RECU 70970/80970 Theological and Spiritual Approaches to Moral Injury and Soul Repair January 4-8, 2016, 9 am – 5 pm Brite Divinity School, Soul Repair Center

Instructor: Rita N. Brock Teaching Assistant: Kori Pacyniak

Course Description: We will study the new concept of moral injury, primarily in military veterans, but also in other occupational contexts. Recent works by Veterans Affairs clinicians have suggested that moral injury may be a greater factor than post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in veterans’ poor mental health. We will explore the dynamics of moral formation, military training, and reintegration, precipitating experiences that lead to moral injury, pathways to recovery, the role of communities in the coming home process, and the theological, ritual, and spiritual implications of understanding moral injury as an aspect of trauma. In examining military training, as well as the impact of combat on conscience, we will also bring to bear neuroscience research on trauma, moral thinking, empathy, and ritual. We will reflect on theologies of trauma and survival, aspects of gender in the military, the power of the arts and ritual in soul repair, and civilian moral responsibility for the aftermath of war. The goal of the seminar will be to study these aspects of moral injury as they assist in helping communities in the work of soul repair after war, violence, and other conditions of extremity.

Course Learning Outcomes: By the end of this course, students will be able to: 1. Understand moral injury and its consequences especially in military veterans, but also in other professions. 2. Articulate and implement resources for addressing moral injury and supporting recovery. 3. Reflect upon and assess the relationship between Post Traumatic Stress and moral injury. 4. See the implications of using a hermeneutics of moral injury to inform understandings of literature, theology, and trauma studies. 5. Become more creative and effective in the use of the arts and ritual in supporting recovery.

Common Required Resources: Books—to be discussed in order listed by number.

Monday: 1. Rita Brock and Gabriella Lettini, Soul Repair: Recovering from Moral Injury After War. Boston: Beacon Press, 2012. ISBN: 978-0807029077. $24.95. 2. Brett Litz, et al, "Moral Injury and Moral Repair In War Veterans: A preliminary model and Interview Strategy," Clinical Psychology Review, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 243-250.

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3. Tyler Boudreau, “The Morally Injured” Review, downloadable pdf at http://www.massreview.org/sites/default/files/Boudreau.pdf. 4. Camilo Mejia, "Healing Moral Injury," http://forusa.org/fellowship/2011/winter/healing-moral-injury/11606 Tuesday 5. Jonathan Shay, Achilles in Vietnam: Combat Trauma and the Undoing of Character. New York: Scribner, 1984. ISBN: 978-0684813219. $15.00. 6. Video at this site http://brite.edu/academics/programs/soul-repair/resources/#audio Midland, Texas, Oct 2014: • Dr. Bill Gibson, PTSD: Not All Wounds Are Visible 75 min. Wednesday 7. Jessica Goodell with John Hearn, Shade it Black: Death and After in . Haverton, PA: Casemate, 2011. ISBN: 978-1612000015. $24.95. “The Invisible War,” film, 90 min.

Thursday 8. Shelly Rambo, Spirit and Trauma: A Theology of Remaining. Louisville: Westminster, 2012. ISBN 0664235034. 9. Video at this site http://brite.edu/academics/programs/soul-repair/resources/#audio Midland, Texas, Oct 2014: • Michael Yandell, Veterans Panel 20 min.

Friday 10. Bessel Van Der Kolk, The Body Keeps the Score: Brain, Mind, and Body in the Healing of Trauma. New York, NY: Penguin Group LLC, 2014. 11. Tension/Trauma Release Exercises, TRE information at: http://traumaprevention.com/what-is-tre/ ; http://traumaprevention.com/frequently- asked-questions/

Additional Resources (see list below):

Grading Procedures: • Completion of all requirements for the course will be expected to be done by March 7. Emphasis during the intensive week itself will be placed on participation in group work and discussion and on the timely completion of daily writing assignments. Requirements for 70970 and 80970: Attendance & Participation – Attendance and active, informed participation at all class meetings. Some time will be spent in small group discussion, and each group will take leadership in leading class discussion and offer an opening ritual for the beginning of one class session. Daily Reflection Papers – After each class, you should write a 250 word reflection paper on the readings and class discussion. To do this, set a timer for twenty minutes and write (or

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type) nonstop for the full time, without any pause. Write while ignoring the mechanics of writing (spelling, punctuation, etc.). DO NOT SKIP THIS FREE-WRITING STEP! Then, read what you wrote. Select your best thoughts, reflect on why they matter to you, and compose a reflection paper of 250 words, based on key insights of the freewriting exercise. These papers will be the basis for class discussion. • Final Evaluation of the course – At the end of the week, participants will evaluate the group and quality of the class meetings to determine the collective part of the grade based on class sessions. Students will be expected not only to evaluate their own performance for the week, but also the quality of the overall course process for the week. Projects - After the intensive week concludes, projects, approved in consultation with the instructor, will be turned in on March 7 for completion of the course (extensions of this deadline will only be granted in emergency situations), with the following parameters: For those registered for 70970 level credits: A sermon, adult education lesson/curriculum, research paper, ritual, work of art, or other focused project, in consultation with the instructor and others in the class. Either individually or in groups, students will create an educational research project, in consultation with the class, that addresses some aspect of moral injury in relation to their vocational objectives. For example, a research paper of at least 3500 words, a sermon or sermon seriesseries with topics and sources, a series of blogs or newsletter articles, or other materials that demonstrate a clear grasp on moral injury from course materials and further research. For those registered for 80970 level credits: A research paper, indicating further sources utilized for the creation of a paper of at least 6000 words that furthers work toward the completion of the D. Min. degree project.

