giza. [Dominique-Vivant Denon] I was already 51, and I dreamed of the land of the pharaohs.
    [Show full text]
  • Mongol Aristocrats and Beyliks in Anatolia
    MONGOL ARISTOCRATS AND BEYLIKS IN ANATOLIA. A STUDY OF ASTARĀBĀDĪ’S BAZM VA RAZM* Jürgen Paul Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg Abstract This paper is about beyliks – political entities that include at least one town (or a major fortress or both), its agricultural hinterland and a (large) amounts of pasture. It is also about Mongols in Anatolia in the beylik period (in particular the second half of the 14th century) and their leading families some of whom are presented in detail. The paper argues that the Eretna sultanate, the Mongol successor state in Anatolia, underwent a drawn-out fission process which resulted in a number of beyliks. Out of this number, at least one beylik had Mongol leaders. Besides, the paper argues that Mongols and their leading families were much more important in this period than had earlier been assumed. arge parts of Anatolia came under Mongol rule earlier than western Iran. The Mongols had won a resounding victory over the Rum L Seljuqs at Köse Dağ in 1243, and Mongols then started occupying winter and summer pastures in Central and Eastern Anatolia, pushing the Turks and Türkmens to the West and towards the coastal mountain ranges. Later, Mongol Anatolia became part of the Ilkhanate, and this province was one of the focal points of Ilkhanid politics and intrigues.1 The first troops, allegedly three tümens, had already been dispatched to Anatolia by ———— * Research for this paper was conducted in the framework of Sonderforschungsbereich 586 (“Differenz und Integration”, see www.nomadsed.de), hosted by the universities at Halle-Wittenberg and Leipzig and funded by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.
    [Show full text]
  • Animal Welfare and the Protection of Draft Animals in the Ottoman Fatwa¯ Literature and Legislation
    religions Article Be Gentle to Them: Animal Welfare and the Protection of Draft Animals in the Ottoman Fatwa¯ Literature and Legislation Necmettin Kızılkaya Faculty of Divinity, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul,˙ Turkey; [email protected] Received: 5 August 2020; Accepted: 16 October 2020; Published: 20 October 2020 Abstract: Animal studies in the Islamic context have greatly increased in number in recent years. These studies mostly examine the subject of animal treatment through the two main sources of Islam, namely, the Qur’an and the traditions of the Prophet Muhammad. Some studies that go beyond these two sources examine the subject of animal treatment through the texts of various disciplines, especially those of Islamic jurisprudence and law. Although these two research approaches offer a picture of how animal treatment is perceived in Islamic civilization, it is still not a full one. Other sources, such as fatwa¯ books and archive documents, should be used to fill in the gaps. By incorporating these into the pool of research, we will be better enabled to understand how the principles expressed in the main sources of Islam are reflected in daily life. In this article, I shall examine animal welfare and ( animal protection in the Ottoman context based on the fataw¯ a¯ of Shaykh al-Islam¯ Ebu’s-Su¯ ud¯ Efendi and archival documents. Keywords: animal welfare; animal protection; draft animals; Ottoman Legislation; Fatwa;¯ Ebussuud¯ Efendi In addition to the foundational sources of Islam and the main texts of various disciplines, the use of fatwa¯ (plural: fataw¯ a¯) collections and archival documents will shed light on an accurate understanding of Muslim societies’ perspectives on animals.
    [Show full text]
  • Phd 15.04.27 Versie 3
    Promotor Prof. dr. Jan Dumolyn Vakgroep Geschiedenis Decaan Prof. dr. Marc Boone Rector Prof. dr. Anne De Paepe Nederlandse vertaling: Een Spiegel voor de Sultan. Staatsideologie in de Vroeg Osmaanse Kronieken, 1300-1453 Kaftinformatie: Miniature of Sultan Orhan Gazi in conversation with the scholar Molla Alâeddin. In: the Şakayıku’n-Nu’mâniyye, by Taşköprülüzâde. Source: Topkapı Palace Museum, H1263, folio 12b. Faculteit Letteren & Wijsbegeerte Hilmi Kaçar A Mirror for the Sultan State Ideology in the Early Ottoman Chronicles, 1300- 1453 Proefschrift voorgelegd tot het behalen van de graad van Doctor in de Geschiedenis 2015 Acknowledgements This PhD thesis is a dream come true for me. Ottoman history is not only the field of my research. It became a passion. I am indebted to Prof. Dr. Jan Dumolyn, my supervisor, who has given me the opportunity to take on this extremely interesting journey. And not only that. He has also given me moral support and methodological guidance throughout the whole process. The frequent meetings to discuss the thesis were at times somewhat like a wrestling match, but they have always been inspiring and stimulating. I also want to thank Prof. Dr. Suraiya Faroqhi and Prof. Dr. Jo Vansteenbergen, for their expert suggestions. My colleagues of the History Department have also been supportive by letting me share my ideas in development during research meetings at the department, lunches and visits to the pub. I would also like to sincerely thank the scholars who shared their ideas and expertise with me: Dimitris Kastritsis, Feridun Emecen, David Wrisley, Güneş Işıksel, Deborah Boucayannis, Kadir Dede, Kristof d’Hulster, Xavier Baecke and many others.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 the Turks and Europe by Gaston Gaillard London: Thomas Murby & Co
