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The Sultan-Caliph and the Heroes of Liberty: Heroism, Revolution, and the Contestation of Public Persona in the Late Ottoman Empire, C

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The Sultan-Caliph and the Heroes of Liberty: Heroism, Revolution, and the Contestation of Public Persona in the late Ottoman Empire, c. 1900-1918 by Arlen Wiesenthal Bachelor of Arts, Simon Fraser University, 2015 Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the Department of History Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences © Arlen Wiesenthal SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Summer 2017 Copyright in this work rests with the author. Please ensure that any reproduction or re-use is done in accordance with the relevant national copyright legislation. Approval Name: Arlen Wiesenthal Degree: Master of Arts Title: The Sultan-Caliph and the Heroes of Liberty: Heroism, Revolution, and the Contestation of Public Persona in the late Ottoman Empire, c. 1900-1918 Examining Committee: Chair: Ilya Vinkovetsky Associate Professor Dr. Thomas Kuehn Senior Supervisor Associate Professor Dr. Paul Sedra Supervisor Associate Professor Dr. Evdoxios Doxiadis Supervisor Assitant Professor Dr. Gavin Brockett External Examiner Associate Professor Department of Religion and Culture— Wilfrid Laurier University Date Defended/Approved: June 7, 2017 ii Abstract Drawing on a variety of Istanbul-based print media sources in Ottoman Turkish (Osmanlıca), this thesis argues that the symbolic politics of public persona played a pivotal role in certain registers of the cultural transition from Hamidian to CUP rule in the late Ottoman Empire. This process was manifested through the anthropomorphic representation of heroism and villainy, concepts that were informed by and tethered to imaginings of “ saviourhood”—i.e., whether certain figures were seen as contributing to or working against the maintenance of the health and fate of the empire in the face of foreign imperialism and separatist nationalism. Moreover, it draws on the category of heroism to demonstrate that the veneration of the ruling members of the Ottoman dynasty (Osmanlı Hanedanı or “the House of Osman”), both past and present, continued to influence forms of identification with the Ottoman state in the wake of the Ottoman revolution of 1908. Keywords: Late Ottoman Empire; Public Persona; Imperial Heroism; Ottoman dynasty; Ottoman Revolution of 1908; Ottoman Material Culture iii Dedication For my family, from the shores of Lake Winnipeg, under the big blue sky. Their love is all of my poetry, and I am a coin in the palms of their hands. iv Acknowledgements: I thank… Thomas Kuehn, my hoca, for believing in me, for sharing his curiosity and vast wealth of knowledge, and for treating me as a partner in contemplation of the intricacies and problems of Ottoman history. For these things and countless others I am forever in his debt, and I am ever so proud to call myself his student. Luke Clossey, mad scientist extraordinaire, for exemplifying the path of the lifetime student, and for instilling in me a respect for beings across all times and from all possible worlds. Evdoxios Doxiadis, an invaluable mentor, for going well beyond the call of duty time and time again. Nâlân Erbil Erkan, a devoted teacher and amazing human being, for imparting to me the gift of Turkish, and to whom I owe so much of my ability to be an Ottomanist. Derryl MacLean, a “historian’s historian,” for instilling in me a passion for Middle East and Islamic history, and for making me think critically about the relationship between sources, method, and theory. Paul Sedra, for showing me a balance between minimalism and complexity. Ilya Vinkovetsky, a voice of reason, practically, and good sense, for always looking out for me in the “madhouse” of academia, and for cautioning me of the danger of only searching “where the light is.” Aaron Windel, a model of patience and intellectual creativity, for showing me the value of balancing historical empathy with moral critique. Jeremy Brown, Nicholas Kenny, Dimitris Krallis, Roxanne Panchasi, Bidisha Ray, Amyn B. Sajoo, Uli Schamiloglu, Jennifer Spear, and Sarah Walshaw for making me into an historian. Sukhjit Chohan (the man, the myth, the legend), for his mentorship, wisdom, and bowling prowess. Emre Erhan, a truly wonderful friend, for sharing his desire to know more about the world. Grant Gilles, for his honesty, humility, and contagious attention to his craft. May the Force be with him. Aleksandar Jovanović, a great friend, a force of nature, and a formidable partner in conversation whose ideas have proven indispensable to my thinking about history and historians. Candice Klein, for her