Course Schedule: Because of the pace of an intensive course, we recommend that you read all the required reading and view the video resources before the class begins. The general flow of the will be (may be adjusted based on what happens each day): 9:00 – 9:15 Opening Ritual and Check in 9:15 – 9:45 Time in Squads 9:45-11:00 Morning Session I 11:00 – 11:15 Break 11:15 – 12:15 Morning Session II 12:15 – 1:15 Lunch 1:15 – 2:15 Afternoon Session III 2:15 – 2:45 Break 2:45 – 4:00 Afternoon Session IV 4:30 – 5:00 Time in squads

Monday: Moral Injury

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Presentation: Rita Brock Introduction to the class and its members, Discussion of Class Flow and Requirements Introduction to Moral Formation, Military Training/Culture, and Moral Injury

Tuesday: Betrayal, Anger, Grief, and Isolation: the Struggle to Come Home Guest Speaker: Michael Killam, Program Manager of Military Veterans Peer Network Veterans Program at MHMRTC (Mental Health and Mental Retardation of Tarrant County), is a Vietnam Veteran of the US army, the largest branch of the US Military responsible for land operations. He was in the 75th Ranger Regiment, the 173rd Airborne Brigade, Delta Troop, 2nd of the first Air Calvary “Scouts” and was a POW in 1969. He served 2 years and 2 days, was wounded multiple times, and his highest rank was Buck sergeant. He retired at E2, Private. Introduction to Deep Listening Squad Discussions, Project Ideas

Wednesday: Gender and the Military, Moral Injury and Trauma Guest Speaker: Kristen Leslie, an ordained United Methodist and Professor of Pastoral Theology and Care, Eden Theological Seminary, has a Bachelor’s degree from the College of Wooster, a Master of Divinity degree from Yale Divinity School, and a Doctorate from Claremont School of Theology. Dr. Leslie’s research has focused on intercultural pastoral theology; womanist and feminist pastoral counseling; pastoral theological implications of sexualized violence, particularly on pastoral counseling issues for survivors of acquaintance rape; and ministry in higher education with young adults.

Thursday: Meaning and Theology Presentation: Kori Pacyniak Guest Speaker: Shelly Rambo, Associate Professor of Theology at Boston University Theological School, received her PhD in theology from Emory University’s Graduate Division of Religion in 2004, as well as master’s degrees from Princeton Theological Seminary and . A systematic and constructive theologian, she is interested in how classical themes in the Christian tradition interact with and inform contemporary discourses around suffering, trauma, and violence. Her current research explores the significance of resurrection wounds in the Christian tradition in connection to contemporary discourses about wounding, both in popular culture and in the study of trauma. Her teaching and research interests include: feminist theory and theology, postmodern theology, pneumatology, and trauma studies. Theological, Textual, Spiritual Resources for Understanding Moral Injury and Recovery

Friday: Community and Sustaining Recovery Using the Body TRE (Trauma Release Exercises) Arts and Spiritual Ritual Practices Decide final project topics Community Responsibility Friendships 4

Course Evaluation Process

Course Policies (Brite Divinity School Policies): Inclusive Language: Please review the Student Handbook regarding inclusive language for people and God that will be followed in this course. Disability Services: Brite Divinity School complies with the Americans with Disabilities Act and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 regarding students with disabilities. Eligible students seeking accommodations should contact TCU’s Coordinator for Students with Disabilities in the Center for Academic Services located in Sadler Hall, 11. Further information can be obtained from the Center for Academic Services, TCU Box 297710, Fort Worth, TX 76129, or at (817) 257-7486. Academic Misconduct (Sec. 5.6 of the Student Handbook) –The procedures used to resolve suspected acts of academic misconduct are available in the Student Handbook and the Office of the Assistant Dean for Academic Affairs.

Email Notification: Only the official TCU student email address will be used for all course notification. Check your TCU email on a regular basis.

ADDITIONAL RESOURCES for PROJECTS (Complete list at www.brite.edu/soulrepair Resources page with additional resources.)

