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A Disability Theology of Limits for Responding to Moral Injury Lisa Hickman

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A Disability Theology of Limits for Responding to Moral Injury Lisa Hickman Duquesne University Duquesne Scholarship Collection Electronic Theses and Dissertations Fall 12-21-2018 A Disability Theology of Limits for Responding to Moral Injury Lisa Hickman Follow this and additional works at: https://dsc.duq.edu/etd Part of the Ethics in Religion Commons Recommended Citation Hickman, L. (2018). A Disability Theology of Limits for Responding to Moral Injury (Doctoral dissertation, Duquesne University). Retrieved from https://dsc.duq.edu/etd/1474 This Immediate Access is brought to you for free and open access by Duquesne Scholarship Collection. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Duquesne Scholarship Collection. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A DISABILITY THEOLOGY OF LIMITS FOR RESPONDING TO MORAL INJURY A Dissertation Submitted to the McAnulty College and Graduate School of Liberal Arts Duquesne University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Lisa Nichols Hickman August 2018 Copyright by Lisa Nichols Hickman 2018 A DISABILITY THEOLOGY OF LIMITS FOR RESPONDING TO MORAL INJURY By Lisa Nichols Hickman Approved May 4, 2018 ________________________________ ________________________________ Dr. Elizabeth Agnew Cochran Dr. Darlene Weaver Associate Professor of Theology Professor of Theology (Committee Chair) (Committee Member) ________________________________ Dr. Anna Floerke Scheid Associate Professor of Theology (Committee Member) ________________________________ ________________________________ Dr. James C. Swindal Dr. Marinus C. Iwuchukwu Dean, McAnulty College and Chair, Department of Theology Graduate School of Liberal Arts Associate Professor of Theology Professor of Philosophy iii ABSTRACT A DISABILITY THEOLOGY OF LIMITS FOR RESPONDING TO MORAL INJURY By Lisa Nichols Hickman August 2018 Dissertation supervised by Elizabeth Agnew Cochran, Ph.D. This dissertation names the phenomenon of Moral Injury (MI) as a pressing moral, theological and ecclesiological issue. With an eye toward support to veterans and their families, this dissertation situates MI within the field of disability studies, in particular, the work of Deborah Creamer’s “limit model” of disability and then, with a theological turn, offers a helpful corrective to Creamer’s model by probing Dietrich Bonhoeffer’s view of “limit” (German: grenze) and offering a “crucial limit model of disability” as a response. To accomplish this task, first, I review the development of MI as a category and differentiate MI from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). I identify psychiatric and psychological themes developed by scholars such as Jonathan Shay, Brett Litz, William Nash, Everett Worthington and Diane Langberg. In addition, I outline key theological themes developed in the scholarship of Rita Nakashima Brock, iv Gabriela Lettini, Robert Meagher, Warren Kinghorn and Brian S. Powers. Second, I situate MI in the world of disability studies through the notion of finitude while at the same time acknowledging the confines for MI in current models of disability: the medical model and the social model. Creamer offers a helpful alternative in her “limit model” however, weaknesses in her constructive model necessitate revision. Third, I propose Bonhoeffer as a helpful conversation partner to bolster Creamer’s account of “limit” by using themes he develops in Creation and Fall regarding the limits of humanity, theology and Christology that speak to human finitude. In response to those limits, Bonhoeffer proposes a mode for the flourishing of human life by means of “the orders of preservation” and later, his “mandates of creation” providing both parameters and restrictions for moral agency. These will be assessed with an eye to how life might be structured for veterans returning from war with their moral code eroded. Fourth, this study will conclude with implications of a revised limit model for veterans with MI – for the individual, for society, and for the work of the church in a world broken by war. v DEDICATION For my grandfather Robert Lee Nichols Pro scientia et sapientia. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENT My friend, Kay Wiley, says: You finish because people are generous to you. For the generosity of wisdom and virtue, thank you Dr. Elizabeth Agnew Cochran. For the generosity of space, thank you to Westminster College for the generous use of an office for the duration of the dissertation. Much appreciation to Dr. Timothy Cuff, Professor of History and Chair of the Division of Social Sciences and Humanities, as well as to the administrative assistant in the department Mary Pittman for their hospitality. Thank you to Dwight Castro for sharing with me and providing encouragement. For the generosity of time and resources, thank you to the Perkins School of Theology in Dallas, Texas for the Bridwell Library Fellowship to support two weeks of research in their special collections and archives. Thank you to Duquesne University and the McAnulty College and Graduate School of Liberal Arts for the McAnulty Dissertation Fellowship. Thank you to the Ecclesial Literature Project of the Collegeville Institute. For the generosity of community and support, thank you to the Louisville Institute for a Louisville Dissertation Fellowship funding the last year of dissertation work. Your generosity is a blessing to my study and for my family. Thanks to Don C. Richter, Edwin Aponte, Pamala Collins and Keri Liechty. Gratitude as well to my cohort led by sociologist Nancy T. Ammerman of Boston University and these colleagues: Paul Cho, Erica Ramirez, Felicia Song, Tony Lin, Kera Street, Ekaputra Tupamahu and Ekaterina Lomperis (in abstentia). Additional thanks to Nathan Walton, Peter Capretto, and Candi Cann for their wisdom and insight. Paul Cho, as reviewer in my cohort, offered exceptional direction. I give thanks for his intelligence and insight. For the generosity of friendship, I give thanks for the wisdom, insight and camaraderie of friends at Duquesne: Joyce Konigsburg, Steve Perry, Arlene Montevechhio, Ilesanmi Ajibola, Anne Arabome, Ann Vinski, and Mike McGravey. For friends who shared the joy of learning, thank you to Kim Romig, Diana Reed, Elaine Taylor, Sarah Woolsey, Jessica Sheleberger, Emily Oehler, Mary Rodgers, Karen Weichman, Ashley O’Brien, Tami Weingartner, Cassie Nespor, Valerie Moore, Maureen Swanson, Robert Nichols, Brenda Hickman, Jack Reed, Ralph Hawkins, Glenn Hink and Jason Brian Santos. For the generosity of scholarship, I give thanks first and foremost to Erika Ann Jeschke for her passionate articulation of concern and scholarship for Veterans today. Thank you to a cadre of retired professors from Westminster College for their gentle nudges to keep moving forward in the process: Beverly Cushman, Fritz Horn, Dave Gray, Jim Perkins and Sam Farmerie. Thank you for the friendship of mentors and guides at Duquesne University: Maureen O’Brien, Marinus Iwuchukwu, Marie Baird, Dan Scheid, Anna Floerke Scheid, Eugene Uzukwu, William Wright, James Bailey, Sarah Allison Miller and Darlene Weaver. A special thank you to longtime friend and mentor Dr. Cecil vii Eubanks, Alumni Professor of Political Philosophy at Louisiana State University. A special thank you to the scholarship of librarians at Gumberg Library on the Duquesne campus including Gesina Phillips and Ted Bergfelt. Additional thanks to the staff of the front desk and Illiad services. Many thanks to Mara McDonough in the Theology Department for her tireless efforts. For the generosity of service, I give thanks to American soldiers and Veterans. I give thanks and admiration to Judge John C. Reed of the Mercer County Veterans Court. Much gratitude to the many professionals and mentors in the circle of support who surround veterans with care and respect through the Veterans Court program. For the generosity of the Holy Spirit, thank you to the Duquesne Community whose Spiritan call to leadership inspires steps beyond our comfort zone. For the generosity of parents, thank you. Lee and Deb Nichols, thank you for two years of Tuesday night dinner and conversation after an evening of coursework. Each morning, they sent me off with a cup of coffee and a packed vegetarian lunch for the day of classes ahead. Lynn and Steve Dull, thank you to my mom Lynn who throughout this process listened on drives to work with joy and insight sharing in the learning process. I give thanks for my mom’s ability to put into practice insights that are transformative, community building and uplifting. Thank you to Steve for his commitment to the well- being of Veterans and for personal insights through his military service. Cinda and Warren Hickman, thank you for moral support, nuanced insights, applesauce and the love and care of grandchildren. For the generosity of my family, thank you Jason, Leah and Caitlyn. G. K. Chesterton said that gratitude is happiness doubled by wonder. For the life of gratitude, happiness and wonder we share, I give thanks to the generosity of God. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... iv DEDICATION ................................................................................................................... vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................ vii THE VETERANS’S CREED ..............................................................................................x CHAPTER
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