    THE TURKS AND EUROPE BY GASTON GAILLARD LONDON: THOMAS MURBY & CO. 1 FLEET LANE, E.C. 1921 1 vi CONTENTS PAGES VI. THE TREATY WITH TURKEY: Mustafa Kemal’s Protest—Protests of Ahmed Riza and Galib Kemaly— Protest of the Indian Caliphate Delegation—Survey of the Treaty—The Turkish Press and the Treaty—Jafar Tayar at Adrianople—Operations of the Government Forces against the Nationalists—French Armistice in Cilicia—Mustafa Kemal’s Operations—Greek Operations in Asia Minor— The Ottoman Delegation’s Observations at the Peace Conference—The Allies’ Answer—Greek Operations in Thrace—The Ottoman Government decides to sign the Treaty—Italo-Greek Incident, and Protests of Armenia, Yugo-Slavia, and King Hussein—Signature of the Treaty – 169—271 VII. THE DISMEMBERMENT OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE: 1. The Turco-Armenian Question - 274—304 2. The Pan-Turanian and Pan-Arabian Movements: Origin of Pan-Turanism—The Turks and the Arabs—The Hejaz—The Emir Feisal—The Question of Syria—French Operations in Syria— Restoration of Greater Lebanon—The Arabian World and the Caliphate—The Part played by Islam - 304—356 VIII. THE MOSLEMS OF THE FORMER RUSSIAN EMPIRE AND TURKEY: The Republic of Northern Caucasus—Georgia and Azerbaïjan—The Bolshevists in the Republics of Caucasus and of the Transcaspian Isthmus—Armenians and Moslems - 357—369 IX. TURKEY AND THE SLAVS: Slavs versus Turks—Constantinople and Russia - 370—408 2 THE TURKS AND EUROPE I THE TURKS The peoples who speak the various Turkish dialects and who bear the generic name of Turcomans, or Turco-Tatars, are distributed over huge territories occupying nearly half of Asia and an important part of Eastern Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • (Self) Fashioning of an Ottoman Christian Prince
    Amanda Danielle Giammanco (SELF) FASHIONING OF AN OTTOMAN CHRISTIAN PRINCE: JACHIA IBN MEHMED IN CONFESSIONAL DIPLOMACY OF THE EARLY SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY MA Thesis in Comparative History, with a specialization in Interdisciplinary Medieval Studies. Central European University Budapest CEU eTD Collection May 2015 (SELF) FASHIONING OF AN OTTOMAN CHRISTIAN PRINCE: JACHIA IBN MEHMED IN CONFESSIONAL DIPLOMACY OF THE EARLY SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY by Amanda Danielle Giammanco (United States of America) Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Arts degree in Comparative History, with a specialization in Interdisciplinary Medieval Studies. Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU. ____________________________________________ Chair, Examination Committee ____________________________________________ Thesis Supervisor ____________________________________________ Examiner CEU eTD Collection ____________________________________________ Examiner Budapest May 2015 (SELF) FASHIONING OF AN OTTOMAN CHRISTIAN PRINCE: JACHIA IBN MEHMED IN CONFESSIONAL DIPLOMACY OF THE EARLY SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY by Amanda Danielle Giammanco (United States of America) Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Arts degree in Comparative History, with a specialization in Interdisciplinary Medieval Studies. Accepted in conformance with the standards
    [Show full text]
  • Asimi) Qawasim Confederation Migrates to the Coast of the Arab Gulf from the Persian Littoral
    Timeline / Before 1800 to After 1930 / POLITICAL CONTEXT Date Country Theme 1700 United Arab Emirates (Sharjah) Political Context In the early 1700s, the (Al-Qasimi) Qawasim confederation migrates to the coast of the Arab Gulf from the Persian littoral. Here, they establish their main base in Julfar (later Ras al-Khaimah), soon extending their sway all along the lower Gulf, across areas of the east coast and towns on the Persian littoral. 1765 - 1800 Saudi Arabia Political Context In 1765 Imam Muhammad bin Saud establishes the First Saudi State in Arabia, starting with the Najd region, and making its capital the city of Dir‘iyya. 1782 - 1813 Tunisia Political Context During the reign of Hammuda Pasha Bey, known as the “Founder” of modern Tunisia, the Regency of Tunis enjoys a thriving economy and an overall sense of security. 1790 - 1800 United Arab Emirates (Sharjah) Political Context Between around 1790 and the early 1800s, threatened by increasing British inroads into traditional Gulf economies and politics, and supported by the Persians and Omanis, the Qawasim attack British vessels to defend their economic empire in the Lower Gulf. 1797 Austria Political Context Austria and France conclude the Treaty of Campo Formio on 17 October. Austria then cedes to Belgium and Lombardy. To compensate, it gains the eastern part of the Venetian Republic up to the Adige, including Venice, Istria and Dalmatia. 1800 - 1803 Saudi Arabia Political Context Most parts of Arabia become part of the new Saudi State. In 1803, The two holy cities of Mecca (Makkah) and Medina (Madinah), along with the rest of the Hijaz region, join the Saudi State.