Essays: 2015 Moral Injury: Troops Talk of how War Assaults Conscience.” in Navy Times [database online]. November 19, 2015. Available from http://www.navytimes.com/story/military/2015/11/19/moral-injury-troops-talk-how-war- assaults-conscience/76000632/. K. Backholm and T. Idås, “Ethical Dilemmas, Work-Related Guilt, and Posttraumatic Stress Reactions of News Journalists Covering the Terror Attack in Norway in 2011,” Journal of Traumatic Stress, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 142-148. A.O. Bryan, J.L. Theriault, C.J. Bryan, “Self-forgiveness, posttraumatic stress, and suicide attempts among military personnel and veterans,” Traumatology, Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 40-46. C.J. Bryan, “Adjusting our aim: Next steps in military and veteran suicide prevention,” Spirituality in Clinical Practice, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 84-85. A.I. Cantoa, M.L. McMackinb, S.C.W. Haydenc, K.A. Jefferya and D.S. Osborna, “Military veterans: Creative counseling with student veterans,” Journal of Poetry Therapy: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Practice, Theory, Research and Education, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp.147-163. M. Congdon, “Wronged beyond words: On the publicity and repression of moral injury,” Philosophy and Social Criticism, first published on April 22, 2015, doi:10.1177/0191453715580158. M.A. Cornish and N.G. Wade, “A Therapeutic Model of Self-Forgiveness With Intervention Strategies for Counselors,” Journal of Counseling & Development, Vol. 93, No. 1, pp. 96-104.

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C.J. Bryan, E. Graham, E. Roberge, “Living a life worth living: Spirituality and suicide risk in military personnel,” Spirituality in Clinical Practice, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 74-78. J.M. Currier, K.D. Drescher, J.M. Holland, R. Lisman & D.W. Foy, “Spirituality, Forgiveness, and Quality of Life: Testing a Mediational Model with Military Veterans with PTSD,” International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, first published on Feb 26, 2015, doi:10.1080/10508619.2015.1019793. J.M. Currier, J. Holland, and J. Malott, “Moral Injury, Meaning Making, and Mental Health in Returning Veterans,” Journal of Clinical Psychology, Vol. 71, No. 3, pp. 229-240. J.M. Currier, J.M. Holland, K. Drescher, “Initial Psychometric Evaluation of the Moral Injury Questionnaire—Military Version,” Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 54-63. J.M Currier, J.M. Holland, L. Rojas-Flores, S. Herrera, D. Foy, “Morally injurious experiences and meaning in Salvadorian teachers exposed to violence,” Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 24-33. J.M. Currier, S. Kuhlman, P.N. Smith, “Empirical and ethical considerations for addressing spirituality among veterans and other military populations at risk for suicide,” Spirituality in Clinical Practice, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 68-73 J.M. Currier, W. McCormick, K.D. Drescher, “How do morally injurious events occur? A qualitative analysis of perspectives of veterans with PTSD,” Traumatology, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 106-116. J. Davis, “Four Ways Life Extension will Change Our Relationship with Death,” Bioethics, first published on April 23, 2015, doi:10.1111/bioe.12161. P. Devenish-Meares, “Call to Compassionate Self-Care: Introducing Self-Compassion Into the Workplace Treatment Process,” Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 75-87. C. Doehring, “Resilience as the Relational Ability to Spiritually Integrate Moral Stress,” Pastoral Psychology, first published on April 16, 2015, doi:10.1007/s11089-015- 0643-7. M. Faini, “The Bodies and Spaces of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder,” Ada: A Journal of Gender, New Media, and Technology, Issue 6. P.C. Ferrajão and R.A. Oliveira, “The Effects of Combat Exposure, Abusive Violence, and Sense of Coherence on PTSD and Depression in Portuguese Colonial War Veterans,” Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, first published on April 13, 2015, doi:10.1037/tra0000043. P.C. Ferrajão and R.A. Oliveira, “From self-integration in personal schemas of morally experiences to self-awareness of mental states: A qualitative study among a sample of Portuguese war veterans,” Traumatology, Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 22-31. P.C. Ferrajão and R.A. Oliveira, “Portuguese War Veterans: Moral Injury and Factors Related to Recovery From PTSD,” Qualitative Health Research, first published on February 23, 2015, doi:10.1177/1049732315573012. D.W. Foy and K.D. Drescher, “Faith and honor in trauma treatment for military personnel and their families,” in Spiritually oriented psychotherapy for trauma. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 2015, pp. 233-252. CH MAJ S. George, “Moral Injury and the Problem of Facing Religious Authority,” Fort Leavenworth Ethics Symposium, 20-23 April 2015. 6