friendship, strength, and individuality in the face of adversity. Aali Mirjat, for his skepticism, compassion, and nonconformity. I have learned more from him than he might care to admit. Ruth Anderson, Janine-Marie Conrad, Judi Fraser, Liane McIlmoyle, Marlis Saleh, Tammy Theis, and Tessa Wright for their wondrous works “behind the scenes,” to which this thesis is indebted. Ataman Avdan, Robin Bunton, Scott Bursey, Bruce Dyck, Scott Eaton, Liam O’Flaherty, Khash Hemmati, Madeline Knickerbocker, Ardalan Rezamand, Andrea Samoil, and Leah Wiener for providing me with their input, expertise, collegiality, friendship, compassion, and (above all) good humor and good times. Finally, my “teachers in-absentia” Richard Bulliet and Ross McCormack, with whom I have barely spoken, but from whom I have learned so much about the historian’s craft. v Table of Contents Approval .......................................................................................................................................... ii Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... iii Dedication ...................................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgements: I thank… ........................................................................................................ v Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................... vi List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... vii Preface .......................................................................................................................................... viii Chapter 1. Introduction: Heroic Persona and the Late Ottoman World .................................... 1 Chapter 2. “In Memory of the White Horse of Fatih”: Heroism, Imperial Culture, and Dynastic Persona in the Late Ottoman World, 1900-1918 .................................... 23 Chapter 3. God’s Shadow Revealed: Monarchy, Villainy, and the Deconstruction of the Hamidian Order, 1908-1911 .................................................................................. 73 Chapter 4. Grand Heroes of the Twenty-fourth of July: Enver Bey, Niyazi Bey, and Ottoman Revolutionary Heroism (1908-1911) .................................................... 106 Chapter 5. Conclusion: The Osmanlı Empire?...................................................................... 139 References ................................................................................................................................... 147 vi List of Figures Figure 1. Sultan Mehmed V visits Sultan Murad I’s “Place of Martyrdom” ...................... 60 Figure 2. Sultan Mehmed II as Alexandrine Emperor and Conqueror of Constantinople on the cover of Afiyet................................................................................................ 61 Figure 3. Sultan Mehmed II and Ayasofya Camii on a “Souvenir de Constantinople”...... 62 Figure 4. “On Cairo Roads” by Ahmet Refik ..................................................................... 69 Figure 5. “Yaşayan Ölüler” or “Living Dead” ................................................................... 70 Figure 6. “Mübarek Şehidlerimiz” or “Our Blessed Martyrs” ............................................ 71 Figure 7. “Les Traitres” .................................................................................................... 100 Figure 8. Abdülhamid II the exile in Salonica .................................................................. 101 Figure 9. “Remembering Nisan 14th” .............................................................................. 102 Figure 10. Abdülhamid II and Ottoman soveriegnty .......................................................... 103 Figure 11. Enver Bey, Hero of Liberty ............................................................................... 129 Figure 12. Niyazi Bey, Hero of Liberty .............................................................................. 130 Figure 13. Enver Bey, grand and devoted hero of the 10th of Temmuz ............................ 131 Figure 14. Niyazi Bey, grand and devoted hero of the 10th of Temmuz ........................... 132 Figure 15. The Movements of Mehmed V in Resimli Kitap............................................... 135 Figure 16. “His Imperial Majesty the Honorable Sultan Mehmed Han V” ........................ 136 vii Preface “He looked at least seven feet long. His covering had fallen off, and his body emerged from it pitiful and appalling as from a winding sheet. I could see the cage of his ribs all astir, the bones of his arm waving. It was as though an animated image of death carved out of old ivory had been shaking its hand with menaces at a motionless crowd of men made of dark
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