    [Show full text]
  • Between Majority Power and Minority Resistance Kurdish Linguistic Rights in Turkey Ucarlar, Nesrin
    Between Majority Power and Minority Resistance Kurdish Linguistic Rights in Turkey Ucarlar, Nesrin 2009 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Ucarlar, N. (2009). Between Majority Power and Minority Resistance: Kurdish Linguistic Rights in Turkey. Lund University. Total number of authors: 1 General rights Unless other specific re-use rights are stated the following general rights apply: Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Read more about Creative commons licenses: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. LUND UNIVERSITY PO Box 117 221 00 Lund +46 46-222 00 00 BETWEEN MAJORITY POWER AND MINORITY RESISTANCE: KURDISH LINGUISTIC RIGHTS IN TURKEY Between Majority Power and Minority Resistance: Kurdish Linguistic Rights in Turkey Nesrin Uçarlar Lund Political Studies Department of Political Science
    [Show full text]
  • ENVIRONMENT of CULTURE and ART in the OTTOMAN EMPIRE in 19Th CENTURY
    The Online Journal of Science and Technology - April 2018 Volume 8, Issue 2 ENVIRONMENT OF CULTURE AND ART IN THE OTTOMAN th EMPIRE IN 19 CENTURY Nesli Tuğban YABAN Baskent University, Department of Public Relations and Publicity, Ankara-Turkey [email protected] Abstract: Westernisation and modernisation of the Ottoman Empire began to burgeon in the 17th century; it became evident in the 18th century and the 19th century witnessed the most intense interaction and the exact reconstruction process. New way of living which was originated in Europe and representatives thereof became influential as guides and determinants of reconstruction process in the Ottoman Empire. It is possible to point out that the Ottoman Empire which got closer to France for handling military problems, to England for industrialisation purposes and to Italy for architecture and arts had intense communication and the resulting interaction with European states in the course of reconstruction process. This study aims to give information about the social, cultural and artistic environment in the Ottoman Empire during the reign of Sultan Abdul Hamid II (1876-1909). Key Words: Culture, Art, Ottoman Empire, Sultan Abdul Hamid II. General View of the Environment of Culture and Art in 19th Century in the Ottoman Empire It is clear that sultans had a very important role in the ruling of the country as a part of state system of the Ottoman Empire thus, good or bad functioning of the state and events and actions which might affect the society from various aspects were closely connected to personality, behaviours and mentality of the sultan.
    [Show full text]
  • ALI KEMAL and the SABAH / PEYAM-I SABAH NEWSPAPER By
    LIBERAL CRITICISM TOWARD THE UNIONIST POLICIES DURING THE GREAT WAR: ALI KEMAL AND THE SABAH / PEYAM-I SABAH NEWSPAPER by ONUR ÇAKMUR Submitted to the Institute of Social Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Sabancı University July 2018 © Onur Çakmur 2018 All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT LIBERAL CRITICISM TOWARD THE UNIONIST POLICIES DURING THE GREAT WAR: ALİ KEMAL AND THE SABAH / PEYAM-I SABAH NEWSPAPER ONUR ÇAKMUR Master of Arts in Turkish Studies, July 2018 Thesis Advisor: Assoc. Prof. Selçuk Akşin Somel Keywords: Ali Kemal; Armistice press; First World War; Liberal opposition; Sabah newspaper The First World War that lasted from 1914 to 1918 occupies an important place in Turkish History. However, in comparison with the Turkish War of Independence, Ottoman experience of the Great War remains a relatively under-researched area. The Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), which ruled the Ottoman Empire during the War, constituted a dictatorship and kept the opposition under strict censorship. During the armistice period, political pressure was lifted and the press became a platform for criticism about the wartime policies of the Unionists and its consequences. Therefore, this study primarily aims to analyze Sabah (from January 1920 onwards published as Peyam-ı Sabah), a leading newspaper of the opposition, with regard to its perspective on the War during the armistice period. The emphasis of the study will be on the editor-in- chief of the paper, Ali Kemal, an iconic figure of the period, who had been very influential especially in Sabah’s analyses regarding the War and the figures who were responsible in this debacle.
    [Show full text]