J. Harris, C.L. Park, J.M. Currier, and T.J. Usset, “Moral Injury and Psycho-Spiritual Development: Considering the Developmental Context,” Spirituality in Clinical Practice, first published on Jan 19, 2015. R. Hiraoka, E.C. Meyer, N.A. Kimbrel, B.B. DeBeer, S.B. Gulliver and S.B. Morissette, “Self- Compassion as a Prospective Predictor of PTSD Symptom Severity Among Trauma-Exposed U.S. Iraq and Afghanistan War Veterans,” Journal of Traumatic Stress, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 127-133. W. Kinghorn, “Moral Engagement, Combat Trauma, and the Lure of Psychiatric Dualism: Why Psychiatry Is More Than a Technical Discipline,” Harvard Review of Psychiatry, Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 28-37. M.S. Kopacz, “Spirituality and suicide prevention: Charting a course for research and clinical practice,” Spirituality in Clinical Practice, Vol. 2, No 1, pp. 79-81. M.S. Kopacz and A.L Connery, “The veteran spiritual struggle,” Spirituality in Clinical Practice, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 61-67. M.S. Kopacz, J.M. McCarten, C.G. Vance, A.L. Connery, “A preliminary study for exploring different sources of guilt in a sample of veterans who sought chaplaincy services,” Military Psychology, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 1-8. M. Levinson, “Moral Injury and the Ethics of Educational Injustice,” Harvard Educational Review, Vol. 85, No. 2, pp. 203-228. C. Manda, “Re-authoring Life Narratives of Trauma Survivors: Spiritual Perspective,” HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies, Vol. 71, No. 2, pp. 1-8. T. Minkowitz, ESQ. “Decision-Making and Moral Injury,” Mad In America, published on June 22, 2015. L.C Musto, P.A. Rodney, and R. Vanderheide, “Toward Interventions to Address Moral Distress: Navigating Structure and Agency,” Nursing Ethics, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 91-102. A. Nazarov, R. Jetly, H. McNeely, M. Kiang, R. Lanius, and M. C. McKinnon, “Role of morality in the experience of guilt and shame within the armed forces,” Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, Vol. 132, No. 1, pp. 4-19. A. Nickerson, U. Schnyder, R.A. Bryant, M. Schick, J. Mueller, N. Morina, “Moral Injury in Traumatized Refugees,” Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Vol. 84, No. 2, pp. 122-123. K. O’Donnell, “Help for Heroes: PTSD, Warrior Recovery, and the Liturgy,” Journal of Religion and Health, first published on March 21, 2015, doi:10.1007/s1094301500345. F. Shapiro and D. Laliotis, “EMDR Therapy for Trauma-Related Disorders,” pp. 205-228 in Evidence Based Treatments for Trauma-Related Psychological Disorders. M.D. Sherman, J.I. Harris, C. Erbes, “Clinical Approaches to Addressing Spiritual Struggle in Veterans With PTSD,” Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, Vol. 46, No. 4, pp. 203-212. Special Issue: Military Social Work Education: Innovative Strategies and Implications for Social Work Practice, Journal of Social Work Education, Vol. 51, Supp. 1. Pond, Allison. “How Churches can Better Help Veterans Recover from Spiritual Wounds.” Desert News National (Nov 6, 2015). “Moral Injury in the Context of War.” Shira Maguen and Brett Litz W.R. Sterner and L.R. Jackson-Cherry, “The Influence of Spirituality and Religion on Coping for Combat-Deployed Military Personnel,” Counseling and Values, Vol. 60, No. 1, pp. 48–66.

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Chaplain (Maj.) Sean Wead, “Ethics, Combat, and a Soldier’s Decision to Kill,” Military Review, March-April 2015, pp. 69-81. R.J. Westphal and S.P. Convoy, “Military Culture Implications for Mental Health and Nursing Care,” Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, Vol. 20 Issue 1, p. 1. 2014 M. M. Alvarado, “The Beginning of the End of War,” Sojourners, January 2014 R. Brock and G. Lettini, “Coming Home is Hell: Moral Injury After War,” The Bloomsbury Guide to Pastoral Care, Bernadette Flanagan and Sharon Thornton, eds. New York: Bloomsbury, 2014, pp. 139-149. A. Bryan, C. Bryan, C. Morrow, N. Etienne, B Ray-Sannerud, “Moral injury, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts in a military sample,” Traumatology, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 154-160. J. Currier, K. Drescher, J.I. Harris, “Spiritual functioning among veterans seeking residential treatment for PTSD: A matched control group study,” Spirituality in Clinical Practice, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 3-15. J. Farnsworth, K. Drescher, J. Nieuwsma, R. Walser, J. M. Currier, “The role of moral emotions in military trauma: Implications for the study and treatment of moral injury,” Review of General Psychology, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 249-262. A. Fiester, “When It Hurts to Ask: Avoiding Moral Injury in Requests to Forgo Treatment,” American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Vol. 93, Issue 3, pp. 260–262. C. Gilligan, “Moral Injury and the Ethic of Care: Reframing the Conversation about Differences,” The Journal of Social Philosophy, Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 89-106. M. S. Kopacz, E. Silver, and R. M. Bossarte, “A Position Article for Applying Spirituality to Suicide Prevention,” Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 133-146. B. Litz, “Clinical heuristics and strategies for service members and veterans with war-related PTSD,” Psychoanalytic Psychology, Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 192-205. B. Litz, “Resilience in the aftermath of war trauma: a critical review and commentary,” Interface Focus, first published on August 22, 2014, doi:10.1098/rsfs.2014.0008. J. Shay, “Moral injury,” Psychoanalytic Psychology, Vol 31, No. 2, pp. 182-191.

2013 E. Dombo, C. Gray, and B. Early, “The Trauma of Moral Injury: Beyond the Battlefield,” Journal of Religion & Spirituality in Social Work: Social Thought, Vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 197-210. K.D. Drescher, et al, “Moral Injury Themes in Combat Veterans’ Narrative Responses From the National Vietnam Veterans’ Readjustment Study,” Traumatology, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 243-250. S.W. Gibbons, M, Shafer, E.J. Hickling, and G. Ramsey, et. al. “How Do Deployed Health Care Providers Experience Moral Injury?” Narrative Inquiry in Bioethics, Vol. 3, No.3, pp. 247- 259. S. Maguen and K, Burkman, “Combat-Related Killing: Expanding Evidence-Based Treatments for PTSD,” Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, Vol. 20, Issue 4, pp. 476–479. Michael Matthews, “The Untold Story of Military Sexual Assault,” New York Times, November 24, 2013. Jessica Montoya Coggins, The agonizing face of war: Soldiers with PTSD make disturbing masks to express their feelings of horror and frustration, Daily Mail, May 26, 2013. 8

W. Nash and B. Litz, “Moral Injury: A Mechanism for War-Related Psychological Trauma in Military Family Members,” Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, Vol. 16, Issue 4, pp. 365-375. W. Nash, T. Marino Carper, M. A. Mills , T. Au, A. Goldsmith, B. Litz, “Psychometric Evaluation of the Moral Injury Events Scale,” Military Medicine, Vol. 178, Issue 6,pp. 646– 652. A. A. Howsepian, “Moral Damage and Spiritual Repair in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,” Christian Research Journal, Vol. 36, No. 2. Aristotle Popanikolaou, “Learning How to Love: Saint Maximus on Virtue,” from Knowing the Purpose of Creation Through Resurrection” Proceedings from the Symposium on St Maximus the Confessor. Reflective Practice, 2013, Volume 33, “Spirituality in Formation and Supervision.” A. F. Vargas, T. Hanson, D. Kraus, K. Drescher, D. Foy, “Moral Injury Themes in Combat Veterans’ Narrative Responses From the National Vietnam Veterans’ Readjustment Study,” first published on February 21, 2013, doi:10.1177/1534765613476099.

2012 T. Dokoupil, “A New Theory of PTSD and Veterans: Moral Injury,” Time, December 3, 2012. A. Howe, A. Smajdor, and A. Stockl, “Towards an understanding of resilience and its relevance to medical training,” Medical Education, Vol. 46, pp. 349–356. W. Kinghorn, “Combat Trauma and Moral Fragmentation: A Theological Account of Moral Injury,” Journal of the Society of Christian Ethics, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 57-74. S. Maguen and B. Litz, “Moral Injury in Veterans of War,” PTSD Research Quarterly, Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 1-3. S. Maguen, T. Metzler, J. Bosch, C. Marmar, S. Knight, and T. Neylan, “Killing in Combat May Be Independently Associated with Suicidal Ideation,” Depression and Anxiety, Vol. 29, No. 11, pp. 918-923. J. Shay, “Moral Injury,” Intertexts, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 57-66. E. Worthington and D. Langberg, “Religious Considerations and Self-Forgiveness in Treating Complex Trauma and Moral Injury in Present and Former Soldiers,” Journal of Psychology and Theology, Vol. 40, No. 4.

2011 K.D. Drescher, et al, “An Exploration of the Viability and Usefulness of the Construct of Moral Injury in War Veterans,” Traumatology, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 8-13. R. Eidelson, M. Pilisuk, S. Soldz, “The dark side of comprehensive soldier fitness,” American Psychologist, Vol. 66, No. 7, pp. 643-644. I. Komarovskaya, et al, “The impact of killing and injuring others on mental health symptoms among police officers,” Journal of Psychiatric Research, Vol. 45, Issue 10, pp. 1332–1336. S. Maguen, et. al, “Killing in combat, mental health symptoms, and suicidal ideation in veterans,” Journal of Anxiety Disorders, Vol. 25, Issue 4, pp. 563–567. S. Maguen, et. al, “The impact of killing on mental health symptoms in Gulf War veterans,” Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 21-26.

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M. Steenkamp, et al, “A Brief Exposure-Based Intervention for Service Members With PTSD,” Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, Vol. 18, Issue 1, pp. 98–107. C. Wainryb, “‘And So They Ordered Me to Kill a Person’: Conceptualizing the Impacts of Child Soldiering on the Development of Moral Agency,” Human Development, Vol. 54, No. 5, pp. 273–300.

2009 Brett T. Litz, et al. “Moral Injury and Moral Repair in War Veterans: A Preliminary Model and Intervention Strategy.” Clinical Psychology Review, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 243-250.

Sexual Violence in the Military “Grace After Fire, US Women Veteran Assistance.” Home Grace After Fire, US Women Veteran Assistance. Hunter, Mic. Honor Betrayed: Sexual Abuse in America’s Military. Fort Lee, N.J.: Barricade Books, 2007 Leslie, Kristen J. ““Ma’Am, Can I Talk To You?” Pastoral Care With Survivors Of Sexualized Violence At The Air Force Academy.” Journal of Pastoral Theology 15, no. 1 (2005): 78-92. “Military Sexual Trauma.” Mental Health. July 9, 2015. “Service Women’s Action Network.” Service Womens Action Network. “The Invisible War – A Companion Guide.” The Invisible War. May 22, 2013. “United States Department of Defense: Sexual Assault Prevention and Response.” Research & Reports. Wright, Jessica. “Department of Defense Annual Report on Sexual Assault in the Military Fiscal Year 2012.” April 15, 2013.

Books: Acton, Carol, and Jane Potter. Working in a World of Hurt: Trauma and Resilience in the Narratives of Medical Personnel in Warzones. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 2015. Working in a world of hurt fills a significant gap in the studies of the psychological trauma wrought by war. It focuses not on soldiers, but on the men and women who fought to save them in casualty clearing stations, hospitals and prison camps. The writings by doctors, nurses, ambulance drivers and other medical personnel reveal the spectrum of their responses that range from breakdown to resilience. Through a rich analysis of both published and unpublished personal from the First World War in the early twentieth century to Iraq in the early twenty-first, Acton and Potter put centre stage the letters, diaries, memoirs and weblogs that have chronicled physical and emotional suffering, many for the first time. Armstrong, Keith, Suzanne Best, and Paula Domenici. Courage after Fire: Coping Strategies for Troops Returning from Iraq and Afghanistan and Their Families. Berkeley: Ulysses, 2006. A series of advice for returning soldiers from a panel of highly qualified authors; this book brings a practical touch for those who may be dealing with moral injury. Some of the topics it addresses include reconnecting with loved ones combating war reactions, returning to work and community, and readjustment. 10

Asken, Michael J., Loren W. Christensen, and Dave Grossman. Warrior Mindset: Mental Toughness Skills for a Nation’s Defenders : Performance Psychology Applied to Combat. Millstadt, Ill.: Human Factor Research Group, 2010. While physical readiness and training are vital in ensuring police officers and military personnel are able to react appropriately in stressful situations, just as essential, if not more so, in confronting dangerous or stressful situations is mental toughness. Military personnel and police officers are expected to be able to keep their cool under pressure, focus, and make difficult decisions under life and death circumstances. Warrior Mindset focuses on the concepts and psychological skills needed to develop the mental and psychological toughness military personnel and police officers need when confronting dangerous situations.

Benderman, Kevin, and Monica Benderman. Letters from Fort Lewis Brig: A Matter of Conscience. Guilford, CT: Lyons Press, 2007. Kevin Benderman, a ten year army veteran who served in the initial invasion of Iraq and his wife, Monica Benderman detail his journey from an esteemed military sergeant, whose family ties to the military can be traced to the American Revolution to a conscientious objector who was dishonorably discharged, received a demotion in rank to private, and faced 13 months of imprisonment for refusing to redeploy to Iraq with his unit. He discusses how his decision to file for conscientious objector status was influenced by witnessing the deaths of fellow soldiers and civilians and by being given orders that compromised the safety of his soldiers and/or civilians. For example he explicates his shock on being commanded to shoot local civilian children who would climb on walls to watch what the soldiers were doing. He also elucidates that he was harassed by his superiors for filing for conscientious objector status and that proper military protocol was not followed in dealing with his application.

Benedict, Helen. The Lonely Soldier: The Private War of Women Serving in Iraq. Boston: Beacon Press, 2009 The stories of several military women who served in Afghanistan and Iraq. The collection of works tell stories of discrimination, and conscience in warfare. The Lonely Soldier has been key in spurring reform in the military’s handling of sexual assault and women’s rights.

Boudreau, Tyler E. Packing Inferno: The Unmaking of a Marine. Port Townsend, WA: Feral House, 2008. Boudreau joined the military at seventeen but didn’t deploy into a war zone until he was in his 30s. He recounts the thirst he felt, from his first enlistment until his deployment, for action and to experience war. Before, during, and after deployment he had heard the oft- repeated phrase, “war is hell” and while he does not minimize the actual experience of being in a war zone, for Boudreau the decent into hell does not truly begin until one returns home. Boudreau recounts the high expectations and fascinations for war that many in the military have before deploying and how war permanently alters those who serve, often in ways that they and their families at first cannot comprehend. Boudreau 11

also discusses the importance of allowing veterans to tell their stories. However, veterans often find that if their stories don’t conform to the heroic narrative-if they express guilt or doubt about what they have seen or done, their stories are often dismissed by well- meaning civilians and by fellow service members and veterans.

Cantrell, Bridget C., and Chuck Dean. Once a Warrior: Wired for Life. Seattle, WA: WordSmith Publishing, 2007. Dr. Cantrell is a clinician specializing in PTSD and Chuck Dean served as a combat veteran in Vietnam and in 2004 was asked by the US Army to aid paratroopers in readjusting to civilian life after their deployment to Iraq. Cantrell and Dean provide detailed descriptions of the challenges military personnel face when adjusting to civilian life in order to provide the reader with enough information to recognize behaviors and symptoms that signal difficulties in readjusting to life outside of a combat zone. They identify and examine common pitfalls military personnel face when returning home. They also discuss how military personnel can capitalize on the skills and knowledge they gained through their military experience.

Capps, Walter H. The Unfinished War: Vietnam and the American Conscience. 2nd ed. Boston: Beacon Press, 1990. Even though the Vietnam War ended on May 1, 1975 Capps argues in his 1990, revised edition of The Unfinished War that the Vietnam War not only impacted the lives of those injured or family members whose loved ones were killed or went missing but the war also had lasting effects on American culture. The Vietnam War shattered the myth that justice and morality were linked with American military might. The Vietnam War also impacted religious and social institutions as Americans struggled with making sense and/or moving on from the Vietnam War. For example, Capps asserts that the rise in Protestant Conservatism and the heavy emphasis on individuality and placing confidence solely on oneself and not on collective institutions can be viewed as ramifications from the controversial war.

Casteel, Joshua. Letters from Abu Ghraib. [Ithaca, NY]: Essay Press, 2008. In a series of emails, Joshua Casteel who served as an US Army interrogator and Arabic linguist in the 202nd Military Intelligence Battalion, chronicles his struggle with reconciling his role as an interrogator at Abu Ghraib and his evangelical Christian faith.

Fortune, Marie M. Sexual Violence: The Sin Revisited. Cleveland: Pilgrim Press, 2005. An important read for anyone in ministry or leadership who wishes to be able to promote an environment that prevents sexual violence and promotes healing for victims. Addressed to the church in particular, the information in Sexual Violence: The Sin Revisited provides a incredibly useful tool for any sort of leadership development, boundary training, or child protection policy.

Grossman, Dave. On Killing. Boston: Little, Brown, 2009. Grossman examines humanity’s resistance to killing, the psychological toll killing can take on the human psyche, and the various ways that a person’s resistance to killing can 12

be overcome, at least temporarily, through modern conditioning, for example, replicating in a realistic manner combat conditions and training servicemembers to respond appropriately to threatening situations. In the last section of his book, Grossman focuses on how media violence is desensitizing children to violence and that children’s repeated exposure to violence though TV shows or video games serves as a form of conditioning, contributing to instances of bullying and school violence.

Holmstedt, Kirsten A. Band of Sisters: American Women at War in Iraq. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2007. A compelling series of testimonies and stories on women in combat, and the fight not to identify as a female soldier, but as a soldier, fully competent and capable just like any other soldier. It touches the fight faced by women all over the world, and is highlighted by the extreme nature of combat and the military in general.

Litz, Brett T. et al. Adaptive Disclosure: A New Treatment for Military Trauma, Loss, and Moral Injury. New York, NY: Guilford Press, 2016. Brett Litz and his team have compiled a great insight as to what military counseling could look like under an Adaptive Disclosure model that they outline. This method of counseling has the potential to change how counseling could occur within a military context. The book is beautifully drawn in a way that facilitates freedom of adaptation but still gives a solid framework.

Marlantes, Karl. What It Is like to Go to War. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2011. Karl Marlantes maintains that while young men and women are well prepared and trained to fight war on a technical and tactical level, they are woefully unprepared emotionally and spiritually. He acknowledges that such preparation cannot not be taught at an institutional level but needs to be done by each individual. He recounts his own experience in Vietnam, as a twenty three year old second lieutenant responsible for the lives under him and his struggles to find peace with what he witnessed and experienced in war.

Mejía, Camilo. Road from Ar Ramadi: The Private Rebellion of Staff Sergeant Camilo Mejía. New York: New Press, 2007. Camilo Mejia chronicles his five month deployment on the frontlines in Iraq and his dawning realization that the war was unjust. He recounts his attempts to apply for conscientious objector status, his very public opposition toward the Iraq war, and his experience spending nine months in jail after being charged and convicted with desertion.

Peters, David W. Death Letter: God, Sex, and War. Colorado Springs: Tactical 16, LLC, 2014. A nonfiction memoir of a chaplain’s experiences in war in the form of a gripping narrative with an enlightening picture of the anguish experienced by this Chaplain.

Ritchie, Elspeth Cameron, Anne L. Naclerio. Women at War. New York, Ny. Oxford University Press, 2015.

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A comprehensive text for women’s health and mental health needs after deployment. It provides the medical field with information to treat and prevent illness amongst female soldiers. It discusses issues on deployment, reproductive health, PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder), implications of traumatic brain injury, and many more crucial topics when making informed decisions of the effects on women in combat.

Shay, Jonathan. Achilles in Vietnam: Combat Trauma and the Undoing of Character. New York: Atheneum, 1994. First to use the term moral injury, clinical psychiatrist Jonathan Shay highlights the parallels between Homer’s “Iliad” and the experience of Vietnam veterans wrestling with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Shay contends that Homer focuses on two events that frequently occur in continuous heavy combat: “betrayal of what’s right by a commander, and the onset of a berserk state”(xiii). Shay’s primary purpose in writing the book is not to provide a classical exegesis of the text but to inform the public about the trauma of war and the need for the public to care about the stories and experiences of veterans in the hopes of taking measures that lessen psychological injury.

Sherman, Nancy. Afterwar: Healing the Moral Injuries of Our Soldiers. New York: Oxford University Press, 2015. Dr. Sherman uses this work to explore the internal war soldiers face daily. She combines ethics, psychology, and military experience to draw a holistic picture of what veterans are facing. She discusses the types and causes of withdrawal that many veterans go through, and more importantly begins a discussion and proposes solutions as to how to treat many of these people and their symptoms. The novel wrestles with feelings of brokenness and betrayal shared by many military personnel, and moral aguish which is common to almost all. The Untold War: Inside the Hearts, Minds, and Souls of Our Soldiers. New York: W. W. Norton, 2010. Sherman uses a mixture of philosophical and psychoanalytic analysis as well as interviews with veterans to examine the struggles military personnel undergo as they wrestle with understanding the morality of what they have experienced during war. Furthermore, she details the inner turmoil that results from their endeavor to integrate their civilian selves (who they were before they entered the military and/or went to war and who they are expected to be once they return) with their roles and experiences as service members. Sherman asserts that the dichotomy between their civilian lives and their roles as service members, between their understanding of what is “right” and/or “moral” and what they are expected and need to do during war (which may or may not fit in with their notions of morality) are not easily separated. How can service members hold onto their sense of humanity in the face of violence and moral ambiguity? How can they deal honestly with the realization that their expectations of war may not always live up to the reality, without becoming consumed with guilt and shame? For example she details the story of Ted Westhusing, a brilliant and intelligent whose “moral idealism” clashed with “the reality of a corrosive war” and who unable to reconcile his high standards with the reality of war died by suicide (240).

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Slone, Laurie B., and Matthew J. Friedman. After the War Zone: A Practical Guide for Returning Troops and Their Families. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Lifelong, 2008. The military heavily prepares their service members for deployment to a war zone but very little preparation is given for their reintegration to civilian society. One might wonder why any preparation is needed since homecoming is often portrayed as a joyous experience. As Slone and Friedman explicate during the deployment not only did the service member change but so did friends and loved ones left behind. The purpose of this book is to provide practical information for military personnel and family and friends on the challenges that might occur during the reintegration process. Some military personnel may struggle with depression, PTSD, and alcoholism and might need professional help. The authors are quick to stress that such challenges should not be viewed as a sign of weakness.

Tyger, George. War Zone Faith: An Army Chaplain’s Reflections from Afghanistan. Boston, Ma. Skinner House Books, 2013. A series of short reflections from an Army Chaplain on the perspective he has gained from serving in a warzone, filled with quick devotional type thoughts that invoke a greater understanding of a soldier’s daily task.

Verkamp, Bernard J. The Moral Treatment of Returning Warriors in Early Medieval and Modern times. Scranton: University of Scranton Press, 2006. Verkamp contrasts the nature of war and the treatment of returning warriors as practiced in the early medieval period with the treatment veterans receive today. On the one hand in the early medieval period, warriors who killed even for sake of king and/or religion were considered to be sinners, on the other hand there were rituals in place that not only offered the returning warriors penance and an opportunity to reestablish their place in the society, but the rituals served as an acknowledgement of all that they had been through. However, in the modern period, such rituals are nonexistent and warriors are left to grapple with their guilt and pain while often having their guilt dismissed by psychiatrists and religious leaders. Verkamp draws from a variety of sources including St. Augustine, Athanasius, Ernest Hemingway, and Albert Camus in his analysis.

Novels and Other Fiction: Phil Klay, Redeployment, Penguin Press, 2014. Karl Marlantes, Matterhorn: A Novel of the Vietnam War, Grover Press, 2010. Kevin Powers, Yellow Birds: A Novel, Back Bay Books, 2013.

Audio • Conversation with Karl Marlantes with NPR’s Steve Kraske • Rear Admiral Kibben’s “Coming Home” from the Pathways to Hope Conference Video • CBS Documentary on Moral Injury Aired on Oct. 4, 2015 • Brite Divinity School and Volunteers of American Veterans Day Chapel Service, at Brite Divinity School, Nov. 11, 2014. • “Bringing Our Veterans All the Way Home” Midland, Texas, Oct 2014 15

o Rev. Dr. Rita Brock, Understanding Moral Injury o Dr. Bill Gibson, PTSD: Not All Wounds Are Visible o Rev. Dr. Joretta Marshall, Forgiving Communities o Michael Yandell, Veterans Panel o Lisa Dunster, Veterans Panel • The Human Cost of War: IVAW Testimony by Jacob David George • Moral Injury: The Moral Wounds Of War, David Wood, HuffPost’s Military Correspondent, turns an investigative lens on Moral Injury – a mental health condition that service men and women face when their actions in battle contradict their moral values. Excellent three-part series. • Soul Repair from Moral Injury after War, Rita Brock, Rothko Chapel, Feb 20, 2014 • Moral Injuries in War, an interview with Chaplain (Col.) Herman Keizer, Jr. U.S. Army (ret.) • Invisible Wounds: Helping Those Dealing with Moral Injury • Truth Commission on Conscience in War Testimonies o Tyler Boudreau Testimony o Jake Diliberto Testimony Part One and Part Two o Camilo Mejia Testimony Part One and Part Two o Camillo Mac Bica Testimony Part One and Part Two o Herman Keizer Jr. Testimony Part One and Part Two o Joshua Casteel Testimony o Logan Mehl-Laituri Testimony o Chris Hedges Testimony o Celeste Zappala Testimony Part One and Part Two • Pamela’s Story, Soul Repair Center Launch, November 2012 • Logan’s Story, Soul Repair Center Launch, November 2012 • Michael’s Story, Soul Repair Center Launch, November 2012 • Camillo’s Story, Soul Repair Center Launch, November 2012

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